Course Introduction
Biological Psychology
Exam Solutions
Biological Psychology explores the intricate relationship between the brain, nervous system, and behavior. This course examines how biological processes such as neural communication, brain structure and function, hormones, genetics, and neurotransmission influence mental processes and actions. Topics include the physiological bases of perception, emotion, learning, memory, and psychological disorders, as well as the effects of drugs and the environment on brain activity. Students will gain a foundational understanding of how biology shapes human experience and behavior, integrating principles from neuroscience, psychology, and physiology.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Michael S. Gazzaniga
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15 Chapters
949 Verified Questions
949 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are representative of the emergence of the field of cognitive science in the second half of the 20th century EXCEPT
A)new developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence.
B)a philosophical shift in the field toward empiricism and associationism.
C)Chomsky's work arguing that behaviorist theories cannot explain language acquisition.
D)Miller's work showing that internal processes like short-term memory can be quantified.
Answer: B
Q2) A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities
A)can be localized to particular parts of the brain.
B)are determined by the shape and size of the human skull.
C)are best studied using introspection or the scientific method.
D)can be identified using the Golgi silver method of staining.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of bipolar neurons?
A)They have two processes,one axon,and one dendrite.
B)Their dendrites and axons typically are fused together.
C)They have one axon and many dendrites.
D)Their dendrites and axons both stem from a single process extending from each cell body.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is NOT always true of neurotransmitters?
A)They are synthesized in the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron.
B)They are released by the presynaptic neuron when action potentials depolarize its axon terminal.
C)They bind to receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.
D)Applying a neurotransmitter artificially to the postsynaptic neuron would lead to the same response as stimulating the presynaptic neuron.
Answer: A
Q3) The resting potential of a neuron is typically +40 to +90 millivolts (mV).
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Neuroanatomy and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is controlled by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?
A)Slowing of the heart
B)Inhibiting the secretion of adrenaline
C)Lowering the rate of breathing
D)Decreasing activity of the stomach
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is NOT considered part of the forebrain?
A)Thalamus
B)Hypothalamus
C)Pons
D)Cerebral cortex
Answer: C
Q3) The specialized structures that comprise the midbrain control functions such as A)hormone regulation.
B)visual reflexes.
C)memory.
D)emotional processing.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Stroop effect demonstrates that when viewing
A)colors,we are successful at suppressing color representations when they are irrelevant to the task.
B)words,we are successful at suppressing word representations when they are irrelevant to the task.
C)colors,we cannot help but activate color representations even when they are irrelevant to the task.
D)words,we cannot help but activate word representations even when they are irrelevant to the task.
Q2) The best neuroimaging method for visualizing the white and gray matter is computed tomography (CT).
A)True
B)False
Q3) Neural network models typically
A)include input units,hidden layers,and output units.
B)store information discretely in each of their neuronlike units.
C)have connections of prespecified strength.
D)simulate cognition at the level of the individual neuron.
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The orbitofrontal cortex is an integration area for which two senses?
A)Somatosensation and vision
B)Vision and audition
C)Olfaction and gustation
D)Somatosensation and proprioception
Q2) A scotoma that involves one entire side of the visual field is called a
A)topographic map.
B)homunculus.
C)receptive field.
D)hemianopia.
Q3) Information about which of the following senses does NOT pass through the thalamus on the way to the cortex?
A)Audition
B)Olfaction
C)Gustation
D)Somatosensation
Q4) Information about color is extensively processed in visual area V5.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Q1) According to Farah,face perception is holistic whereas word reading is accomplished by analysis by parts.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe the visual system's dorsal and ventral pathways.In your answer,describe the kinds of information that are processed in each pathway and the lobes of the brain that are involved.Give an example of an experiment discussed in class or your text that supports this distinction in the visual system.
Q3) When Farah (1990)and colleagues tested control participants and a prosopagnosic patient using upright face stimuli and inverted (upside-down)face stimuli,they found that
A)control participants recognized inverted faces better than upright faces.
B)the prosopagnosic patient recognized inverted faces better than upright faces.
C)control participants recognized upright and inverted faces with equal accuracy.
D)the prosopagnosic patient recognized upright and inverted faces with equal accuracy.
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Chapter 7: The Control of Action
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Q1) Alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord communicate with muscle fibers by releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine,which influences muscle activity by
A)depolarizing neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
B)directly causing muscle contractions.
C)hyperpolarizing peripheral motor neurons.
D)inhibiting neurons in the dorsal root of the spinal cord.
Q2) The supplementary motor area (SMA)is found in the parietal lobe,just posterior to the primary motor cortex.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Lesions to this region of the cerebellum lead to postural instability and difficulty in keeping one's eyes fixed on a visual object despite head or body movements.
A)The spinocerebellum
B)The vestibulocerebellum
C)The neocerebellum
D)The dentate nucleus
Q4) What is a population vector? How do population vectors play a role in the initiation of a movement?
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Chapter 8: Learning and Memory
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Q1) ________ refers to the processing of incoming information to be stored.
A)Retrieval
B)Recall
C)Encoding
D)Explicit memory
Q2) Hebbian learning occurs when
A)a synapse is strengthened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
B)a synapse is weakened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
C)short-term memories represented in the hippocampus are consolidated to the cortex. D)short-term memories represented in the cortex are consolidated to the hippocampus.
Q3) Describe the phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP).How does blocking LTP affect memory?
Q4) One of the most well-known neuropsychological case studies is the person known as Patient H.M.Describe the region of the brain that was damaged in H.M.and the resulting neuropsychological deficits and dissociations for which his case is known.
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Chapter 9: Emotion
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Q1) Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and emotional learning?
A)The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses,regardless of whether the initial learning was implicit or explicit.
B)The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses only when the initial learning was implicit.
C)The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses only when the initial learning was explicit.
D)The amygdala does not play a role in the expression of fear responses but does play a role in their acquisition.
Q2) Fear conditioning is a more specific instance of
A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)explicit memory.
D)semantic memory.
Q3) Patient S.M. ,who had damage to the amygdala,had difficulty recognizing sadness in the expressions of other people.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Language
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Q1) People with deep dyslexia are comparable to people with Wernicke's aphasia in that they also
A)have great difficulty in producing fluent speech.
B)commit semantic paraphasias,but in reading rather than in spontaneous speech.
C)have deficits in auditory perception for speech and nonspeech sounds.
D)have an impairment in correctly perceiving the prosodic components of speech.
Q2) Damasio and colleagues (1996)examined the effects of damage to three brain regions in the inferior temporal lobe: TP,IT,and IT+ (moving anterior to posterior).Which of the following did they find?
A)Damage to the left temporal pole (TP)was correlated with deficits in retrieving words for tools.
B)Damage to the left inferotemporal region (IT)was correlated with deficits in retrieving words for specific people.
C)Damage to the left posterior inferotemporal/anterior occipital region (IT+)was correlated with deficits in retrieving words for tools.
D)Damage to the right inferotemporal region (IT)was correlated with deficits in retrieving words for specific people.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Hemispheric Specialization
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Q1) An anatomical difference between the cerebral hemispheres that may be related to language lateralization is the enlargement of the ________ in the left hemisphere.
A)hippocampus
B)cingulate gyrus
C)planum temporale
D)primary visual pathway
Q2) Split-brain patients are asked to detect targets that appear briefly on a computer screen.On some trials,the targets are preceded by cues that correctly indicate their upcoming location.The detection advantage produced by the cues
A)occurs only if the cue and subsequent target are shown in the same visual field.
B)occurs only if the cue and subsequent target appear in the left visual field.
C)occurs only if the cue and subsequent target appear in the right visual field.
D)occurs regardless of which visual field contains the cue and target.
Q3) One theory of the relation between language and handedness suggests that both speech and dexterity have strong generative components.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Attention and Consciousness
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Q1) In exogenous cuing,the orienting of attention to the cue is driven primarily by the participant's goals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Patients with extinction are unable to detect a visual stimulus presented on the contralesional side of space if
A)the stimulus is presented alone in the visual field.
B)this stimulus is presented at the same time as a stimulus on the ipsilesional side of the visual field.
C)there is no cue that precedes the stimulus.
D)the stimulus is presented with another at a more lateral position in the contralesional visual field.
Q3) Unilateral spatial neglect typically results from damage to the left temporal lobe. A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the experimental design of a Posner cuing experiment.In your answer,provide definitions for the terms: exogenous cuing,endogenous cuing,valid trial,invalid trial,and inhibition of return.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) A task commonly used with adults to examine perseveration behavior is the A)object permanence task.
B)Posner cuing task.
C)Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.
D)recency discrimination task.
Q2) Schema control units are
A)mental representations of semantic networks.
B)stored autobiographical information.
C)stored information about the temporal order of events.
D)mental representations of possible responses.
Q3) The error-related negativity (ERN)has been localized to the anterior cingulate cortex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Although the prefrontal cortex is not essential for working memory,it is particularly important for the storage of associative knowledge.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Single-cell recording studies in monkeys and human neuroimaging studies support the idea that the ________ is important for interpreting eye gaze in relation to mental states.
A)temporoparietal junction
B)superior temporal sulcus
C)orbitofrontal cortex
D)medial frontal cortex
Q2) According to the somatic marker hypothesis,people with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex may fail to inhibit socially inappropriate behavior because
A)they are easily distracted and unable to select responses effectively.
B)information about the emotional consequences of their actions has been lost.
C)they have a working memory deficit that makes it difficult for them to consider all of their response options.
D)their injuries produce a general impairment of intellect that makes rational thought difficult.
Q3) Experimental economics research has often assumed that humans behave as rational agents,always making choices that will maximize gains and minimize losses.What is problematic about this assumption from a psychological or neuroscientific perspective?
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Evolutionary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ethology is the study of
A)emotion and cognition.
B)genetics and the transmission of complex traits.
C)nonassociative learning in humans.
D)animal behavior in real-life settings.
Q2) A researcher who is interested in when marsupial traits evolved does a comparative study of all the mammalian species of Australia.She finds that most Australian mammals are marsupials,and she concludes that marsupial traits originated in Australia shortly after Australian mammals were geographically isolated from the other continents.Is this conclusion valid?
A)Yes.
B)No,because she did not consider that the traits in question may be homologous.
C)No,because she did not study any non-Australian mammals.
D)No,because she did not consider the unique environmental problems that Australia posed for mammalian evolution.
Q3) Traits have no absolute value;rather,their value is measured by how well they contribute to fitness in a particular environment.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17