Behavioral Science Methodology Test
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Course Introduction
Behavioral Science Methodology explores the principles, techniques, and ethical considerations involved in studying human and animal behavior. The course provides a comprehensive overview of research design, measurement, observational and experimental methods, data collection, and statistical analysis as applied to the behavioral sciences. Students learn to critically evaluate research literature, design their own studies, and address issues such as reliability, validity, sampling, and bias. Emphasis is placed on practical applications, scientific reasoning, and the development of skills necessary for conducting and interpreting empirical research within psychology and related disciplines.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition by Frederick J Gravetter
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1073 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of scientific research?
A)Scientific research is public.
B)Scientific research is empirical.
C)Scientific research is conducted in a laboratory.
D)Scientific research is objective.
Answer: C
Q2) Describe how the rational method and the method of empiricism are both utilized as parts of the scientific method.
Answer: The rational method is used to develop a hypothesis based on observations (inductive reasoning)and when the hypothesis is used to make predictions (deductive reasoning)that will be tested.The method of empiricism is used when scientists make systematic,planned observations to evaluate the predictions from their hypothesis.
Q3) An important element of the scientific method is that research results should be made public.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Research Ideas
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although __________ sources can be good starting points for a literature search,you must rely on ___________ sources for the details of the original research.
A)primary,secondary
B)secondary,primary
C)textbook,journal
D)journal,textbook
Answer: B
Q2) An empirical journal article is an example of a ________ source. A)primary
B)secondary
C)premier
D)germinal
Answer: A
Q3) The method section of a research article typically A)provides interpretation of the findings.
B)describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research.
C)includes the results of statistical analyses.
D)provides the details of how the research was conducted.
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Defining and Measuring Variables
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n)________ measure produces similar results when the same individuals are measured under identical conditions.
A)valid
B)accurate
C)good
D)reliable
Answer: D
Q2) A floor effect means that a measurement procedure is not likely to detect a decrease in scores.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) If people score high on one measure and score low on another measure,there is
A)a positive relationship between the two measures.
B)a negative relationship between the two measures.
C)no relationship between the two measures.
D)a cause-and-effect relationship between the two measures.
Answer: B
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5
Chapter 4: Ethics in Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Nuremberg Code outlines basic ethical guidelines for
A)the treatment of human participants.
B)the treatment of nonhuman subjects.
C)the treatment of both human and nonhumans.
D)the reporting of research results.
Q2) Describe a situation where it may be permissible to dispense with informed consent.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT part of the guidelines for using deception in a research study?
A) Individuals must be informed that deception is involved before they consent to participate.
B)Individuals must be debriefed about the deception as soon as possible after the study.
C)The deception must be justified.
D)The deception cannot conceal a real risk or danger to participants.
Q4) Briefly explain why a researcher might find it necessary to use deception in a research study.
Q5) Describe the two basic categories of ethical responsibility that a researcher has.
Q6) Describe the factors that influence a debriefing's effectiveness.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Selecting Research Participants
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Sample Questions
Q1) The accessible population is a subset of the target population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following accurately describes accessible populations and target populations?
A)The target population is contained within the accessible population.
B)The target population is also known as the population.
C)The accessible population is also known as the population.
D)All of the other options are accurate.
Q3) When a researcher does not know the exact number of individuals in the population but still wants to control the composition of a sample,the best technique is to use quota sampling.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Although a research question usually concerns the _________ the actual research participants are selected from the _________.
A)target population,accessible population
B)accessible population,target population
C)target population,sample
D)accessible population,sample
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Chapter 6: Research Strategies and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Both correlational and nonexperimental studies intend to examine relationships between variables without trying to explain the relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Experimental research studies tend to have very _______ internal validity but often have relatively ______ external validity.
A)high; low
B)low; high
C)high; high
D)low; low
Q3) In studies with a group of individuals being tested in a series of treatment conditions,factors such as history,instrumentation,and maturation threaten
A)internal validity.
B)external validity.
C)both internal and external validity.
D)neither internal nor external validity.
Q4) Describe the kind of question that each of the five research strategies intends to answer.
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Chapter 7: The Experimental Research Strategy
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a study finds that there is a strong relationship between two variables,this means that
A)the first variable causes a change in the second variable.
B)the second variable causes a change in the first variable.
C)you can draw the conclusion that each variable causes the other variable to change.
D)you cannot draw a conclusion about the causal relationship between the variables.
Q2) A researcher moves the real world into the laboratory.This type of research is called A)a simulation study.
B)a field study.
C)a transported study.
D)a quasi-experimental study.
Q3) Explain why control of extraneous variables is a necessary component of an experiment.
Q4) All experiments must have either a no-treatment control group or a placebo control group.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A disadvantage of holding a variable constant is that it limits an experiment's external validity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain the benefit of independent scores in a between-subjects design.
Q3) A disadvantage of the two-group design is that it
A)provides limited information about the effect of the independent variable B)is complicated.
C)maximizes the differences between the groups.
D)requires the use of regression analyses to analyze the data.
Q4) Describe some of the problems that can develop if participants from different treatment conditions have an opportunity to talk with each other during the course of the experiment.
Q5) A between-subjects experiment comparing four treatment conditions produces 20 scores in each treatment condition.How many individuals participated in the entire experiment?
A)1
B)4
C)20
D)80
10
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Chapter 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) When an outside event occurs during a within-subject study and influences some of the treatment conditions but not others,the results are said to be confounded by A)history effects.
B)instrumentation.
C)maturation.
D)regression toward the mean.
Q2) During the first treatment condition of a within-subjects experiment,the participants learn a new skill that helps improve their performance in later treatment conditions.For this study,the internal validity is threatened by A)history effects.
B)instrumentation.
C)testing effects.
D) regression toward the mean.
Q3) One disadvantage of a multiple-treatment design compared to a two-treatment design is that the likelihood of participant attrition increases as the number of treatments increases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The changes that occur as a person ages from child to adult to elderly,are called cohort effects.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following accurately describes what is evaluated by differential research?
A)differences between treatment conditions using the same group of participants in all treatments
B)differences between treatment conditions using a separate group of participants for each treatment
C)differences in scores before a treatment versus scores after a treatment
D)differences in scores between preexisting groups of participants
Q3) A one-group pretest-posttest study is an example of a nonequivalent groups design.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the similarities and differences between experiments and nonexperiments or quasi-experiments.
Q5) Distinguish nonexperimental designs from quasi-experimental designs. Page 12
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Chapter 11: Factorial Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is possible for the results of a two-factor study to show an interaction even though there is no main effect for either factor.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In a factorial experimental design,independent variables are commonly called factors.
A)True B)False
Q3) It is often possible to reduce the variance in a between-subjects design by using a participant variable such as age or gender as a second factor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In order to determine whether factors influence or interact with each other,a researcher must use
A)two experiments.
B)a factorial design.
C)a between-subjects design.
D)a mixed design.
Q5) Describe two situations in which factorial designs are commonly used.
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Chapter 12: The Correlational Research Strategy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The goal of the correlational research strategy is
A)to examine and describe the relationship between variables.
B)to examine and describe the causal relationship between variables.
C)to describe an individual person or patient in great detail.
D)to describe a variable (or variables)as they exist naturally.
Q2) If the data for a correlational study consists of one or more scores that are not numerical values,the relationship between the variables cannot be evaluated.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Suppose there is a correlation of +0.87 between the length of time a person is in prison and the amount of aggression the person displays on a psychological inventory.This means that spending a longer amount of time in prison causes people to become more aggressive.
Q4) The electric company uses the correlation between summer temperatures and energy consumption to anticipate energy demands.In this example,temperature is the criterion variable.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe what is meant by a "negative relationship between two variables."
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Chapter 13: Descriptive Research Strategy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Archival research involves applying the techniques of behavioral observation to record behaviors in books or movies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In an observational study of classroom disruption,you record whether or not each child commits a disruptive act during each 60-second period of a 30-minute classroom observation.For this study,which method is being used to quantify the observations?
A)frequency
B)duration
C)interval
D)individual
Q3) The goal of the descriptive research strategy is
A)to describe an individual person or patient in great detail.
B)to describe a variable (or variables)as they exist naturally.
C)to describe the relationship between two variables.
D)to establish the existence of a cause and effect relationship between variables.
Q4) Describe the three types of survey questions and outline the advantages and disadvantages of each.
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16
Chapter 14: Single-Subject Research Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behavior that shows a consistent increase from one observation to the next during a baseline phase is an example of unstable behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A stop-smoking program requires participants to monitor their smoking and to control the number of cigarettes they smoke.The program sets a target for the number of cigarettes a participant is allowed each day,and the target number is changed every three days.Although the target moves up and down,it gradually reduces toward a goal of zero smoking after six weeks.If this program were evaluated using a single-subject design,which design would be appropriate?
A)ABAB design
B)multiple-baseline design
C)alternating-treatments design
D)changing-criterion design
Q3) If a researcher is planning an ABAB design but the participant does not respond to the treatment,the researcher can simply switch to a new treatment and begin a more complex phase-change design.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 15: Statistical Evaluation of Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Last year the college basketball team averaged 72 points per game with a standard deviation of 6.In the first game this season,they scored 85 points.Compared to last year,this score is
A)a little above average.
B)far above average.
C)above average,but it is impossible to describe how much above average.
D)There is not enough information to compare this score with last year's average.
Q2) The concept of degrees of freedom is associated with A)the mean for a sample.
B)the median for a sample.
C)the mode for a sample.
D)the variance for a sample.
Q3) It is always possible that patterns observed in sample data do not accurately represent patterns in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain why a measure of effect size is recommended to accompany the result from a hypothesis test.
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18
Chapter 16: Writing a Research Report
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which section of a psychological research report should the hypothesis of the study be stated?
A)results
B)method
C)introduction
D)references
Q2) The results section of an APA-style research report typically describes
A)the interpretation of the findings.
B)the results of descriptive and inferential statistics.
C)the implications of the findings.
D)the other three choices are all typically described in the results section.
Q3) The introduction section of an APA-style research reports begins on page 3,headed with the word Introduction
A)centered and typed in boldface type.
B)at the left margin and typed in boldface type.
C)at the left margin and typed in italics.
D)There is no heading of "Introduction" for the introduction section.
Q4) Describe the two subsections typically contained in a methods section of an APA-style research report.
Q5) What is the purpose of a research proposal?
Page 19
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