Behavioral Science
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Behavioral Science is an interdisciplinary field that examines the interactions among individuals and societies, focusing on understanding human actions, emotions, and thought processes. This course explores key concepts and theories from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and related disciplines to analyze factors that influence human behavior. Students will study behavioral research methods, the impact of culture and environment on decision-making, social dynamics, and the biological foundations of behavior. The course prepares learners to apply behavioral science principles in various professional settings, including healthcare, business, education, and public policy.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology and Human Nature Comprehensive Edition 3rd Edition by Roy F. Baumeister
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Mission and the Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider the following study: Participants either perform a complex task in front of others or a simple task alone. The experimenter plans to examine the effects of task complexity and the presence of others on performance. This study is confounded.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Social psychology primarily relies on the experimental method.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) According to the textbook, what is one major reason people study social psychology?
A) It is fun and interesting, and can help make the world a better place.
B) It provides an important foundation for understanding clinical psychology.
C) It helps people overcome their personal problems.
D) It is an easy topic to understand.
Answer: A
Q4) Repeating an experiment is called ____________________.
Answer: replication
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Culture and Nature
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true regarding division of labor and the exchange of goods and services?
A) These concepts are by and large unique to humans.
B) All cultural animals and social animals incorporate these concepts.
C) All cultural animals, but only some social animals, incorporate these ideas.
D) Not social animals naturally incorporate these ideas, but all social animals can learn them through imitation.
Answer: A
Q2) In order for humans to function effectively in society, ____.
A) the automatic mind often needs to override the deliberate system
B) the deliberate mind often needs to override the automatic system
C) they need to focus on training the automatic system
D) they need to allow the deliberate system to operate more emotionally
Answer: B
Q3) The idea that the human brain has evolved specifically to enhance humans' ability to form relationships, interact, and-ultimately-develop culture is known as
Answer: social brain theory
Q4) Culture primarily serves to teach people ____________________.
Answer: restraint self-control or restraint self control
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Chapter 3: The Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tina has been trying to sell some of her things on e-bay recently, but nothing seems to sell. She listed an old Ouija board for $20, a pair of used tights for $25, and an old (partially working) smoke detector for $60. A friend suggested that she lower her prices, but Tina maintains that these items are really worth a lot. Tina is showing a severe case of ____.
A) the endowment effect
B) self-handicapping
C) automatic egotism
D) the over-justification effect
Answer: A
Q2) Sally lives in a middle class neighborhood. It really isn't anything special, but most of Sally's friends live in smaller homes in lower class neighborhoods, so Sally thinks of herself as well-off. When Sally compares her home to the homes of her friends, she is making a(n) ____.
A) upward social comparison
B) downward social comparison
C) internal attribution
D) external attribution
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Choices and Actions: The Self in Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social psychologists use the term _____ to self's capacity to alter its own responses.
A) self-regulation
B) self-monitoring
C) response modification
D) prosocial behavior
Q2) Mr. Lee has been drinking a lot of whiskey lately and wants to cut back. Research suggests that he is more likely to be successful if he keeps a record of exactly how much whiskey he consumes every week. In other words, ____.
A) he will be less likely to engage in temporal discounting if he self-regulates
B) he will be less likely to engage in temporal discounting if he monitors his behavior
C) he will be more effective at self-regulation if he engages in temporal discounting
D) he will be more effective at self-regulation if he monitors his behavior
Q3) Goal shielding is the ability to block off consciousness from thinking about one goal to allow a person to focus on the immediate goal at hand.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Social Cognition
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Q1) Joe takes on his sister's view that all people from "up north" are snobs. Later, Joe learns that his sister's opinion was based on the fact that her boyfriend from "up north" recently dumped her. Yet Joe persists in his belief that people from "up north" are snobby. This best illustrates the ____ effect.
A) theory perseverance
B) availability heuristic
C) false consensus
D) false uniqueness
Q2) The fact that men and women report having had very different numbers of sex partners can be almost completely explained by the fact that men have engaged in more homosexual sex.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The belief that people can control totally chance situations is the ____.
A) illusion of control
B) fundamental attribution error
C) availability heuristic
D) first instinct fallacy
Q4) Describe how one might reduce cognitive errors in processing social information.
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Chapter 6: Emotion and Affect
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Sample Questions
Q1) Emotions are inner processes that help promote ____________________ relations.
Q2) Consider the following quote: "... we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble...". With which of the following theories is this MOST consistent?
A) The Cannon-Bard theory
B) The James-Lange theory
C) The Schachter-Singer theory
D) The excitation transfer theory
Q3) A famous study conducted by social psychologists Aron and Dutton, found that a female experimenter was most likely to be called by participants after they had walked across a scary, narrow bridge as opposed to after they had walked across a normal, stable bridge. This finding can be most easily explained by ____.
A) the Yerkes-Dodson law
B) sham
C) catharsis
D) excitation transfer
Q4) Discuss the various methods that people use to regulate their emotions. Which of these are relatively effective, and which are relatively ineffective? Do men and women tend to use different strategies?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Attitudes, Beliefs and Consistency
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Sample Questions
Q1) As discussed in the text, ____ serve interpersonal functions.
A) attitudes but not beliefs
B) beliefs but not attitudes
C) both attitudes and beliefs
D) neither attitudes nor beliefs
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?
A) You notice that many of your classmates are comfortable speaking with professors after class. Even though you are usually shy, you therefore decide that you will try to speak with professors after class too.
B) Every time you wear the poncho you purchased in Mexico, you think fondly about the time that you spent there.
C) You ask for an extension on a paper that is due for class, your teacher says yes, and you still end up with a really good grade. This leads you to ask other teachers for extensions as well.
D) After going to the same dentist for many years, you develop a fondness for your dentist and for the other people who work in her office.
Q3) Discuss cognitive dissonance theory. What does the theory say, and what kinds of predictions does it make?
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Chapter 8: Social Influence and Persuasion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research suggests that a number of conditions must be met in order for a person to process a persuasive message using the central route (rather than the peripheral route).
Which of the following is one of those conditions?
A) The source must be credible.
B) The source must be trustworthy.
C) The person must be motivated to process the message carefully.
D) The person must have an existing attitude that he or she is willing to change.
Q2) Leaving explicit conclusions out of advertisements allows people to draw their own conclusions about the product in question. This practice generally ____.
A) reduces the persuasiveness of the advertisement
B) increases the persuasiveness of the advertisement
C) has no impact on the persuasiveness of the advertisement
D) does not work very well
Q3) The social influence technique known as the pique technique operates ____.
A) according to the scarcity principle
B) by capturing and disrupting attention
C) based upon the consistency principle
D) based upon the reciprocity principle
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Chapter 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on who helps whom indicates that ____.
A) dissimilar people are motivated to help each other if the dissimilarity is an internal characteristic
B) similar people are motivated to help each other regardless of the type of similarity
C) similar people, especially when the similarities are outwardly obvious, are motivated to help each other
D) similarity does not impact the motivation to help
Q2) ____ can be defined as ceasing to feel angry toward, and ceasing to seek retribution against, someone who has wronged you.
A) Empathy-altruism
B) Negative state relief
C) Forgiveness
D) Shame
Q3) Blaming the victim is an unfortunate consequence of the ____________________ assumption.
Q4) If laws do not exist or are widely disobeyed, ____________________ is said to be lacking.
Q5) ____________________ is going along with the crowd.
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Chapter 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on the link between alcohol and aggression has demonstrated that in ____ of violent crimes, the perpetrator was intoxicated at the time of the crime.
A) only 4%
B) about 15%
C) about 50%
D) over 85%
Q2) The number of people in a given area reflects ____.
A) density
B) crowding
C) bullying
D) noise pollution
Q3) What are the characteristics of people who frequently swear?
Q4) Empirical research leads to the conclusion that ____.
A) violent media are not causally linked to aggression
B) violent media exposure is inversely linked to aggression
C) violent media exposure increases aggressive behavior
D) violent media exposure has no effect on aggressive behavior
Q5) In domestic violence, aggression is highest between siblings.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Attraction and Exclusion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lyndsay likes Matt a lot. Matt thinking Lindsay is okay, but does not like her as much as she likes him. What is Matt most likely feel with regard to Lyndsay after a while?
A) Burdened
B) Angry
C) Flattered
D) Sad
Q2) Tom's new girlfriend has a habit of biting her nails. This did not bother Tom when he first met her, but it is beginning to annoy him more and more with each passing day. This is an example of the ____.
A) bystander effect
B) propinquity effect
C) bad apple effect
D) social allergy effect
Q3) Which of the following is the most accurate summary of reinforcement theory?
A) We like people who like us.
B) We are more likely to engage in behaviors that have been rewarded in the past than in other behaviors.
C) We tend to seek out rewards and avoid punishments.
D) We like people who make us feel good about ourselves.
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Chapter 12: Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality
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Q1) Briefly summarize Daryl Bem's "exotic becomes erotic" notion of homosexuality. What evidence is there for this theory?
Q2) Ahmed is very socially anxious, often believing no one would want to be friends with him. Because he believes he is unlovable, even when a relationship starts he tries to keep the partner at a safe distance so as not to be hurt. Ahmed probably has a(n) ____ attachment.
A) secure
B) preoccupied
C) dismissing avoidant
D) fearful avoidant
Q3) Gunther is surrounded by attractive, available women at work. Because of this, Gunther is likely to ____.
A) care less about money and more about sex
B) work much harder at his job regardless of whether he makes money or not
C) want money more than if the women were unattractive
D) want money less than if the women were unattractive
Q4) The tendency for the sex drive to be shaped and altered by social, cultural, and situational factors is known as ____________________.
Q5) Is sex better within the context of marriage or when one is single?
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Chapter 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Countries that value competition generally have ____ levels of conflict and ____ levels of economic success.
A) higher; higher
B) higher; lower
C) lower; higher
D) lower; lower
Q2) An example of ____ against Native Americans would be the practice of keeping them on reservations instead of letting them live wherever they want.
A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) racism
D) stereotyping
Q3) The tendency to focus more on evidence that confirms rather than refutes one's expectations is called ____.
A) the self-serving bias
B) salience
C) the confirmation bias
D) the discontinuity effect
Q4) Explain what stereotype threat is, and how it affects performance.
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Chapter 14: Groups
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Q1) John is taking part in a student protest, marching across police lines into an important administrative building on campus. He is so wrapped up in the group mentality that he actually stops thinking about himself as an individual who is separate from the group, and fails to ask himself whether or not he is behaving responsibly. John is probably experiencing ____.
A) deindividuation
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) social facilitation
D) social loafing
Q2) Suppose that you are part of a small religious discussion group and that, after several months in the group, you start to notice some disturbing patterns in the group's behaviors: Everyone always agrees with one another; no one ever expresses disagreements; outside views are shunned; and the group seems to feel that it is invulnerable and morally superior to other groups. If you have a good memory for your social psychology reading, then you should suspect that your group is suffering from
Q3) Describe the process that led psychologists from understanding the "risky shift" to understanding that same phenomenon as a more general "group polarization" process.
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Chapter 15: Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior
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Q1) People tend to buy more expensive wine when a restaurant offers valet parking as opposed to when it doesn't. This is an example of consumers being influenced via ____.
A) unconscious thought processes
B) central route processing
C) what Maslow would call physiological needs
D) polychronic activity
Q2) As discussed in the text, the consumer consumption process begins ____.
A) long before we choose a product
B) when we recognize that we need a product
C) when we decide to shop for a product
D) when we choose among different products
Q3) Consumers who use QR codes tend to be ____.
A) older
B) wealthier
C) happier
D) heavier
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Chapter 16: Applying Social Psychology to Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) The definition of health, as given in the text's Application Module on Health, includes
A) physical health only
B) mental and physical health
C) mental health only
D) mental, physical, and social health
Q2) Research on the effects of movie watching on teens' smoking behavior (i.e., watching popular movies containing instances of smoking) found that ____.
A) there were only very weak effects
B) there were moderately strong effects-but these effects disappeared when one accounted for individual differences on personality variables
C) there were moderately strong effects-but these effects disappeared when one accounted for parental smoking and peer group smoking
D) there were progressively stronger effects as the exposure to instances of smoking in movies increased
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Chapter 17: Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace
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Q1) Mia has pictures of half-naked men all over her cubicle, and she is constantly making lewd jokes about sex and men as sex objects. Mia is engaged in ____.
A) affective commitment
B) quid pro quo harassment
C) hostile work environment harassment
D) leadership
Q2) The process used by managers to determine their needs with regard to human resources, including retaining talented as well as removing poor performers, is called
A) job analysis
B) recruitment
C) performance review
D) workforce planning
Q3) Organizational culture is ____ than organizational climate.
A) more stable
B) less stable
C) more important to managers
D) less important to managers
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Chapter 18: Applying Social Psychology to the Law
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Q1) When it comes to eyewitness identifications in police lineups, sequential lineups are generally preferred to simultaneous lineups-especially when witnesses ____.
A) do not know how many people are in the lineup
B) are told in advance how many people are in the lineup
C) are asked to rate the similarity of each person in the lineup to the criminal D) are asked to rank each person in the lineup in order of his or her similarity to the criminal
Q2) When jurors have been exposed to pretrial publicity, they ____.
A) are somewhat more likely to deem the defendant guilty
B) are somewhat more likely to deem the defendant innocent
C) tend to think that they are biased by this exposure, even when they are not D) are able to disregard any information to which they have been exposed once the trial begins
Q3) The jury pool in the United States is known as a(n) ____.
A) venire
B) voir dire
C) implicit panel
D) challenger board
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Chapter 19: Applying Social Psychology to the Environment
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Q1) Research suggests that _____ can negatively impact employee work performance.
A) climate and noise (but not pollution)
B) noise (but not climate or pollution)
C) pollution and noise (but not climate)
D) climate, pollution, and noise
Q2) The main distinction between the terms crowding and density is that crowding refers to ____, while density refers to ____.
A) concentration of people; concentration of any physical objects
B) a subjective feeling; a physical reality
C) a neutral or positively-experienced concentration of people; a negatively-experienced concentration of people
D) situations over which people perceive that they have control; situations over which people do NOT perceive that they have control
Q3) The term ambient environment refers to the ____.
A) auditory environment (i.e., what we hear)
B) sensory environment in general (i.e., what we hear, see, feel, smell, etc.)
C) environment at a given instant in time
D) "vibe" or "mood" that one feels in one's environment
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