Behavioral Research Methods
Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Behavioral Research Methods is a foundational course that explores the principles, techniques, and ethical considerations involved in studying human behavior scientifically. Students will learn about a variety of research designs, including experiments, surveys, observational studies, and case studies, and will gain practical skills in formulating research questions, collecting data, analyzing results, and interpreting findings within the context of psychological theories. The course also emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, reproducibility, and ethical standards throughout the research process, preparing students to conduct and evaluate behavioral research in both academic and applied settings.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1399 Verified Questions
1399 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher compares the amount of college debt (in dollars)that undergraduate students incur up to their four-year degree.College debt is on what scale of measurement?
A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio
Answer: D
Q2) Procedures that allow researchers to infer or generalize observations made with samples to the larger population from which they were selected best describes
A)inferential statistics
B)sample statistics
C)descriptive statistics
D)population parameters
Answer: A
Q3) Qualitative data are non-numeric data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Percentages range from 0% to 100% and can never be negative.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Grouped data are distributed into ________,whereas ungrouped data are distributed into ________.
A)intervals;statistics
B)statistics;intervals
C)intervals;categories
D)categories;intervals
Answer: C
Q3) The ________ is the percentage of scores with values that fall below a specified score in a distribution,is called the:
A)percentile rank
B)interval
C)relative frequency
D)percentile point
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the mean?
A)Add a score above the mean and the mean will increase.
B)Add a score below the mean and the mean will decrease.
C)Delete a score below the mean and the mean will increase.
D)Delete a score above the mean and the mean will increase.
Answer: D
Q2) The mode and the median are always the same value.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Adding a new score to a set of scores will change the mean,even when the score that is added is equal to the mean.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The sum of the differences of scores from their mean is zero.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher computes the computational formula for SS,as finds that x = 22 and x<sup>2</sup> = 126.If this is a sample of 4 scores,then what would SS equal using the definitional formula?
A)4
B)5
C)104
D)not possible to know because the sample mean is not given
Q2) Adding or subtracting the same constant to each score will not change the standard deviation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The sample variance will be larger than the population variance for the following data: 3,5,4,7,3,5,4,8,and 9.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When the sample variance is computed as SS divided by n,it will underestimate the population variance on average.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher states that the probability of getting into an accident on a busy road is .09.Hence,the probability of getting into an accident twice on a busy road is .18.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Mathematical expectation can be used to estimate the expected value of variance and standard deviation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher visits a population of 1,200 local residents to determine the proportion of local residents who support a new smoking ban.In this case,the sample space is
A)equal to the number of residents who support the new smoking ban
B)equal to the total number (or population)of residents
C)equal to more than just these 1,200 residents
D)unknown
Q4) If a complimentary outcome has a 1 in 10 chance of occurrence,then the probability of that outcome is p = .10.
A)True
B)False
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7
Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) The unit normal table can be used to find the probability of a particular score for most,but certainly not all,possible normal distributions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is required to locate z scores with a given proportion?
A)Find the z score associated with a given probability.
B)Compute a z-transformation to find the raw score.
C)both A and B
D)none of the above
Q3) A researcher selected data that were normally distributed,and appropriately concluded that about 68.26% of scores occurred within one standard deviation of the mean.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is not a step to locate a proportion in a normal distribution?
A)Transform a raw score (x)into a z score.
B)Locate the corresponding proportion for the z score in the unit normal table.
C)Convert a proportion to a standard normal z score.
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher selects from a participant pool of 4 males and 6 females.He determines that the probability of selecting 2 male participants is p = .16.Based on this probability,what strategy did the researcher use to sample participants.
A)sampling with replacement
B)sampling without replacement
Q2) What values are distributed along the x-axis for a sampling distribution of the sample variance?
A)scores
B)sample means
C)sample variances
D)both B and C
Q3) How is the standard error of the mean typically reported in a graph?
A)using error bars
B)by plotting sample means
C)by listing group names along the x-axis
D)it is never reported in a graph
Q4) As sample size decreases,the standard error also decreases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the effect size conventions,d = 0.18 is a
A)small effect size
B)medium effect size
C)large effect size
Q2) A researcher selects a sample of 36 students from a school population with a mean IQ of 100 and standard deviation of 12.She determines that the mean IQ in this sample is 104.Assuming she computes a one-sample z test at a .05 level of significance,what is the decision for a two-tailed test?
A)Retain the null hypothesis;IQ scores in this sample are the same as those in the population.
B)Reject the null hypothesis;IQ scores in this sample are significantly higher than those in the population.
C)There is not enough information to make a decision.
Q3) A researcher obtains z = 1.45 for a one-sample z test.What is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance?
A)to reject the null hypothesis
B)to retain the null hypothesis
C)It depends on whether the test is one-tailed or two-tailed.
D)There is not enough information to make a decision.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the crying time (in minutes)of infants given oral administration of sucrose (n = 12)or tap water (n = 16)prior to a heel prick.The mean crying time in the sucrose group was 3.3±2.4 (M±SD)minutes;in the tap water group,it was 7.3±1.6 (M±SD)minutes.If the null hypothesis is that there is no difference in crying time,then what is the decision for this test?
A)Crying time was significantly reduced among infants given the water solution prior to a heel prick.
B)Crying time was not reduced among infants given the sucrose solution prior to a heel prick.
C)Crying time was significantly reduced among infants given the sucrose solution prior to a heel prick.
D)Crying time was the same in both groups.
Q2) A one-sample t test will be t = 0 when the standard error was equal to 0.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If d = 0.28,then we conclude that mean scores in some population have shifted 0.28 standard deviations below the mean.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an assumption for computing the related samples t test?
A)The population being sampled from is normally distributed.
B)The population variance of difference scores is unknown.
C)Samples are related or matched between groups,but not within groups.
D)all of the above
Q2) The related samples design can ________.
A)eliminate within groups error
B)reduce power
C)increase standard error
D)be more practical
Q3) The test statistic for the related samples t test is equivalent to the test statistic for the two-independent sample t test.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The degrees of freedom for the related samples t test is the number of difference scores minus one.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The population variance must be known to estimate the population mean for the one-sample z.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The smaller the level of confidence,the more precise the estimate.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A matched-pairs design is one example of a situation in which it is appropriate to use the estimation formula for the related samples t.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There is no difference between a point estimate and an interval estimate.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is a characteristic of confidence intervals?
A)The less certain an estimate,the more precise the estimate.
B)The more certain an estimate,the less precise the estimate.
C)both A and B
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher compares differences in positivity between participants in a low-,middle-,or upper-middle-class family.If she observes 15 participants in each group,then what are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A)(2,12)
B)(3,43)
C)(2,42)
D)(3,12)
Q2) The degrees of freedom for the between-groups variability is called
A)degrees of freedom numerator
B)degrees of freedom denominator
C)degrees of freedom between-groups
D)both A and C
Q3) A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.The sum of squares between groups is larger in Study 1 than in Study 2;the sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2.Using eta-squared,in which study will the effect size be larger?
A)Study 1
B)Study 2
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher conducts a within-subjects design and notes that scores increased at each level of the factor for all participants.Based on this description,does this test have high power to detect the effect?
A)No,because participant responding was inconsistent.
B)No,because participant responding was consistent.
C)Yes,because participant responding was inconsistent.
D)Yes,because participant responding was consistent.
Q2) To summarize a one-way within-subjects ANOVA,we report each of the following except,
A)the test statistic value
B)the degree of freedom
C)the critical values
D)the p value
Q3) Between-groups and between-persons variation are sources of error in the one-way within-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Mean square error is the denominator for all one-way ANOVA tests.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which source of variation,if significant,is typically analyzed first?
A)a main effect
B)the interaction
Q2) A two-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate for analyzing differences in the combination of levels for two or more factors.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Not including the total variation,how many sources of variation are measured in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5
Q4) Using the two-way mixed ANOVA,different participants are observed at each level of the between-subjects factor,and the same participants are observed across the levels of the within-subjects factor.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient is a measure of the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two ________ variables.
A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio
Q2) The Spearman correlation coefficient is used to measure the correlation between two nominal variables.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The assumption of normality requires that the range of scores observed in a sample is the same of the possible range of scores in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The closer that data points fall to the regression line,the more closely two factors are related.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a multiple regression analysis with 2 and 12 degrees of freedom,MS regression is 135 and MS residual is 15.What is the decision for this test?
A)reject the null hypothesis;the predictive variability of two predictor factors are significant
B)retain the null hypothesis;the predictive variability of two predictor factors are not significant
C)reject the null hypothesis;the predictive variability of one predictor factor is significant
D)retain the null hypothesis;the predictive variability of one predictor factor is significant
Q2) The degrees of freedom associated with residual variation are equal to
A)the number of predictor variables
B)the number of predictor variables minus one
C)n ñ 1
D)n ñ 2
Q3) The data points for pairs of scores are often summarized in a bar chart.
A)True
B)False
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18
Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) The larger the value of the chi-square test statistic,the more likely the discrepancy between observed and expected frequencies was due to chance or error.
A)True
B)False
Q2) We compute the frequency expected in each category using known ________ stated in the null hypothesis.
A)hypothesis tests
B)proportions
C)variances
D)effect sizes
Q3) A researcher conducts a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 5.What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?
A)4
B)5
C)9.49
D)11.07
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Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each of the following is an appropriate test for ordinal data,except
A)the Mann-Whitney U test
B)the chi-square goodness-of-fit test
C)the one-sample sign test
D)the Friedman test
Q2) The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A)one-sample t-test
B)two-independent sample t-test
C)related samples t-test
D)both A and C
Q3) When the null hypothesis is true and n is greater than or equal to 5 per group,the test statistic for the Friedman test is associated with ________ degrees of freedom.
A)no
B)n ñ 1
C)k ñ 1
D).05
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