Behavioral Psychology Solved
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Behavioral Psychology explores the scientific study of observable behaviors and the environmental factors that influence them. This course examines foundational theories such as classical and operant conditioning, emphasizing how behaviors are learned, maintained, or modified. Students will analyze real-world applications including behavior modification, reinforcement techniques, and the treatment of psychological disorders. Through case studies and practical exercises, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of how behavior is shaped, measured, and changed within both individual and group contexts.
Recommended Textbook
The Principles of Learning and Behavior Active Learning Edition 6th Edition by Michael P. Domjan
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the contributions to the study of learning made by three of the following individuals: René Descartes,John Locke,Thomas Hobbes,Thomas Brown,Aristotle,Hermann Ebbinghaus,I.M.Sechenov,Ivan Pavlov,Charles Darwin.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q2) George Romanes defined animal intelligence as A) learning to make new adjustments or to modify old ones, in accordance with the results of an animal's own individual experience.
B) the ability to solve ever more difficult problems in the environment or laboratory. C) interacting in a meaningful way with members of the same species. D) interacting in a meaningful way with members of other species. Answer: A
Q3) Why would one use an animal model of human behavior? What contributes to the validity of such studies? What precautions must be heeded while interpreting the data? Answer: Answer not provided
Q4) Describe why learning can only be studied by using experimental methods. Answer: Answer not provided
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sensitization in the Aplysia occurs due to
A) engagement of the facilitory interneuron.
B) changes in the sensitivity of the motor neuron.
C) changes in the sensitivity of the sensory neuron
D) changes in the action potential of the sensory neuron.
Answer: A
Q2) Compare and contrast appetitive and consummatory behavior,and describe how these are related to general search,focal search,and food handling.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q3) Elicited behaviors are interesting to researchers studying learning because of which following result?
A) They are invariant and make good controls.
B) They are present in most animals except humans and provide clues to the evolution of behavior.
C) They do not occur the same way each time the eliciting stimulus is presented.
D) They allow for voluntary behavior in non-human animals.
Answer: C
Q4) Describe sign stimuli involved in the control of human behavior.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning: Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare the effectiveness of short-delay and long-delay conditioning.What factors influence the effectiveness of each procedure?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q2) Describe the interplay of elicited and classically conditioned behaviors that is necessary in successful nursing.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q3) A hungry rat is exposed to a red light,followed by brief access to food.After several such trials,the rat approaches the light bulb when it is illuminated.In this example,the light is
A) an unconditional stimulus.
B) a conditional stimulus.
C) an unconditional response.
D) a conditional response.
Answer: B
Q4) How is learning in classical conditioning procedures measured?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q5) How does classical conditioning contribute to our understanding of causal judgments?
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning: Mechanisms
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Sample Questions
Q1) From the selection below,select the true statement about stimuli.
A) Identification of CSs and USs is relative.
B) Identification of CSs is relative, but USs do not need reference to other stimuli.
C) Identification of USs is relative, but CSs do not need reference to other stimuli.
D) Identification of CSs and USs does not rely on reference to other stimuli.
Q2) The compensatory-response model challenges the stimulus substitution model because it suggests which of the following?
A) The CR and UR can be the same form and the same strength.
B) The CR and UR can be the same form but not the same strength.
C) The CR and UR can be opposing in form.
D) The CR and UR are unrelated.
Q3) Higher-order conditioning demonstrates which of the following?
A) After training, a CS can function as a US.
B) After training, a US can function as a CS.
C) CSs cannot function as USs.
D) USs cannot function as CSs.
Q4) What is the basic assumption of rate estimation theory?
Q5) Provide two examples of belongingness in classical conditioning.
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Chapter 5: Instrumental Conditioning: Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental conditioning.What are the advantages of each class of procedure? What factors would influence your choice of procedure type if you were to explore instrumental behaviors?
Q2) Thorndike determined that with extensive training,cats will open their mouths in order to gain release from a puzzle box,but will not give a bona fide yawn.This is an example of
A) proactive interference.
B) belongingness.
C) retroactive interference.
D) stereotypy.
Q3) What are the differences between negative reinforcement and punishment? Between escape and avoidance?
Q4) What is the learned-helplessness effect? Describe two competing explanations of the effect.
Q5) According to Skinner,superstitious behavior is due to A) an accidental positive response-reinforcer contingency.
B) interim reinforcement.
C) terminal reinforcement.
D) adventitious reinforcement.
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Chapter 6: Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following describes behavior reinforced on a variable interval schedule?
A) calling to see if the mechanic is finished with your car
B) pulling the arm of a slot machine
C) checking the refrigerator to see if the jelly is done
D) flipping burgers for $5.00 an hour
Q2) Which of the following describes behavior reinforced on a fixed interval schedule?
A) delivering the mail
B) pulling the arm of a slot machine
C) checking the refrigerator to see if the jelly is done
D) flipping burgers for $5.00 an hour
Q3) Which of the following describes behavior reinforced on a variable ratio schedule? A) delivering the mail
B) pulling the arm of a slot machine
C) checking a washing machine to see if the clothes are done
D) flipping burgers for $5.00 an hour
Q4) Describe how response rate schedules are designed and what their effects are.
Q5) Describe various theoretical explanations of the matching law.
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Chapter 7: Instrumental Conditioning: Motivational Mechanisms
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to which of the following theories is the instrumental conditioning procedure itself responsible for the creation of a reinforcer?
A) the Premack principle
B) drive reduction theory
C) the response deprivation hypothesis
D) the differential probability theory
Q2) The problem with assuming that R-O relationships act alone to produce instrumental behavior is that
A) it is difficult to demonstrate R-O relationships in the laboratory.
B) R-O relationships are theoretical constructs.
C) the R-O relationship does not explain what causes the response in the first place.
D) R-O relationships ignore rg-sg mechanisms.
Q3) According to the modern two-process theory,classically conditioned emotional states are assumed to
A) elicit specific conditioned responses.
B) elicit specific instrumental responses.
C) motivate instrumental behavior.
D) arise from the rg-sg mechanism.
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Chapter 8: Stimulus Control of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) For one group of pigeons,a black vertical bar on a white key light served as the S+ and the blank key light the S-.For another,the bar served as the S- and the blank key light the S+.When the bar was rotated toward the horizontal,the first group decreased pecking,and the second increased pecking.This demonstrates that A) the response required influences discrimination training.
B) excitatory and inhibitory conditioning can occur in discrimination training.
C) discrimination training results in either excitatory or inhibitory conditioning, but not both.
D) overshadowing can influence discrimination training.
Q2) The peak-shift phenomenon is important because it demonstrates that
A) the greatest level of performance may occur in response to an untrained stimulus. B) excitatory conditioning may take place in response to the training S+.
C) inhibitory conditioning may take place in response to the training S+.
D) overshadowing effects are also present in discrimination training.
Q3) Describe a way to determine if an animal is demonstrating stimulus discrimination.
Q4) What is the configural-cue approach? How does it differ from other approaches to the study of stimulus control?
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10
Chapter 9: Extinction of Conditioned Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the concept of behavioral momentum.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the concept?
Q2) Describe the various ways in which control of behavior by contextual cues is relevant to the behavioral effects of extinction.
Q3) According to experiments that demonstrate the restoration of extinction performance,
A) S-O associations are particularly susceptible to extinction.
B) spontaneous recovery cannot be altered.
C) spontaneous recovery is due to changes in the context due to the passage of time.
D) R-O associations are particularly susceptible to extinction.
Q4) Describe the basic behavioral and emotional consequences of extinction.
Q5) Describe two ways you could reinstate conditioned responding following extinction without retraining the subject.
Q6) Reinstatement is most like
A) extinction.
B) renewal.
C) restoration of extinction.
D) spontaneous recovery.
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Chapter 10: Aversive Control: Avoidance and Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The structure that organizes defensive behaviors is
A) the hippocampus.
B) the pontine nucleus.
C) the PAG.
D) the opioid.
Q2) Compare the conditioned emotional response theory of punishment to the avoidance theory of punishment.Provide evidence of support for each theory.
Q3) Which theory suggests that the stimuli accompanying avoidance responses provide positive reinforcement for avoidance behavior?
A) the response prevention theory
B) the safety-signal hypothesis
C) the shock-frequency reduction hypothesis
D) the two-process theory of avoidance
Q4) Your new client has a fear of exams and to avoid them has been skipping class altogether.What can you do to eliminate this disruptive avoidance behavior?
Q5) What is the fundamental problem in the analysis of avoidance behavior,and how is this problem resolved by two-process theory?
Q6) Compare and contrast discriminated and free-operant avoidance procedures.
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Chapter 11: Comparative Cognition I: Memory Mechanisms
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the trace decay hypothesis,which of the following is not likely to increase the duration of memory in a delayed matching to sample task?
A) increasing the number of training trials
B) increasing the exposure time to the sample
C) increasing the intensity of the sample
D) decreasing the delay interval
Q2) Evidence to support the retrieval failure hypothesis of retrograde amnesia comes from studies in which
A) memory deficits can be overcome by reminder treatments.
B) hypothermia causes retrograde amnesia.
C) memory deficits occur in response to ECT.
D) memory in the short-term store is shown to be vulnerable.
Q3) Which of the following is a general rule?
A) Select red after exposure to red.
B) Select blue after exposure to yellow.
C) Select horizontal lines after exposure to vertical lines.
D) Select a stimulus that is the same as the sample.
Q4) Compare proactive and retroactive interference.
Q5) Compare and contrast working and reference memory.
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Chapter 12: Comparative Cognition II: Special Topics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the internal clock.Compare the information processing and behavioral theory of how timing might take place.
Q2) A trial begins with presentation of a discriminative stimulus.If the stimulus is a light,a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 20 seconds and can be earned with a lever press.If the stimulus is a tone,a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 40 seconds and can be earned with a lever press.Test trials involve recording the subject's responses over 80 non-reinforced seconds.This procedure is called
A) a duration estimation task.
B) a peak procedure.
C) an interval training task.
D) a model-rival technique.
Q3) A task in which the discriminative stimulus is the length of time of an event is referred to as a _____ task.
A) time shaping
B) interval training
C) duration estimation
D) time conditioning
Q4) What does learning a perceptual concept involve?
Q5) Describe two techniques for measuring an animal's ability for timing behavior.
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