Biological Anthropology Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Biological Anthropology explores the scientific study of humans from an evolutionary perspective, examining the biological and genetic foundations of human variation and adaptation. The course covers topics such as human evolution, primate behavior, fossil records, genetics, and human osteology, while also investigating the relationships between humans and other primates. Through a combination of lectures, case studies, and hands-on activities, students gain insight into how evolutionary processes have shaped the physical and genetic diversity of past and present human populations.
Recommended Textbook
Window on Humanity A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology 6th Edition by Conrad Kottak
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) Linguistic anthropologists study how languages vary in time and space, and how language and culture influence each other.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The question, ___________, was important in the origins of American anthropology.
A)"How are the Neandertals related to us"
B)"Where did Native Americans come from"
C)"When and where did food production first begin"
D)"How much beer do people in Arizona drink today"
E)"Where do ideals of attractiveness come from"
Answer: B
Q3) The study of material remains like potsherds, buildings, ships, and garbage falls under the subdiscipline of archaeological anthropology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) The word cat is a symbol.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Indigenous peoples can do nothing to counter threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood posed by globalization.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The statement, __________, is not true.
A)"all human groups have culture"
B)"culture provides the particular way that groups of humans deal with biological needs"
C)"human groups differ in their capacities for culture"
D)"the capacity for culture is shared by all humans"
E)"cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans"
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Doing Anthropology
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Q1) Physical anthropology and archaeology both involve multidisciplinary approaches to research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The emic perspective focuses on how local people think.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) In survey research, sampling is
A)the collection of a representative subset of a larger population.
B)the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants.
C)participant observation.
D)the collection of life-histories of every member in a community.
E)the recording of the emic perspective.
Answer: A
Q4) Ethnology is the holistic study of a single community.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Evolution, Genetics, and Human Variation
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Q1) Identify how population geneticists define evolution.Include a discussion of the major mechanisms of genetic evolution.
Q2) Explain how the modern anthropological approach to the study of human biological diversity differs from racial classification,
Q3) Mendelian genetics studies the ways in which gene frequencies vary in communities from generation to generation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss what it means when a trait is adaptive or maladaptive depending on environmental conditions.Give at least one example.
Q5) The inheritance of acquired characteristics is central to Darwin's theory of evolution. A)True
B)False
Q6) Uniformitarianism states that the natural forces at work today are more or less the same as those that operated in the past.
A)True
B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: The Primates
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Q1) Anthropoids became the most numerous primates during the Oligocene epoch.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Proconsul had apelike teeth and an apelike body.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A high level of parental investment characterize primates because most primates give birth to a single offspring.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ___________ is an example of an analogy.
A)The mammary glands of dogs and cats
B)Similarities in chromosomal DNA between apes and humans
C)Five-digited hands and feet among baboons and macaques
D)Porpoise fins and fish fins
E)Bony eye sockets in chimps and gorillas
Q5) The catarrhines include Old World monkeys, apes, and humans.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Early Hominins
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Q1) The genus Homo did not appear until after all of the australopithecines had become extinct.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Researchers know Ardipithecus
A)was a knuckle-walking proto-chimpanzee.
B)was a bipedal hominin with very apelike characteristics.
C)was merely a male Australopithecus anamensis.
D)is a New World monkey.
E)is ancestral to Neandertals but not to Homo sapiens.
Q3) Ardipithecus possibly evolved into
A)A.garhi.
B)H.erectus.
C)A.anamensis.
D)H.habilis.
E)A.boisei.
Q4) Oldowan tools were made by striking flakes off the sides of cobbles.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Genus Homo
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Q1) __________ characterize the Upper Paleolithic.
A)Hand axes
B)Pebble tools
C)Metallurgy
D)Plant domestication
E)Blade tools
Q2) __________ species is associated with the broad-spectrum revolution.
A)Robust australopithecines
B)Neandertals
C)H.sapiens
D)Archaic H.sapiens
E)H.erectus
Q3) The fossils found at Ileret showed that
A)H.habilis evolved into H.erectus.
B)H.erectus did not have any sexual dimorphism.
C)H.erectus lived 3 m.y.a.
D)H.habilis had modern humanlike body size and proportions.
E)H.habilis and H.erectus lived at about the same time.
Q4) Discuss the major anatomical differences between the australopithecines and H.erectus.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The First Farmers
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Q1) New evidence suggests that plant domestication occurred at about the same time in the New World as the Middle East.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The sedentary life developed in the Middle East
A)before farming and herding.
B)after farming but before herding.
C)after herding but before farming.
D)after farming and herding.
E)at the same time that farming and herding developed.
Q3) Rice was domesticated in southern China.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compared to the Middle East, food production emerge in the New World approximately
A)30,000 to 40,000 years later
B)3,000 to 4,000 years later
C)30,000 to 40,000 years earlier
D)3,000 to 4,000 years earlier
E)the same time
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The First Cities and States
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Q1) Primary states are states that formed on their own, rather than as a result of contact with other state societies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The earliest states emerged in Mesopotamia.
A)True
B)False
Q3) __________ is not a characteristic of states.
A)Control of specific regional territories
B)Productive farming economies
C)Record-keeping systems
D)Stratified into social classes
E)A hereditary inequality
Q4) The capital of the first state to develop in the Valley of Mexico was.
A)Tehuantepec.
B)La Venta.
C)Tenochtitlan.
D)Monte Albán.
E)Teotihuacan.
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Chapter 10: Language and Communication
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Q1) Language is transmitted through enculturation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In a stratified society, people who do not speak the prestige dialect still tend to accept the prestige as standard or superior, which is A)diglossia.
B)creolization.
C)symbolic domination.
D)hypercorrection.
E)style shifting.
Q3) Analyze how socioeconomic, ethnic, and gender differences are reflected in language.Give specific examples.
Q4) Syntax refers to the rules that dictate the order of words in a language.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Focal vocabularies are found only in non-Western societies.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Define BEV, and compare it to SE.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Making a Living
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Q1) Horticulture differ from agriculture in that
A)the former involves the use of domesticated animals, while the latter does not.
B)because they do not irrigate their fields, agriculturalists are more dependent on seasonal rains.
C)agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not.
D)the former is labor intensive, while the latter is land intensive.
E)horticulture's long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of agriculture.
Q2) Economies are embedded in society because
A)nonindustrial producers do not partake in the results of their labor.
B)nonindustrial economies have little to do with the everyday lives of people.
C)relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.
D)governments strictly regulate most nonindustrial economies.
E)most economic activity takes place far from home.
Q3) Agriculturalists often make use of the labor and manure of domesticated animals.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Political Systems
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Q1) Big man accumulate wealth because
A)big men are chiefs who are trying to make their achieved status more permanent by engaging in conspicuous symbolic displays of wealth.
B)the term big man refers to the liminal state that a Kapauku youth enters before marriage, during which he accumulates wealth in order to fund the wedding and pay the brideprice.
C)big men typically are war leaders and as such they must maintain a supply of "grievance gifts" to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command.
D)to become a big man, an individual must wear a tonowi shell necklace, which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku standards.
E)big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.
Q2) Shame and gossip are the only methods of social control in band-level societies.
A)True B)False
Q3) Describe at least two methods of social control and two methods of resistance.Give examples.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Families, Kinship, and Marriage
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Q1) With patrilineal descent, a person takes her or his father's last name but recognizes descent through both parents.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Substantial gifts given by the bride's family or kin is
A)bride theft
B)elopement
C)dowry
D)bridewealth
E)cross-cousin marriage
Q3) The statement, __________, is not true.
A)"divorce is more common now than it was a century ago"
B)"the more substantial the joint property, the more complicated the divorce"
C)"divorce is harder in a patrilineal society"
D)"divorce is unique to industrialized nation-states"
E)"substantial bridewealth discourages divorce"
Q4) Although the nuclear family exists in many societies around the world, it is not a cultural universal.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Gender
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Q1) In the United States, attitudes regarding the role of women in the workplace have varied according to economic needs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In many highland Papua New Guinea patrilineal-patrilocal societies
A)women are the primary producers of subsistence crops.
B)women govern the public distribution of prestige items.
C)women fear contacts, including sexual intercourse, with men.
D)polygyny decreases household productivity because a man must provide for more than one wife.
E)the public-domestic dichotomy is minor or nonexistent.
Q3) Explain how industrialism affected gender roles and stratification.Discuss the reasons that poverty is becoming feminized.
Q4) The designer Dior changed the image of male model from a thin juvenile to a rugged outdoorsman.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the difference between intersex individuals and self-identified transgender individuals.Give at least two examples of each.
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Chapter 15: Religion
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Q1) All rituals occur in sacred contexts.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ___________ is the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it.
A)Contagious magic
B)Imitative magic
C)Serial magic
D)Sequential magic
E)Simultaneous magic
Q3) Belief in mana was especially prominent in A)the North Pacific coast of North America.
B)Madagascar.
C)ancient Greece.
D)Melanesia.
E)sub-Saharan Africa.
Q4) Belief in mana, or mana-like forces, is a primitive form of religion found only among tribal societies.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) The anti-Basque campaign waged during the Franco dictatorship in Spain is an example of
A)forced assimilation.
B)cultural relativism.
C)status ascription.
D)multiculturalism.
E)an imagined community.
Q2) Nation-state refers to an ethnic group that is not politically autonomous.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Only bilingual people engage in identity shifting.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List the effects colonialism and colonial nation-building had on "imagined communities" (e.g., ethnic groups, nationalities).Illustrate the answer with specific examples.
Q5) Outline the difference between assimilationism and multiculturalism.Describe how these affect minority ethnic groups.
Q6) Define hypodescent, and determine if it exists in every human society.
Q7) Describe the notion of "imagined community."
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Chapter 17: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) Health care systems refer to the nationalized health care services that only exist in core industrial nations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The postwar baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s
A)fueled the general expansion of the American educational system, including academic anthropology.
B)promoted renewed interest in applied anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s.
C)brought anthropology into most high school curricula.
D)produced a new interest in ethnic diversity.
E)brought an end to the world system.
Q3) A common goal of development projects is to
A)increase socioeconomic stratification.
B)promote ethnocide.
C)facilitate cultural assimilation.
D)decrease local autonomy.
E)increase equity.
Q4) Define overinnovation, and explain why it can undermine development projects.
Q5) Discuss the reasons why many anthropologists have turned from academic to applied work.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) Settler postcolonies are characterized by large native populations displaced by the former European colonists, and they are forced to migrate to their country of origin.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Central to most intervention philosophies is the idea that modernization, Westernization, and industrialization will bring long-term benefits to local groups.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Marx, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are
A)the product of gender differentiation in Europe's tribal past.
B)the owners of the means of production in core and periphery nations, respectively.
C)distinct and opposed classes in the capitalist economy.
D)exogamous social groups.
E)moiety groups that dominated Western capitalism.
Q4) The modern world system benefits all participating societies equally.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) Discuss why the term indigenous people has great political weight.Identify what indigenous movements in Latin America have emphasized in their drive for self-determination.
Q2) Mass media can play an important role in constructing and maintaining national and ethnic identities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Conservation projects have traditionally been sensitive to the ethnoecologies of indigenous people.
A)True
B)False
Q4) __________ refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canons (rules, standards), categories, distinctions, and boundaries.
A)Chaos
B)Entropy
C)Postmodern
D)Agoraphobia
E)Diaspora
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