Behavioral Science
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Behavioral Science is an interdisciplinary field that explores the interactions among individuals and groups through the study of human actions, decision-making processes, and social behaviors. Drawing from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and related disciplines, this course examines the underlying factors that influence behavior, including cognitive, emotional, biological, social, and environmental determinants. Students will learn to analyze behavioral patterns, assess the impact of individual and collective actions, and apply theoretical frameworks to real-world issues in areas such as health, education, business, and public policy. The course provides foundational knowledge for understanding human behavior, fostering critical thinking, and developing strategies to promote positive behavioral change.
Recommended Textbook
The Science of Psychology An Appreciative View 3rd Edition by Laura A. King
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3144 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Lane is monitoring the levels of specific chemicals in the human brain to see their effect on the development of psychosis in individuals.Dr.Lane's study fits best into the area of:
A)behavioral neuroscience.
B)social psychology.
C)evolutionary psychology.
D)behavior modification.
Answer: A
Q2) In the context of areas of specialization in psychology,_____ are interested in psychopathology.
A)pathologists
B)clinical psychologists
C)social psychologists
D)social workers
Answer: B
Q3) Structuralists concentrated on identifying the basic elements of the human mind.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Psychologys Scientific Method
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Questions
Q1) Ciara believes that working women are happier than women who do not work.She predicts that women who work for at least ten years are more likely to have good mental health after the age of 50 years than women who do not.She decides to test this prediction.In the context of psychology's scientific method,Ciara's prediction is the _____ for the study she will conduct.
A)independent variable
B)operational definition
C)theory
D)hypothesis
Answer: D
Q2) In an experimental research study,the group that receives treatment is called the _____ group.
A)experimental
B)control
C)independent
D)confederate
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The neurotransmitter that is specifically involved in muscle action,learning,and memory is _____.
A)serotonin
B)gamma aminobutyric acid
C)acetylcholine
D)dopamine
Answer: C
Q2) Chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the terminal buttons and are involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron are known as _____.
A)synaptic vesicles
B)glial cells
C)neurotransmitters
D)ions
Answer: C
Q3) Stressors refer to those circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Taylor sees a German shepherd standing thirty feet from him,he still recognizes its height even though the image of the dog on his retina is much smaller than the dog's physical height.This scenario best illustrates the phenomenon of:
A)size constancy.
B)proximity.
C)shape constancy.
D)closure.
Q2) In the visual system,the opening in the center of the iris is known as the _____.
A)pupil
B)cornea
C)sclera
D)lens
Q3) Which of the following sensory processes is most activated when a person is listening to a song?
A)Thermoreception
B)Chemoreception
C)Mechanoreception
D)Photoreception
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6
Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sleep deprivation has been shown to:
A)increase the inability to sustain attention.
B)reduce the complexity of brain activity.
C)increase the difficulty in making healthy choices.
D)All of these.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis?
A)Individuals in a hypnotic state are hostile to external suggestions.
B)Widespread areas of the cerebral cortex are disabled when individuals are in a hypnotic state.
C)A hypnotic state is more similar to being relaxed and awake.
D)Hypnosis produces a state of consciousness dissimilar to other states of consciousness.
Q3) Stimulants are psychoactive drugs that:
A)slow down inhibition and judgment.
B)modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.
C)slow down mental and physical activity.
D)increase the central nervous system's activity.
Q4) Discuss the roles of serotonin,norepinephrine,and acetylcholine with regard to sleep.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning is a learning process in which:
A)the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.
B)a behavior is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
C)the frequency of a behavior decreases because it is paired repeatedly with an undesirable stimulus.
D)a behavior is always followed by an unpleasant consequence.
Q2) Henry,a five-year-old boy,knows that when he goes out with his mother and throws a tantrum,he will not get a treat.However,when he goes out with his father and throws a tantrum,he will get a treat.Henry's learning in this scenario exemplifies _____.
A)generalization in operant conditioning
B)renewal in classical conditioning
C)discrimination in operant conditioning
D)extinction in classical conditioning
Q3) Research suggests that insight learning is only observed in humans.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Give a brief account of Thorndike's law of effect.
Q5) Describe avoidance learning.Provide an example to illustrate.
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Q1) Which of the following is one of the main reasons that rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term?
A)It involves the unconscious repetition of information.
B)It can only be verbal.
C)It always results in distortion of memories.
D)It often involves mechanically repeating information.
Q2) Which of the following scenarios best illustrates divided attention?
A)Kyle increases the volume on the television while watching his favorite show.
B)Maria is watching two characters fight with each other in a martial arts program.
C)Kenny is listening to music on his laptop with headphones on.
D)Riley is trying to pay attention to her teacher while talking to her friend in class.
Q3) The connectionist view of memory argues that changes in the strength of synaptic connections are the fundamental bases of memory.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Differentiate between short-term memory and working memory.
Q5) Differentiate between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nigel is a ten-year-old boy.According to milestones of language development,which of the following language milestones is attained by Nigel at this age?
A)He understands metaphor and satire.
B)He uses synonyms in word definitions.
C)He understands adult literary works.
D)He develops an understanding of complex grammar forms.
Q2) Ivan has misplaced his room keys.Which of the following would he do if he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find them?
A)He will avoid searching and instead get a replacement key made.
B)He will break open the door.
C)He will call his wife to get the spare keys.
D)He will go through each drawer in his house.
Q3) Concepts refer to:
A)mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
B)appropriate ways to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available.
C)unique strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem.
D)specific reasons behind linguistic differences between ethnic groups.
Q4) Distinguish between confirmation bias and hindsight bias.
Q5) Define reasoning.Discuss the two types of reasoning.
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) While giving a cookie to Joe,Mathew drops it on the table,and the cookie breaks into several pieces.Joe starts to cry when he is offered the pieces of cookie instead of the whole cookie.According to Joe,since the sizes of the pieces are smaller than the whole cookie,he is being offered smaller quantity.According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,Joe is most likely in the _____ stage of development.
A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor
Q2) A child decides to steal a pen from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into a group.The child reasons that his stealing behavior is acceptable,because it is what his friends expect of him.According to Kohlberg,this child is operating at the _____ level of moral development.
A)preconventional
B)heteronomous
C)universal ethical principles
D)conventional
Q3) Describe the five main features of emerging adulthood as proposed by Jeffrey Arnett.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,the strongest human needs are:
A)physiological needs.
B)the needs for self-actualization.
C)the needs for self-esteem.
D)safety needs.
Q2) Tim and Margaret are having a picnic near the edge of a large forest.Suddenly,a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket.According to the James Lange theory of emotion,the couple will:
A)experience fear and then run as a result of feeling the emotion of fear.
B)run and then experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies.
C)first experience fear, then run, and consequently experience the emotion of heightened fear.
D)experience fear and physiological reactions in their bodies simultaneously.
Q3) The lateral hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Outline Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,and provide examples of how each level of motivation might be satisfied.
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Chapter 11: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern involves the continuation and heightening of sexual arousal.
A)orgasm
B)plateau
C)excitement
D)refractory
Q2) _____ is an individual's sense of belonging to the male or female sex.
A)Gender identity
B)Gender bias
C)Sexuality
D)Sexual orientation
Q3) Caroline tells her friends that she helps to take care of her little brother because that is what girls are supposed to do.Caroline's statement best describes her understanding of her _____.
A)sexual script
B)gender role
C)gender identity
D)sexual orientation
Q4) Differentiate between disorders of sexual development (DSD)and gender identity disorder.
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer.She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her.According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,Welma is unconsciously engaging in _____.
A)denial
B)regression
C)rationalization
D)displacement
Q2) Which of the following is a criticism of the trait theories of personality?
A)They miss the importance of situational factors in personality and behavior.
B)They focus excessively on the past experiences of human beings.
C)They are overly concerned with unconscious desires and motives.
D)They miss the impact of current experiences on human beings.
Q3) Discuss the structures of personality conceptualized by Freud.
Q4) Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?
A)Self-concept
B)Persona
C)Archetype
D)Sublimation
Q5) Distinguish between a Type A and Type B behavior pattern.
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Caroline has volunteered to work with the underprivileged children who are participants in her professor's literacy project.She is hoping that her professor will take this into consideration when calculating her grades.In this scenario,Caroline is demonstrating an expectation of _____.
A)prejudice
B)reciprocity
C)false consensus
D)inoculation
Q2) In a basketball game,Jaquin made the winning shot and scored the maximum number of baskets.According to the self-serving bias,Jaquin is likely to attribute his victory to:
A)his excellent skill in the game.
B)his coach.
C)his luck.
D)the poor team spirit of the other team.
Q3) One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups:
A)make people more inhibited.
B)reduce the diffusion of responsibility.
C)give people anonymity.
D)increase personal identity.
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Chapter 14: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sheldon is the head coach of Arizona Riders,a baseball team.He is not very conscientious and strictly abides by the rules.He punishes his players if they don't perform well and rewards them when they do.In the context of leadership,Sheldon has the makings of a(n)_____.
A)idealized leader
B)transactional leader
C)theory Y leader
D)transformational leader
Q2) Food & Fun Inc.,a hamburger fast food restaurant,systematizes its operations in such a way that one person is in charge of grilling,another person is in charge of dressing the edible items,and the third person delivers the orders to the customers.The unassembled burger ingredients are moved from one worker to another via a small motorized conveyor belt.Food & Fun is probably following a pattern of:
A)craft production.
B)pilot production.
C)prototyping.
D)assembly line.
Q3) List the four characteristics of work settings that are linked with employee stress and health problems.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
A)In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.
B)Individuals with DID have two or more ambiguous personalities with overlapping memories and behaviors.
C)The majority of individuals who have been sexually abused develop DID.
D)The vast majority of individuals with DID are men.
Q2) The etiology of social anxiety disorder includes neural circuitry that involves all of the following except the _____.
A)thalamus
B)amygdala
C)cerebral cortex
D)cerebellum
Q3) How do individuals with antisocial personality disorder differ from individuals with borderline personality disorder?
Q4) Give a brief account of the sociocultural factors involved in suicide.
Q5) What is bipolar disorder? Differentiate bipolar I disorder from bipolar II disorder.
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Chapter 16: Therapies
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Q1) Discuss the side effects of using the antidepressant drug tricyclics.
Q2) Discuss the impact of therapeutic alliance in obtaining effective therapeutic outcomes.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true regarding the psychoanalytic technique of dream analysis?
A)In dream analysis, every dream, including nightmares, contains a hidden, disguised unconscious wish.
B)Dreams represent unconscious conflicts; therefore, they must be ignored.
C)Dreams provide individuals with an outlet to express their conscious wishes and desires.
D)In dream analysis, a psychoanalyst asks a person to say aloud whatever comes to mind.
Q4) Tricyclics are used to treat symptoms related to anxiety.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Who may benefit the most from electroconvulsive therapy?
A)Alan, who has obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)Frederic, who has generalized anxiety disorder
C)Brad, who is contemplating suicide
D)Byron, who suffers from panic attacks
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A situation,circumstance,or event that challenges an individual and requires some form of coping mechanism best defines the term:
A)transcendence.
B)stressor.
C)mental block.
D)relapse.
Q2) Once individuals get over the initial stress associated with their first exam of finals week,the fact that they have several more exams will likely lead their body to enter the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
A)alarm
B)resistance
C)exhaustion
D)primary
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of following a well-balanced diet?
A)It should be done only to reduce weight.
B)It can increase the risk for cancer.
C)It can increase blood pressure.
D)It reduces tooth decay.
Q4) Discuss the criticisms of the stages of change model.
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