Behavioral Science
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Behavioral Science explores the complex interplay of psychological, social, and biological factors that drive human actions and interactions. This course introduces students to foundational theories and methodologies from fields such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Through analysis of individual and group behavior, students learn to understand phenomena like motivation, decision-making, social influence, and interpersonal communication. Practical applications in organizational settings, health, and societal issues are emphasized, helping students develop analytical skills for interpreting behavior and designing interventions aimed at improving well-being and social outcomes.
Recommended Textbook
Theories of Personality 11th Edition by Duane P. Schultz
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15 Chapters
1256 Verified Questions
1256 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Personality: What It Is and Why You Should Care
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)is a projective technique that _____.
A) is a highly valid and reliable test
B) is highly objective and easy to interpret
C) consists of 19 ambiguous pictures and 1 blank card
D) consists of multiple-choice and true-false questions
Answer: C
Q2) Rearing of girls and boys according to traditional gender stereotypes plays a major role in shaping their personalities in different ways.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Online testing is less expensive and less time-consuming than conventional classroom tests.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Men are more often diagnosed with depression than are women.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The preconscious:
A) describes our dream life.
B) is stored in the pre-frontal cortex of the brain.
C) describes our values and morals.
D) is the storehouse for our memories,thoughts,and perceptions.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is true in the context of penis envy as described by Freud?
A) Woman have underdeveloped sex organs and capacities compared to men.
B) Unlike men,women can never be fully developed until they have a female child.
C) Girls can have a poorly developed superego due to the female Oedipus complex.
D) Boys can have an inferiority complex,more so than girls,as a result of penis envy.
Answer: C
Q3) Freud regarded _____ as our primary motivation.
A) sex
B) reliability
C) fear
D) morality
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Despite the significance of Jung's contributions in the field of psychology,the bulk of his theory was not received enthusiastically by psychologists because:
A) his books contain many inconsistencies and contradictions.
B) there are discrepancies between his notes on his therapy sessions and the case histories he published,which supposedly were based on these notes.
C) he inferred the stories of sexual seduction in patients' childhood from his analysis of the symptoms,without really hearing his patients say so.
D) his research is based on a small and unrepresentative sample of people,restricted to himself and those who sought psychoanalysis with him.
Answer: A
Q2) According to Jung's view,which of the following personality changes must occur in an individual during his or her middle age?
A) The attitude of the personality must shift from extraversion to introversion
B) The psychic energy must be rechanneled to different activities and interests
C) The process of realizing or actualizing the self must begin
D) All of these are correct.
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology
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85 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Adler,all of the following are possible causes of an inferiority complex except:
A) organic inferiority.
B) spoiling a child.
C) brain neurosis.
D) neglecting a child.
Q2) In Adler's view,the process of overcoming inferiority feelings: A) decreases in adulthood.
B) is genetically determined.
C) begins in infancy.
D) results in unsettled conflicts.
Q3) According to Adler,the development of an appropriate style of life is determined by: A) our past experiences.
B) our environment.
C) the epigenetic principle of maturation.
D) the creative power of the self.
Q4) Explain the concept of fictional finalism.
Q5) Describe the profiles of first-born children and only children as proposed by Adler.Compare and contrast two similarities and two differences.
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Chapter 5: Karen Horney: Neurotic Needs and Trends
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82 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Horney believed that _____ people must repress their personal desires and cannot defend against abuse.
A) powerful
B) submissive
C) indifferent
D) affectionate
Q2) Horney used _____ to assess the functioning of the human personality.
A) hypnosis
B) neurological evaluation
C) projective tests and self-report inventories
D) free association and dream analysis
Q3) Define basic anxiety.Describe the different ways in which we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in our childhood.
Q4) Horney agreed with Freud's belief that therapy should be passive and intellectual.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the change in Horney's attitude and behavior toward her parents after the age of eight.Mention how this affected her adult personality.
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Chapter 6: Erik Erikson: Identity Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Erikson,a person undertakes some form of productive work,establishes intimate relationships,and has an opportunity to become independent from his or her parents during the stage of:
A) young adulthood.
B) adolescence.
C) adulthood.
D) latency.
Q2) Ego integrity involves:
A) making unconscious desires conscious.
B) allowing the superego and the id to be more balanced.
C) experiencing a sense of frustration with one's past.
D) accepting one's place and one's past.
Q3) Erikson believes that basic strengths:
A) are goals to strive for but not reach.
B) are potentially achievable by everyone.
C) cannot be fully expressed because of id interference.
D) are biologically determined and inevitable.
Q4) Explain the terms maldevelopment,maladaptions,and malignancies as described by Erikson.
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Chapter 7: Gordon Allport: Motivation and Personality
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87 Verified Questions
87 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Allport believed that personality traits are often revealed spontaneously through:
A) introspection.
B) Freudian slips.
C) coping behavior.
D) expressive behavior.
Q2) Mention and describe in a sentence the seven stages of the development of the proprium as given by Allport.Also,mention the ages in which these stages occur.
Q3) Allport's image of human nature is:
A) highly pessimistic,as it is related to childhood experiences.
B) that the ultimate goal of life is to increase tension.
C) deterministic,allowing little free will in deliberations about the future.
D) one that denies a relationship between heredity and personality.
Q4) Which of the following is an example of functionally autonomous behavior?
A) Reflexes
B) Fixations
C) Neurological dysfunction
D) Skill mastery
Q5) According to the Study of Values,list the categories of values.
Q6) What are the characteristics of traits as summarized by Allport?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Raymond Cattell, Hans
Eysenck, The Five-Factor
Theory, Hexaco, and the Dark Triad
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cattell's personality theory:
A) was incorporative of several Freudian ideas. B) was closely aligned with Horney's theory. C) was similar to Adler's theory of individual psychology. D) was closely aligned to Erikson's eight stages of development.
Q2) Cattell described static traits as the traits concerned with motivation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the context of the forms of factor-analysis used by Cattell to study personality,in the _____,large amounts of data are collected on one subject over a long period.
A) R technique
B) P technique
C) L-data technique
D) Q-data technique
Q4) Cattell worked with the prominent American psychologist _____.
A) Carl Rogers
B) Henry Murray
C) Edward L.Thorndike
D) Abraham Maslow
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Abraham Maslow: Needs-Hierarchy Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maslow,based on his research,concluded that self-actualizers focus on:
A) problems outside themselves.
B) the social acceptability of their actions.
C) problems in their personal lives.
D) their safety needs.
Q2) In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which of the following is true of lower needs?
A)They are stronger than the higher needs.
B)They are called deficiency needs.
C)Failure to satisfy lower needs produces a crisis.
D)All of these are correct.
Q3) Maslow had an ideal childhood where his parents can be described as self-actualized.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Maslow called higher needs _____.
A) growth or being needs
B) deficit or deficiency needs
C) critical needs
D) biological needs
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Chapter 10: Carl Rogers: Self-Actualization Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mention the characteristics of fully functioning persons,as described by Rogers.
Q2) An idea in Rogers's theory similar to Freud's superego is:
A) self-concept.
B) conditions of worth.
C) incongruence.
D) unconditional positive regard.
Q3) According to Rogers,through the process of organismic valuing,people:
A) accept themselves and others for what they are.
B) evaluate all life experiences in terms of their value for fostering or hindering their actualization and growth.
C) establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few people.
D) learn to perceive reality efficiently and tolerate uncertainty.
Q4) In which of the following cases is approval,love,or acceptance granted only when a person expresses desirable behaviors and attitudes?
A) Conditional positive regard
B) Unconditional positive regard
C) Positive self-regard
D) Positive regard
Q5) Describe how Rogers's philosophy of life developed during his trip to China.
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Chapter 11: George Kelly: Personal Construct Theory
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Personal constructs are oriented toward the:
A) reconstruction of past events.
B) anticipation of future events.
C) actualization of unconscious desires.
D) release of psychic energy.
Q2) According to Kelly,the range of convenience or relevance for a construct is a matter of personal choice.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe Kelly's personal construct theory and discuss the concept of constructive alternativism.
Q4) In a dichotomized construct,the alternative that people select is determined by:
A) its similarity to one's past experiences.
B) its compatibility to other primary constructs formed by a person.
C) how well it predicts the outcome of future events.
D) one's subconscious motives and desires.
Q5) To what extent do you feel arguments,even wars,result because people construe events with different construct systems? Defend your answer with Kelly's personal construct theory.
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Chapter 12: Bfskinner: Reinforcement Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the application of Skinner's behavior modification techniques:
A) it is necessary to first assess genetic factors.
B) it is necessary to first assess specific behaviors.
C) it is necessary to first assess parenting style experienced in childhood.
D) it is necessary to first assess childhood memories with dream analysis.
Q2) An example of negative reinforcement is:
A) putting coins in a broken soft drink machine.
B) giving bonuses to workers even when they fail to excel.
C) nagging a spouse to stop smoking.
D) spanking a child to make him or her stop using expletives.
Q3) Positive reinforcement does not always work,whereas negative reinforcement is more consistently effective.
A)True B)False
Q4) Operant behavior involves a response made or elicited by a specific stimulus. A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the four schedules of reinforcement and give one example for each.
Q6) Define self-control and describe the techniques of self-control,giving one example for each.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Albert Bandura: Modeling Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bandura criticized Skinner for his:
A) focus on operant,rather than respondent behavior.
B) lack of attention to physiological processes.
C) emphasis on individual animal subjects.
D) belief in observational learning.
Q2) When we reach a certain level of achievement,it may no longer challenge,motivate,or satisfy us,so we raise the standard and require more of ourselves.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Research on self-efficacy shows that it:
A) differs as a function of gender and age.
B) is unrelated to physical appearance.
C) is higher in women than men.
D) decreases with age until maturity.
Q4) Self-reinforcement:
A) has to be tangible to be effective.
B) can be guided by our past behavior as reference points.
C) ceases when we fail to reach a certain level of achievement.
D) has also been alternatively addressed as the superego by Bandura.
Q5) Describe the aspects of development of self-efficacy during childhood.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Facets of Personality: Taking Control, Taking Chances,
and Finding Happiness
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78 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Seligman,learned helplessness during infancy and early childhood can predispose us to a(n):
A) secondary-process thought.
B) internal locus of control.
C) primary-process thought.
D) pessimistic explanatory style.
Q2) In the context of mental health differences due to locus of control,people higher in internal locus of control experience less:
A) benefit from therapy for addiction.
B) anxiety and depression.
C) job satisfaction.
D) philanthropism.
Q3) Pro-social risk takers,such as police officers and firefighters,had significantly _____ sensation seeking scores than anti-social risk takers,such as drug addicts and criminals.
A) higher
B) better
C) lower
D) equal
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Chapter 15: Personality in Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Overwhelming evidence shows that _____ influences virtually every aspect of behavior.
A) heredity
B) the unconscious
C) learning
D) basic anxiety
Q2) Horney spoke of the impact of birth order,arguing that personality is influenced by our position in the family relative to our siblings.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the findings of Adler,Horney,Allport,Cattell,and Erikson about the environmental factor that affects personality.
Q4) In a national longitudinal survey of children ages 3 to 12,no significant problems with self-esteem were found in children when mothers:
A) were single.
B) parented strictly.
C) became volunteers at school.
D) worked outside the home.
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