Behavioral Research Methods
Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Behavioral Research Methods explores the fundamental techniques and approaches used to study human and animal behavior scientifically. The course covers research design, measurement, data collection methods, and statistical analysis specific to behavioral sciences. Students will learn about experimental, observational, survey, and correlational methods, as well as ethical considerations in research. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking skills, evaluating scientific literature, and designing original studies to investigate psychological phenomena. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with the practical tools necessary to conduct and interpret behavioral research in academic and applied settings.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1399 Verified Questions
1399 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The size of a reward (in grams)is an example of continuous,quantitative data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A psychologist reviews her notes for all her patients and determines that on average her patients complete therapy in 24 days.The average time to complete therapy among all her patients is called a(n)
A)population parameter
B)sample statistic
C)inferential statistic
D)time trial
Answer: A
Q3) A social psychologist wants to study the expression of love toward a significant other among American family members.To study this behavior,the psychologist selects a group of local college students and has them complete a love survey.In this example,the group of local college students is the sample.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The data should be grouped for the following data set: 0,0,0,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,1,0,0,0,0,2,2,1,1,1,2,1,2,2,0,0,1,and 2.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Grouped data can be distributed
A)as a range of values
B)with upper and lower boundaries
C)into intervals
D)all of the above
Answer: D
Q3) A histogram is basically a bar chart where the bars do not touch.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q4) Bar charts are used to summarize discrete and categorical data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mode and the median are always the same value.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A professor grades 120 research papers and reports that the average score was an 80%.What do we know about the sum of the differences of these 120 scores from their mean of 80%?
A)The sum of the differences is minimal.
B)The sum of the differences is 80%,the same as the mean.
C)The sum of the differences is equal to zero.
D)It is impossible to know without knowing each of the 120 scores.
Answer: C
Q3) Given the same set of data for a population and sample,would the mean for both data sets be equal?
A)no,the population mean would be larger
B)no,the sample mean would be larger
C)yes,but only if the sample size equaled the population size
D)yes,this would be true anytime both data sets are the same
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) All other things being equal,the value in the numerator is computed the same for sample variance and population variance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher records the sound (in decibels)during a series of lessons taught by a substitute teacher at a local elementary school.In his study,he found that the sound was 80±6 (M±SD)decibels.Assuming the data are normally distributed,which of the following is an appropriate conclusion?
A)68% of classes were between 68 and 80 decibels.
B)5% of classes were louder than 68 decibels.
C)95% of classes were between 68 and 92 decibels.
D)all of the above
Q3) The standard deviation is always positive or equal to 0.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A main disadvantage of computing a range is that it takes into consideration only two values regardless of the number of scores in a distribution.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sample space is equal to the total number of random outcomes possible for a random variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher finds that 20 of 120 students failed an exam.In this case,the probability of failing this exam was
A).14
B).17
C).20
D)unknown
Q3) Suppose you open a new game at the county fair.When patrons win,you pay them $3.00;when patrons lose,they pay you $1.00.If the probability of a patron winning is p = .20,then how much can you expect to win (or lose)in the long run? Hint: You need to compute the expected value of the mean.
A)win 0.20 cents per play
B)win 0.60 cents per play
C)lose 0.80 cents per play
D)lose 2.20 dollars per play
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Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is required to locate proportions of area under the normal curve?
A)Compute a z-transformation.
B)Find the probability of a z score in the unit normal table.
C)both A and B
D)none of the above
Q2) It is appropriate to use the normal approximation of the binomial distribution with a sample of 100 participants,where p = .07 and q = .93.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher wants to know the probability of selecting a student athlete from a school population where 5% of students are athletes.If the researcher selects a sample of 120 students,is it appropriate to use the normal approximation of the binomial distribution to estimate this probability?
A)Yes,because the sample size is large.
B)Yes,because nq is greater than 10.
C)No,because np is greater than 10.
D)No,because np is less than 10.
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sampling distribution of the mean has minimum variance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Researchers typically sample with replacement,although the development of statistical theory was based on the use of sampling without replacement.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Experimental research is typically conducted using a sampling strategy in which
A)the order of selecting participants matters
B)the same participant can never be selected twice in the same sample
C)participants are replaced after being sampled
D)all of the above
Q4) Each of the following statements are true,except that
A)increasing the sample size will decrease standard error
B)the larger the sample size,the larger the standard error
C)the larger the standard deviation in the population,the larger the standard error
D)both B and C
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) The z statistic is a z transformation for a distribution of sample means.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding the null hypothesis is true?
A)The null hypothesis always makes statements about a population parameter.
B)A decision in hypothesis testing is made about the alternative hypothesis,not the null hypothesis.
C)The null hypothesis is the only hypothesis stated in hypothesis testing.
D)all of the above
Q3) A Type III error is only possible for hypothesis tests where the rejection region is located in one tail.
A)True
B)False
Q4) As sample size increases,the power to detect an effect increases.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The greater the power,the less likely we are to correctly reject the null hypothesis,if it is incorrect.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) The average response time to a bank robbery is about 9 minutes.A local community wants to improve on this time,so they implement advanced training seminars.They find that the new response time for a sample of 36 police officers is 8±4.2 (M±SD)minutes.Test whether this advanced training seminar reduced response time at a .05 level of significance.
A)This advanced training seminar significantly reduced response time,t(35)= 11.43,p < .05.
B)This advanced training seminar significantly reduced response time,t(35)= -1.43,p < .05.
C)This advanced training seminar did not reduce response time,t(35)= -1.43,p > .05.
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) Two researchers (A and B)compute a two-independent sample t test.For both tests,the mean difference between the two groups is 10,but the standard error is smaller for Researcher A.Which test is more likely to result in a decision to reject the null hypothesis?
A)Researcher A.
B)Researcher B.
C)The likelihood is the same for both researchers.
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher conducts a study in which the same participants are observed across each level of the independent variable.If there are only two levels of the independent variable,then what type of t test is appropriate for this study?
A)one-sample t test
B)two-independent sample t test
C)related samples t test
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) To increase the value of estimated Cohen's d,a researcher increases the sample size.Will this change the value of d?
A)Yes;as sample size increases,effect size increases.
B)No;as sample size increases,effect size decreases.
C)No;the sample size is not used to compute effect size.
D)Yes;as sample size increases,effect size decreases.
Q3) For the related samples t test,assuming that all other values remain constant,then as samples size increases,
A)the value of the test statistic increases
B)the power to detect an effect increases
C)the estimate for standard error decreases
D)all of the above
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher reduces her level of confidence from 99% to 90%.What will happen to the precision of her estimate?
A)The estimate will be more precise.
B)The estimate will be less precise.
C)The precision of her estimate will not change.
D)It depends on the size of the population.
Q2) Two types of estimation are point estimation and interval estimation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following explains why point estimation can be a useful procedure to estimate a population mean?
A)It defines the range of scores within which the population mean is likely to be contained.
B)The sample mean is equal to the population mean on average.
C)The sample mean is an unbiased estimator of the population mean.
D)both B and C
Q4) The least certain,but most precise,estimate is a point estimate.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) The degrees of freedom for the between-groups variability is called
A)degrees of freedom numerator
B)degrees of freedom denominator
C)degrees of freedom between-groups
D)both A and C
Q2) The degrees of freedom for error is called
A)degrees of freedom error
B)degrees of freedom denominator
C)degrees of freedom within-groups
D)all of the above
Q3) A researcher notes that the variability attributed to difference between group means is quite large.Which source of variation is the researcher referring to?
A)between-persons
B)within-groups
C)between-groups
D)error
Q4) All post hoc tests control for the effect size of a significant result.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) If participant responding is consistent between groups,then the one-way within-subjects ANOVA will have higher power to detect an effect compared with the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Bonferroni test is not an appropriate post hoc test following a significant one-way within-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The source of variation that is associated with differences between groups in a study is called
A)between-groups variability
B)within-groups variability
C)between-persons variability
D)error variability
Q4) A one-way within-subjects ANOVA would be an appropriate statistical test when n participants are observed k times.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each of the following is a type of two-way ANOVA,except
A)a 2-between factorial design
B)a 1-between,1-within factorial design
C)a 2-within factorial design
D)a 1-between factorial design
Q2) A ____ is the combination of one level from each factor. A)factor
B)cell
C)main effect
D)interaction
Q3) A significant interaction indicates that at least one pair of cell means significantly differs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A two-way ANOVA is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses concerning the variance of two group means for the levels of one factor.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) If r = .25,then the coefficient of determination is .06.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The correlation coefficient measures the extent to which changes in one factor are _______ in a second factor.
A)related to changes
B)causing changes
C)causing variability
D)all of the above
Q3) A researcher measures the following correlation: r = -0.21.What is the value of the coefficient of determination?
A)0.04
B)-0.04
C)0.42
D)-0.42
Q4) The closer that data points fall to the regression line,the more closely two factors are related.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) To compute the standard error of estimate,we take the square root of the mean square residual.
A)True
B)False
Q2) To standardize the beta coefficients,we first,
A)analyze the significance of each data point
B)analyze the residual variation
C)convert the original data to standardized z scores
D)compute the standard error of estimate
Q3) One key advantage for including multiple predictor variables in the equation of a regression line is that it allows you to
A)detect mean differences between groups for each criterion variable
B)detect the extent to which two or more predictor variables interact
C)show cause-and-effect because many predictor variables are added
D)all of the above
Q4) For a simple linear regression with one predictor variable,we report the test statistic,degrees of freedom,and p value for the regression analysis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher computes a 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square test for independence.What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?
A)3.84
B)5.99
C)7.81
D)9.49
Q2) Which of the following is a key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
A)The observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.
B)The variance between groups is equal.
C)There is no mean difference between groups.
D)The proportion in each cell is equal to zero.
Q3) The degrees of freedom for the chi-square test for independence are k - 1.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square test for independence has 4 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Friedman test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A)related samples t-test
B)two-independent sample t-test
C)one-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)one-way within-subjects ANOVA
Q2) The key advantage of measuring ranked data is that it minimizes ________ caused by outliers.
A)significance
B)effect size
C)variability
D)all of the above
Q3) Which of the following scales of measurement are analyzed using a nonparametric test?
A)interval and ratio data
B)ordinal and interval data
C)nominal and ordinal data
D)ordinal and ratio data
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