Behavioral Research Techniques
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Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental methods and approaches used in behavioral research, focusing on the principles of experimental design, data collection, and analysis within the behavioral sciences. Students will explore key topics such as hypothesis formulation, operationalization of variables, sampling methods, and ethical considerations in human and animal research. Emphasis will be placed on both quantitative and qualitative techniques, including surveys, observations, experiments, and case studies. Through practical assignments and critical evaluation of published research, students will gain the skills necessary to design, conduct, and interpret behavioral research effectively.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition by Frederick J Gravetter
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Chapter 1: Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the
Scientific Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following describes a similarity between science and pseudoscience?
A)Both are based on objective observations.
B)Both are open to change when new data contradict old theories.
C)Both tend to use "scientific" jargon.
D)Both are based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable.
Answer: C
Q2) If the scientific method is being used to evaluate a hypothesis predicting a specific relationship between two variables,then it is essential that both variables can be measured.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) An explanation is empirical if it is
A)based on widely held beliefs.
B)based on logical deductions.
C)based on evidence of the senses.
D)based on respect for the source of the explanation.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Research Ideas
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Sample Questions
Q1) The review of the literature in the introduction section of a research report is an example of a ________ source.
A)primary
B)secondary
C)premier
D)germinal
Answer: B
Q2) Magazine articles that report on previous research are primary sources.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A common mistake in searching for a research topic is to switch from your original idea during your search.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) All journal articles are primary sources.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Defining and Measuring Variables
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Q1) In psychological research there is often not a one-to-one relationship between the variable being measured and the measurement obtained.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) What additional information is obtained by measuring on an ordinal scale compared to a nominal scale?
A)whether the measurements are the same or different
B)the direction of the differences
C)the size of the differences
D)none of the above
Answer: B
Q3) If people score high on one measure and also score high on another measure,there is
A)a positive relationship between the two measures.
B)a negative relationship between the two measures.
C)no relationship between the two measures.
D)a cause-and-effect relationship between the two measures.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Ethics in Research
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Q1) Although some forms of deception are allowed,a researcher cannot deceive participants about potential risk in the study.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Prior to the end of WWII,guidelines for research ethics were established
A)by the Nuremberg Code.
B)by the APA Ethics Code.
C)by the National Research Act and the Belmont Report.
D)There were no guidelines.Individual researchers were presumed to establish their own ethical guidelines.
Q3) According to the principle of clinical equipoise,it is unacceptable to conduct a study comparing two treatments
A)when the treatments are known to be equally effective.
B)when there is no information about the effectiveness of either treatment.
C)when one treatment is known to be more effective than the other.
D)when experts disagree about the effectiveness of the treatments.
Q4) Questions of ethics concern moral versus immoral behavior.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Selecting Research Participants
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not required for a simple random sample from a population of 20 individuals?
A)Each individual in the population has a 1/20 probability of being selected.
B)The selection of one individual is independent of the selection of any other individual.
C)After 20 selections,each individual must have been selected exactly one time.
D)The individual obtained on any specific selection must be unpredictable.
Q2) The workers in a factory are organized into 5-person teams.When conducting a work-environment survey,a researcher randomly selected 10 teams to obtain a total sample of 50 workers.The researcher used
A)simple random sampling.
B)stratified random sampling.
C)proportionate stratified random sampling.
D)cluster sampling.
Q3) When a researcher does not know the exact number of individuals in the population,it is necessary to use a nonprobability sampling method.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Research Strategies and Validity
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Q1) Experiments allow researchers to A)eliminate experimenter bias.
B)answer questions about the existence of a relationship between two variables.
C)observe naturally occurring behavior.
D)answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables.
Q2) When the data points in a scatter plot form a circular pattern,it is an indication that there is no consistent relationship between the two variables.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If there are two or more possible explanations for the results of a research study,then the study has a problem with external validity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the difference between assignment bias and selection bias.Which one is a threat to internal validity and which is a threat to external validity?
Q5) Describe the kind of question that each of the five research strategies intends to answer.
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Chapter 7: The Experimental Research Strategy
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Q1) An experiment includes a treatment condition,a no-treatment control,and a placebo control.Which two conditions should be compared to determine the size of the placebo effect?
A)placebo versus treatment
B)placebo versus no-treatment
C)treatment versus no-treatment
D)You only need to look at the scores in the placebo control condition.
Q2) A confounding variable is a variable that
A)influences the dependent variable and varies systematically with the independent variable.
B)influences the independent variable and varies systematically with the dependent variable.
C)influences the dependent variable and varies randomly with the independent variable.
D)influences the independent variable and varies randomly with the dependent variable.
Q3) Randomizing a variable such as participant gender guarantees that it will not become a confounding variable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design
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Q1) In a between-subjects design
A)only one score is obtained for each participant.
B)at least two scores are obtained for each participant.
C)one score is obtained for each treatment condition for each participant.
D)each score represents multiple participants.
Q2) Holding a variable constant prevents a variable from becoming a confound by
A)eliminating the possibility that the variable will be substantially different from one group to another.
B)reducing error.
C)ensuring a nonbiased sample.
D)increasing the differences between the groups.
Q3) Randomizing a variable across treatments guarantees that the variable cannot become a confounding variable.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Holding a variable constant guarantees that the variable cannot become a confounding variable.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the benefit of independent scores in a between-subjects design.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design
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Q1) Describe the limitations or problems that can occur with counterbalancing.
Q2) How many groups of participants would be needed to completely counterbalance a within-subjects experiment with three treatment conditions?
A)1
B)3
C)6
D)9
Q3) Which of the following is an advantage of the between-subjects design versus the within-subjects design?
A)It generally requires fewer participants.
B)It usually is a more sensitive test (more likely to detect a treatment effect).
C)It eliminates the risk of order effects.
D)It eliminates potential problems that may be caused by individual differences.
Q4) The goal of counterbalancing is to limit the possibility that order effects become a confounding variable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs
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Q1) Which of the following is not an example of a nonexperimental or quasi-experimental study?
A)a study comparing self-esteem scores for children with a learning disability versus scores for children without a learning disability
B)a study comparing depression scores before therapy versus scores after therapy
C)a study comparing performance in a room where the walls have been painted yellow versus performance in a room painted blue
D)a study comparing attitude scores for men versus scores for women
Q2) A cross-sectional design comparing three different ages would require three separate groups of participants.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following comes closest to being a true experiment?
A)a time-series design
B)a one-group pretest-posttest design
C)a differential design
D)a pretest-only nonequivalent control group design
Page 12
Q4) Describe the similarities and differences between time-series and interrupted time-series designs.
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Chapter 11: Factorial Designs
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Q1) If the means for a two-factor study are displayed in a graph and the lines in the graph are perfectly parallel,then what can you conclude about the main effects and interaction?
A)There is no main effect for either of the two factors.
B)There is a main effect for both of the two factors.
C)There is no interaction between factors.
D)There are no main effects and no interaction between factors.
Q2) How many participants would be needed for a two-factor experiment with two levels of Factor A and three levels of Factor B if both factors are within subjects and there are five scores in each treatment condition?
A)5
B)10
C)15
D)30
Q3) For a two-factor design,describe what is meant by a "main effect" and an "interaction."
Q4) Describe two situations in which factorial designs are commonly used.
Q5) Describe how a second factor can be used to reduce the variance in a between-subjects experiment.
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Chapter 12: The Correlational Research Strategy
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Q1) Which of the following pairs of variables should produce a correlation near zero?
A)model year (2003,2004,etc.)and price for a used Honda
B) driving distance from college and weekly cost of gas for a group of commuting college students
C)number of hours studying and number of errors on a math exam
D)IQ and weight for a group of third-grade students
Q2) The Spearman correlation measures
A)the degree to which the relationship is causal.
B)the degree of linear relationship.
C)the degree of curvilinear relationship.
D)the degree of monotonic relationship.
Q3) Both correlational studies and differential research examine the relationship between two variables.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the third-variable problem and the directionality problem in correlational research.Explain how these problems make it impossible to obtain an unambiguous cause-and-effect conclusion from a correlational study.
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Chapter 13: Descriptive Research Strategy
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Q1) A case study is an example of
A)the idiographic approach.
B)the nomothetic approach.
C)the correlational approach.
D)the interview approach.
Q2) Habituation is a technique used in behavioral observation to minimize the risk that the participants' behavior is influenced by reacting to the presence of an observer.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If a researcher is recording instances of humor during a television show,that researcher is conducting
A)archival research.
B)content analysis.
C)naturalistic observation.
D)participant observation.
Q4) One concern with telephone surveys is interviewer bias.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Single-Subject Research Designs
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Q1) Like most other experimental designs,single-subject designs
A)provide data that can be evaluated with traditional tests for significance.
B)are capable of determining cause and effect relationships.
C)involve a series of observations over time.
D)summarize results by computing means and standard deviations.
Q2) In single-subject research,what is the definition of a phase change?
A)The point at which the subject begins to show a response to the treatment.
B)The point at which the treatment begins to lose effectiveness.
C)The point at which the treatment is switched from one subject to another.
D)A change from baseline to treatment or from treatment to baseline.
Q3) In single-subject research,a group of observations of the same individual under the same conditions is known as
A)a time series.
B)a phase.
C)a sequence.
D)a data set.
Q4) Discuss the general advantages and disadvantages of single-subject research compared to traditional group designs.
Q5) Describe the goal of a single-subject research study.
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Chapter 15: Statistical Evaluation of Data
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Q1) It is possible for a distribution of scores to have more than one A)mean.
B)median.
C)mode.
D)standard deviation.
Q2) A Type II error means that a researcher has
A)falsely concluded that a treatment has an effect.
B)correctly concluded that a treatment has no effect.
C)falsely concluded that a treatment has no effect.
D)correctly concluded that a treatment has an effect.
Q3) For a study comparing the proportion of registered Democrats who approve of the president's economic policy with the corresponding proportion for registered Republicans,the appropriate hypothesis test is
A)independent-measures t test.
B)repeated-measures t test.
C)single-factor analysis of variance.
D)chi-square test for independence.
Q4) Identify the purpose for a hypothesis test and briefly explain how a hypothesis test accomplishes its purpose.
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Chapter 16: Writing a Research Report
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Q1) In your reference section you should include all the articles that you read,whether or not you mentioned them in your research report.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Where should figures be placed in a manuscript?
A)in an appropriate place in the text
B)at the end
C)at the beginning
D)on the page immediately following their location in the text
Q3) When is the abstract for a research report usually written?
A)after the title page is written
B)after the data are collected
C)first,before any other part of the report
D)last,after the entire report is completed
Q4) What is the purpose of a research proposal?
Q5) In an APA-style research report,where does the author note appear?
A)on the title page
B)on the abstract page
C)before the references
D)after the references
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