Behavioral Research Methods
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Course Introduction
Behavioral Research Methods provides an in-depth exploration of the techniques and principles used to investigate human behavior in psychological science. This course covers a variety of research designs, including experimental, correlational, and observational methods, with an emphasis on hypothesis formulation, sampling strategies, data collection, and ethical considerations. Students learn how to critically evaluate research studies, develop their own research proposals, and analyze data using appropriate statistical tools. Through hands-on projects and assignments, the course prepares students to conduct empirical research and interpret findings in behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods The Essential Knowledge Base 2nd Edition by Trochim
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) A cross-sectional study is one that takes place at a single point in time.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) What type of relationship is shown in the accompanying figure?
A)no relationship
B)negative relationship
C)positive relationship
D)curvilinear relationship
Answer: C
Q3) Drew believes that individuals with higher levels of social anxiety will be more likely to spend more time on social media.He defines social anxiety levels as scores on a common test of social anxiety.In defining it as a test score,Drew has ____ social anxiety.
A)hypothesized about
B)analyzed
C)theorized about
D)operationalized
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Ethics Foundations of Ethics in Research
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Q1) The process of removing identifying information from data sets is known as ____.
A)privacy
B)anonymity
C)confidentiality
D)de-identification
Answer: A
Q2) The _______________ requires manufacturers to present evidence on the safety and effectiveness of their products to the FDA before marketing them
Answer:
Kefauver-Harris amendments
Kefauver Harris amendments
Q3) Current standards do not require that participants in clinical trials be told that they might receive a placebo
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) A detailed document summarizing the purpose and procedures of a study is referred to as a(n)_______________.
Answer: protocol
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Chapter 3: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) The emphasis in ____ is on studying a phenomenon in the context of its culture.
A)ethnography
B)phenomenology
C)grounded theory
D)participatory action research
Answer: A
Q2) The credibility criterion involves establishing that the results of qualitative research are believable from the perspective of recognized experts in the area.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Participant observation often requires months or years of intensive work.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) In qualitative data analysis,a small segment of a transcript or other text that captures a concept that the analyst considers to be important is referred to as a(n)_______________.
Answer: meaning unit
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Chapter 4: Sampling Foundations of Sampling
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Q1) Generalizability is possible when a study has good internal validity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The difference between nonprobability and probability sampling is that nonprobability sampling does not involve _______________ and probability sampling does.
Q3) In a census that interviews all individuals in a population,the mean or average income is properly termed a(n)____.
A)statistic
B)parameter
C)tendency
D)true value
Q4) The degree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times is referred to as _______________.
Q5) The group which you would ideally like to sample is the ____.
A)census
B)population
C)theoretical population
D)accessible population
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Measurement
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Q1) When there is no error in measurement,reliability is ____.
A)0
B)1
C)equal to the variability of the distribution
D)equal to the inverse of the variability of the distribution
Q2) Ahran develops a measure of test anxiety and finds that,on average,it measures test anxiety for the group,but individual scores are highly variable from test to retest.His test is _______________ but not _______________.
Q3) Checking on whether the new measure is different from measures from which it should,indeed,be different provides an assessment of ____ validity.
A)content
B)face
C)discriminant
D)concurrent
Q4) With true score theory,____ error is considered to contribute to test scores.
A)random
B)systematic
C)environmental
D)consistent
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Chapter 6: Scales, Tests, and Indexes
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Q1) One of the first and most productive scaling theorists was ____.
A)Cronbach
B)Rorschach
C)Binet
D)Thurstone
Q2) In the Likert method,judges rate how favorable they feel towards the items that might be included on the scale.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the steps involved in creating a Likert scale.
Q4) A(n)_______________ is one in which different components of the index are combined in different amounts or with different emphasis.
Q5) A test is usually developed to measure an abstract concept like an attitude.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A quantitative score that measures a construct of interest by applying a formula or a set of rules that combines relevant data is a(n)_______________.
Q7) A response scale like agree/disagree or support/oppose is a(n)_______________ scale.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Survey Research
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Q1) When there is a need for a quick turn-around time,a(n)____ is preferable.
A)personal interview
B)drop-off survey
C)group questionnaire
D)phone interview
Q2) If operational costs must be minimized,a(n)____ is preferable.
A)personal interview
B)phone interview
C)mail questionnaire
D)drop-off survey
Q3) Rainey is studying emotional response patterns and how they vary with age.She has an extremely long survey instrument that asks for responses to a variety of situations throughout an individual's life.Because the instrument is so long,her best methodological choice is a(n)____.
A)personal interview
B)e-mail questionnaire
C)group questionnaire
D)phone interview
Q4) Describe and discuss focus groups,identifying the advantages and drawbacks.
Q5) A "yes-no" question has a(n)_______________ response format.
9
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Design
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Q1) What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?
A)post-test only randomized experiment
B)pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups quasi-experiment
C)posttest-only nonexperiment
D)double-pretest,single-group design created by expanding across time
Q2) Temporal precedence means the effect occurs before the cause.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?
A)nonequivalent group design expanded with an additional nonequivalent group
B)two-treatment design formed by expanding across programs
C)basic pre-post randomized experimental design
D)randomized experiment expanded with a nonequivalent control group
Q4) If there is not random assignment,but there is a control group and/or multiple measures,a research study can be said to be a(n)_______________.
Q5) What is the history threat in a single group design?
Q6) A(n)_______________ threat is any factor that leads to differences between the groups at the start of the study.
Q7) List and discuss the three criteria for establishing causality.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Experimental Design
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Q1) A switching-replications design is good at defending against _______________ threats to internal validity.
Q2) What is illustrated in the accompanying figure?
A)null case
B)main effect
C)interaction effect
D)crossover case
Q3) Experimental design in vulnerable to selection-_______________ threats.
Q4) In contrast to many other experimental designs,the covariance design necessarily includes ____.
A)randomization
B)a pre-program measure
C)a control group
D)blinding
Q5) What is illustrated in the accompanying figure?
A)null case
B)main effect
C)intervention
D)crossover
Q6) A(n)_______________ is a consistent difference between levels of a factor.
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Design
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Q1) A two-group design in two phases defined by three waves of measurement is a ____ design.
A)double pretest
B)switching replications
C)nonequivalent dependent variables
D)regression point displacement
Q2) What design is shown in the accompanying figure?
A)double pretest
B)switching replications
C)nonequivalent dependent variables
D)regression point displacement
Q3) Consider the accompanying figure,illustrating the regression discontinuity design.What is shown by C?
A)regression line
B)cutoff
C)crossover
D)discontinuity
Q4) Describe the two forms of the proxy-pretest design.
Q5) In the _______________ design,the people used for the pretest are not the same as the people used for the posttest.
12
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Chapter 11: Introduction to Data Analysis
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Q1) The correspondence between two variables is referred to as a(n)_______________.
Q2) In terms of signal and noise,a Type I error represents a ____.
A)false positive
B)false negative
C)true positive
D)true negative
Q3) Hypothesis testing is a function of inferential statistics.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Create a frequency distribution table for the following set of scores and calculate the mean,median,and mode:
3,5,16,13,9,14,13,12,1,10,18,18,15,4,12,5,12,14,16,13,20,11,1,12,12
Q5) The probability that the researcher will conclude there is a relationship when in fact there is one is referred to as statistical _______________.
Q6) What type of graph is shown in the accompanying figure?
A)bar chart
B)bivariate
C)pie
D)line
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Inferential Analysis
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Q1) The accompanying formula is the regression model for the ____.
A)2 x 2 factorial
B)randomized block
C)analysis of covariance
D)regression point displacement
Q2) Suppose a study is neither practically significant nor statistically significant.You should ____.
A)reconsider everything
B)increase the dosage or improve implementation
C)increase the sample size and/or improve measurement
D)be happy with an optimal outcome
Q3) Discuss randomized block analysis in terms of regression.
Q4) Only one pretest-posttest score pair reflects the treated group in the ____ design.
A)RD
B)RPD
C)NEGD
D)ANCOVA
Q5) Researchers have generally adopted the _______________% Confidence Interval as an acceptable boundary for an estimate.
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Chapter 13: Communicating Research
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Q1) Under what circumstances should page numbers be included with a citation in the body of the text?
A)always
B)never
C)when a specific portion is referenced
D)when there is more than one citation for that author
Q2) In general,the introduction section of an APA-style paper should be ____ pages long.
A)one to two
B)two to three
C)three to four
D)four to five
Q3) The references are placed immediately after the ____.
A)introduction
B)method
C)results
D)discussion
Q4) List,in correct order,the 10 sections of an APA-style paper.
Q5) In APA-style,the _______________ is typically limited to 12 words
Q6) What is APA format and why does it matter?
Page 15
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