Behavioral Neuroscience
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Behavioral Neuroscience explores the biological foundations of behavior, focusing on how the brain and nervous system influence actions, emotions, and cognitive processes. This course examines the structure and function of neural systems, neurotransmitter activity, brain development, and neural plasticity, linking these concepts to behaviors such as learning, memory, motivation, and emotion. Through both foundational theory and current research, students gain an understanding of the methods and techniques used to study the neural basis of behavior, including experimental design, data analysis, and real-world applications in psychological and neurological disorders.
Recommended Textbook
An Introduction to Brain and Behavior 5th Edition by Bryan Kolb
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Page 2
Chapter 1:What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior?
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Q1) How might climate changes have influenced the evolution of the human brain?
Answer: Climate changes could have influenced the evolution of the human brain in several ways. One possibility is that as the climate changed, it would have affected the availability of food sources. This could have led to the need for humans to adapt and develop new hunting and gathering strategies, which would have required increased cognitive abilities. Additionally, changes in climate could have also led to the need for humans to develop new tools and technologies to survive in different environments, further driving the evolution of the brain. Furthermore, fluctuations in climate could have also impacted social structures and interactions, leading to the need for increased communication and cooperation, which would have also influenced the development of the human brain. Overall, climate changes could have played a significant role in shaping the evolution of the human brain by driving the need for increased cognitive abilities, problem-solving skills, and social intelligence.
Q2) What are memes and how do they influence our evolution?
Answer: no answer
Q3) What is materialism and how has it influenced the study of neuroscience?
Answer: no answer
Q4) What is epigenetics and why is it an important topic to study?
Answer: no answer
Page 3
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Chapter 1:What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior? Part
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Q1) According to Mesoudi,language,music,mathematics,and art may have spread through cultures by way of:
A) genetics.
B) learning.
C) religion.
D) memes.
Answer: D
Q2) Humans are unique in that they have the:
A) largest brain of any animal species.
B) most complex spinal cord of any animal species.
C) largest brain to body size ratio of any living animal.
D) most advanced nervous system of any living animal.
Answer: C
Q3) Compared with Australopithecus skulls,human skulls contain holes through which blood vessels could pass.This would have led to:
A) better brain cooling.
B) increased brain size.
C) changes in diet.
D) both better brain cooling and increased brain size.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2:What Is the Nervous System's Functional
Anatomy? Part A
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Q1) Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Answer: The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are two branches of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response. When activated, it increases heart rate, dilates the airways, and redirects blood flow to the muscles, preparing the body for physical activity. This response is triggered in times of stress or danger.
On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" response. When activated, it slows down heart rate, constricts the airways, and stimulates digestion. This response helps the body to relax and recover after a stressful situation.
In summary, the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action and stress, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes relaxation and recovery. These two systems work in balance to maintain homeostasis in the body.
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Page 5
Chapter 2:What Is the Nervous System's Functional
Anatomy? Part C
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Q1) Spatial navigation is controlled by _____ of the brain.
A) the left hemisphere
B) both hemispheres
C) the right hemisphere
D) None of the answers is correct.
Q2) The role of glial cells is primarily:
A) to carry out information processing in the brain.
B) to send signals from one brain region to another.
C) to modulate the activity of neurons.
D) to process sensory input.
Q3) Structures atop the brain or a structure within the brain are_____:
A) lateral.
B) ventral.
C) medial.
D) dorsal.
Q4) In the human brain the mesencephalon contains:
A) the neocortex.
B) cerebellum.
C) tectum and tegmentum.
D) medulla.
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Chapter
Part A
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Q1) List the internal components of a cell.
Q2) List the types of genetic engineering.
Q3) What are the five types of glial cells,and what are their primary functions?
Q4) What are the major functions of Schwann cells? How do they assist in the recovery from nerve damage?
Q5) What is selective breeding,and how can it be used to select for specific traits? Give an example.
Q6) How does genetic engineering help us understand the human condition?
Q7) What is Down syndrome,and what are its genetic determinants?
Q8) Differentiate between dominant and recessive genes.
Q9) What are the major functions of astroglia?
Q10) What are the major functions of ependymal cells?
Q11) What functions do proteins contribute to cell function?
Page 7
Q12) What are three major types of neurons? How are they functionally different?
Q13) What is epigenetics? Why is studying it important?
Q14) What are the three types of brain tumors? How do they differ from one another?
Q15) What is Huntington disease,and what are its genetic determinants?
Q16) What is phenotypic plasticity?
Q17) List the functions of the cell nucleus.
Q18) What role do Golgi bodies play inside of neurons?
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Chapter
Part C
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Q1) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) In the central nervous system Schwann cells serve as guideposts to show axons where to terminate when regeneration occurs.
B) In the peripheral nervous system Schwann cells serve as signposts to guide axons to their appropriate end points.
C) Schwann cells cannot help damaged axons,because neither nervous system can regenerate.
D) Schwann cells are present only in the developing organism and thus have nothing to do with regeneration.
Q2) A series of amino acids is called a:
A) peptide bond.
B) polypeptide chain.
C) carboxyl group.
D) side group.
Q3) Proteins are assembled in:
A) the endoplasmic reticulum.
B) Golgi bodies.
C) the nucleus.
D) the cytosol.
9
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Chapter 4:How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to
Transmit Information? Part A
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Q1) What is significant about the giant axon of the squid?
Q2) What is a graded potential?
Q3) What are the two primary reasons refractory periods are important for the conduction of nerve impulses?
Q4) Define EPSP and IPSP.
Q5) What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)and how is it recorded?
Q6) What are voltage-sensitive ion channels?
Q7) What are the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease)? What neural structures are damaged?
Q8) How does the nerve impulse travel from the axon hillock to the end of the axon without degrading in magnitude?
Q9) What is multiple sclerosis (MS)? What are some of the identified risk factors for MS?
Q10) Differentiate between absolute and relative refractory periods.
Q11) What processes are involved in initiating an action potential?
Q12) How does the sodium-potassium pump work?
Q13) What is the function of myelin? How does it influence the conduction of a nerve Page 10
Q14) What is the patch technique?
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Chapter 4:How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to
Transmit Information? Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) A brief hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane that makes it less likely that the neuron will fire an action potential is called:
A) saltatory conduction.
B) an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
C) an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
D) spatial summation.
Q2) To measure the voltage across the cell membrane,you would normally:
A) insert two electrodes into the axon and measure the voltage difference.
B) place one electrode on the outer surface of an axon's membrane and another inside the axon and measure the voltage difference.
C) place two electrodes on the outer surface of the axon's membrane and measure the voltage difference.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q3) On larger myelinated axons,nerve impulses can reach speeds of up to _____ meters per second.
A) 100
B) 50
C) 120
D) 30
Page 12
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Chapter 5:How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt? Part
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Q1) Acetylcholine helps _____ muscle contraction in the somatic nervous system (SNS),whereas it acts to _____ muscle contraction in the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
A) excite;excite or inhibit
B) inhibit;slow down
C) excite;inhibit
D) inhibit;excite
Q2) Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetate and choline by:
A) choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).
B) choline acetylbinderase (ChAB).
C) tyrosine hydroxylase.
D) histamine.
Q3) Nitric oxide (NO)is a gas neurotransmitter that:
A) is stored in synaptic vesicles.
B) is synthesized in the soma.
C) dilates blood vessels in active brain areas.
D) is degraded by digestive enzymes.
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Page 13
Chapter 5:How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt? Part
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Q1) What are the four main amino acid transmitters and what are their functions?
Q2) What are transmitter-activated receptors?
Q3) What behaviors are associated with the serotonergic system?
Q4) How did chemical transmitters originate?
Q5) What are the differences between excitatory and inhibitory synapses?
Q6) Describe the synthesis of the amine neurotransmitters.
Q7) What are the four steps involved in transmitting information across a chemical synapse?
Q8) Define sensitization.What is the synaptic basis of sensitization?
Q9) What is the function of storage granules?
Q10) What are the different ways in which a neurotransmitter could become deactivated?
Q11) List four peptide transmitters.
Q12) What is a neurotransmitter?
Page 14
Q13) What is the difference between axoaxonic and axosynaptic synapses?
Q14) What are the four major classes of neurotransmitters?
Q15) What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
Q16) What are second messengers? What role do they play in neural transmission?
Q17) What neurotransmitter system is used in the somatic nervous system (SNS)? How does it activate lead to depolarization?
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Chapter 6:How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and
Behavior? Part A
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Q1) Briefly describe the blood-brain barrier.
Q2) Describe the disinhibition theory of alcohol use.
Q3) List the most efficient routes of drug administration.
Q4) Give examples of three different types of amphetamines.What neurotransmitter systems do these drugs operate on?
Q5) What are the effects on the brain of chronically high cortisol levels?
Q6) What is the organizational hypothesis?
Q7) Define homeostasis and give examples of homeostatic hormones.
Q8) What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia? What evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis?
Q9) What negative effects on the nervous system have been associated with monosodium glutamate (MSG)?
Q10) Give examples of drugs that are used to treat depression.What types of receptors do they operate on?
Q11) What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD),and what are its major symptoms?
Q12) What are the five major categories of psychoactive drugs? Give examples for each category. Page 16
Q13) What is the difference between morphine and heroin?
Q14) Define and differentiate between metabolic tolerance and cellular tolerance.
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Chapter 6:How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and Behavior?
Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) Selective serotonin reuptake blockers are used in the treatment of:
A) depression.
B) bipolar disorders.
C) schizophrenia.
D) anxiety.
Q2) _____ deficiency has been linked with higher rates of depression.
A) Vitamin E
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin B
D) Vitamin A
Q3) Haloperidol and chlorpromazine are examples of:
A) antianxiety drugs.
B) antipsychotic drugs.
C) mood stabilizers.
D) antidepressant drugs.
Q4) Another term for the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction is:
A) incentive-salience theory.
B) wanting-and-liking theory.
C) associative learning theory.
D) goal and pleasure theory.
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Chapter 7:How Do We Study the Brain's Structures and
Functions? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Give an example of an animal model for a human neurological disease.How are animal models useful for understanding neurological diseases?
Q2) What is an EEG? What are the features of the brain revealed by an EEG?
Q3) Describe epigenetics.
Q4) What is near-infrared spectroscopy? Why is it useful?
Q5) How does brain stimulation work? How is it used to treat Parkinson's disease?
Q6) How does a CT scan work?
Q7) How are ERPs different from an EEG? How can ERPs be used to examine the link between the brain and behavior?
Q8) What are the differences between an MRI and an fMRI?
Q9) How does transcranial magnetic stimulation work? What does it study?
Q10) List three examples of neuropsychological tests.What are they used to examine?
Q11) What are event-related potentials?
Q12) Differentiate extracellular from intracellular recording.
Q13) What is a PET scan? What are its advantages over other imaging methods? Page 19
Q14) How does cerebral voltammetry work?
Q15) What three tests make use of a hidden platform in a swimming pool to examine memory in rats?
Q16) What is microdialysis? What does it study?
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Chapter 7:How Do We Study the Brain's Structures and Functions?
Part B
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Q1) Positron emission tomography (PET)uses:
A) magnets.
B) radioactive isotopes.
C) L-dopa.
D) hydrogen atoms.
Q2) Epigenetics is:
A) the same as gene expression.
B) the study of the change in gene expression caused by experience.
C) the study of gene alteration.
D) the alteration of DNA sequences.
Q3) Compared to CT scans,MRI scans are more useful for differentiating gray matter from white matter because:
A) MRI acquires the images at a higher resolution compared to a CT scan.
B) tissues with high water content generate a different MRI signal from that of tissues with low water content.
C) of differences in oxygen content between gray matter and white matter.
D) All of the answers are correct.
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Page 21
Chapter 8:How Does the Nervous System Develop and
Adapt? Part A
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Q1) What effects might caffeine and nicotine have on the developing brain?
Q2) Why are neural stem cells so important?
Q3) Define masculinization.What hormones are responsible for masculinization and on what brain areas do they have the greatest influence?
Q4) What is the chemoaffinity hypothesis?
Q5) What is synaptic pruning? Describe the process of synaptic pruning over time.
Q6) How are the brains of individuals who have schizophrenia different from the brains of individuals who do not have schizophrenia?
Q7) Define the term critical period and its relation to development.
Q8) What is SIDS? What role does serotonin play in SIDS?
Q9) Describe the development of the frontal lobes.What factors have been shown to slow frontal lobe development?
Q10) From what does the nervous system develop? What is the subventricular zone?
Q11) Differentiate between a zygote,an embryo,and a fetus.
Q13) At what age do planning abilities become fully developed? Page 22
Q12) What is imprinting? What brain structures are related to imprinting?
Q14) What brain regions demonstrate increased activation for second languages?
Q15) Differentiate between cell adhesion molecules and tropic molecules.
Q16) What function do radial glial cells play in development?
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Chapter 8:How Does the Nervous System Develop and
Adapt? Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) The brain can cope with injury more easily during:
A) differentiation.
B) cell migration.
C) neurogenesis.
D) neuron maturation.
Q2) Complex environmental housing:
A) increases dendritic growth in the hippocampus of female rats more than in males.
B) increases dendritic growth in the visual cortex of both sexes equally.
C) increases dendritic growth in the hippocampus of male rats more than in females.
D) has no effect on dendritic growth in the visual cortex of either sex but does produce an increase in the number of glial cells.
Q3) The concurrent discrimination task described in your text is thought to measure the functions of the:
A) frontal lobes.
B) temporal lobes.
C) basal ganglia.
D) brainstem.
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Page 24
Part A
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Q1) Compare and contrast the symptoms of visual-form agnosia and optic ataxia.What do these two disorders tell us about how the visual system is organized?
Q2) Describe the tectopulvinar system.
Q3) To what stimulus does a simple cortical cell respond?
Q4) What are ocular dominance columns?
Q5) What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral visual streams?
Q6) What is trichromatic color theory? At what point in the visual system is trichromatic color coding initiated?
Q7) What is the opponent theory of color vision? At what point in the visual system is opponent-process color coding initiated?
Q8) Differentiate between the functions of blob and interblob regions of visual cortex?
Q9) Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Q10) What are the symptoms of visual-form agnosia?
Q11) To what stimulus does a hypercomplex cell respond?
Page 25
Q12) Describe how on-center and off-center cells enable us to see edges and shapes in our visual world.
Q13) What is an on-center off-surround cell?
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Part C
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Q1) In the optic chiasm,information from the _____ retinas crosses to the opposite side,whereas information from the _____ retinas stays on the same side.
A) nasal;temporal
B) central;peripheral
C) temporal;nasal
D) peripheral;central
Q2) Ocular dominance columns:
A) respond to lines in the same orientation.
B) respond to lines in slightly different orientations.
C) receive input from each eye.
D) None of the answers is correct.
Q3) The receptive field of a lateral geniculate cell is:
A) larger than the receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell.
B) the same shape as the receptive field of a retinal ganglion cell.
C) composed of on-centers and off-surrounds or off-centers and on-surrounds.
D) All of the answers are correct.
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Q1) Differentiate between the roles of the outer and inner hair cells in the ear.
Q2) What is the difference between the tectorial membrane and the basilar membrane?
Q3) Which brain regions are involved in music perception?
Q4) How do humans localize the source of high-frequency and low-frequency sounds in the environment? Which brain regions are involved?
Q5) What speech area did Penfield map in the human brain? How are these regions influenced by electrical stimulation?
Q6) What decibel (dB)levels are safe for human hearing? What decibel levels can cause hearing damage?
Q7) Which two brain areas are most important for birdsong and what roles do they play?
Q8) List the structures in the auditory pathway in the correct order from cochlea to cortex.
Q9) What is a complex tone? How are complex tones analyzed?
Q10) Where on the cortex is Wernicke's area?
Q12) Define perfect pitch.What is its probable origin? Page 28
Q11) What is a cochlear implant and how does it work?
Q13) Differentiate between the dorsal and ventral streams of auditory processing.
Q14) How do bats use echolocation to navigate?
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Q1) Wernicke's aphasia is associated with:
A) deficits in initiating the motor programs for speech.
B) deficits in the comprehension of language.
C) impaired facial movements.
D) impaired auditory perception.
Q2) Decibels are a measure of:
A) sound amplitude.
B) pitch.
C) frequency.
D) timbre.
Q3) When the patient Susan S.(described in the text)lost her left temporal lobe,she could no longer:
A) recognize melodies.
B) write or read music.
C) read.
D) pick up tiny mistakes in performed music.
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Chapter 11:How Does the Nervous System Respond to
Stimulation and Produce Movement? Part A
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Q1) What kinds of movement problems arise following damage to premotor cortex?
Q2) What is hapsis? What receptors are responsible for our sensation of haptic information?
Q3) Compare and contrast the roles of the prefrontal cortex,the premotor cortex,and the primary motor cortex in the control of movement.
Q4) How does the cerebellum improvement movement control?
Q5) What is phantom limb pain? What does existence of phantom limb pain tell us about the organization of the somatosensory system?
Q6) List the components of the posterior spinothalamic tract.
Q7) Describe the gate theory of pain.What is a pain gate?
Q8) Compare and contrast the roles of the anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts in motor control.
Q9) Compare and contrast the roles of the posterior and anterior spinothalamic tracts.
Q10) What are the components of the vestibular system? What is the role of the vestibular system in somatosensation?
31
Q11) What are the basal ganglia? What role do the basal ganglia play in motor control?
Q12) What are the roles of the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia?
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Chapter 11:How Does the Nervous System Respond to
Stimulation and Produce Movement? Part C
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Q1) The vestibular system is in the:
A) brainstem.
B) cerebellum.
C) middle ear.
D) inner ear.
Q2) Both the posterior and anterior spinothalamic tracts send their signals to the _____ nucleus of the thalamus.
A) ventrolateral
B) ventromedial
C) mediodorsal
D) lateral geniculate
Q3) Walter Hess's classic experiments on stimulating the brainstem in animals revealed that the brainstem controlled aspects of:
A) sexual behavior.
B) feeding behavior.
C) grooming behavior.
D) All of these answers are correct.
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Page 33
Chapter 12:What Causes Emotional and Motivated
Behavior? Part A
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Q1) Cats are NOT able to detect:
A) saltiness.
B) sweetness.
C) bitterness.
D) sourness.
Q2) The medial forebrain bundle helps transmit _____ to the _____.
A) dopamine;basal ganglia
B) dopamine;brainstem
C) serotonin;brainstem
D) serotonin;frontal lobes
Q3) The _____ receives projections from the olfactory system via the thalamus and plays an important role in a variety of emotional and social behaviors.
A) superior temporal gyrus
B) lateral prefrontal cortex
C) amygdala
D) orbitofrontal cortex
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Chapter 12:What Causes Emotional and Motivated Behavior?
Part B
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Q1) List the symptoms of Klüver-Bucy syndrome.
Q2) Compare and contrast regulatory and nonregulatory behaviors.List some specific examples of each.
Q3) What is the concept of preparedness? Give a specific example of preparedness.
Q4) How does the hypothalamus influence sexual behavior?
Q5) What are the effects of dorsolateral frontal-cortex lesions on motivated behavior in humans?
Q6) What brain circuit(s)is (are)involved in creating the reward system and our experience of pleasure?
Q7) How do lesions to the amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex influence eating behavior?
Q8) What is the function of the amygdala in the experience of emotion?
Q9) What neural structures are part of the circuit of Papez? What roles do these structures play in emotion?
Q10) Differentiate between generalized anxiety disorder,panic disorder,and phobias.
Page 35
Q11) What is a frontal lobotomy? What effects did this surgical procedure have on behavior?
Q12) What is evolutionary psychology? How does evolutionary psychology explain the existence of behaviors that seem maladaptive,such as homicide?
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Page 36
Chapter 13:Why Do We Sleep and Dream? Part A
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Q1) Some researchers have suggested that NREM sleep is critical for _____,whereas REM sleep is critical for _____.
A) habitual memory consolidation;implicit memory consolidation
B) explicit memory consolidation;implicit memory consolidation
C) motor memory;factual memory
D) restorative processes;memory
Q2) Stimulation of the reticular activating system results in _____ in the EEG.
A) desynchronization
B) spindle activity
C) rhythmic activity
D) large,slow waves
Q3) Victoria is watching her cat sleep on the floor.The cat is sprawled out and its legs seem to be twitching.It would appear that her cat is in _____.
A) stage 2 sleep
B) stage 3 sleep
C) stage 4 sleep
D) REM sleep
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Chapter 13:Why Do We Sleep and Dream? Part B
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Q1) What is the reticular activating system,and what are its functions in relation to sleep and wakefulness?
Q2) What are the differences between REM and NREM sleep?
Q3) What cortical changes occur to the electroencephalogram when you awaken? What neurotransmitters are involved?
Q4) What happens if you remove the suprachiasmatic nucleus and keep it alive in a dish? What does this tell us about the origin of its rhythmic activity?
Q5) Differentiate between circannual,circadian,ultradian,and infradian rhythms.Give an example of each.
Q6) Differentiate between alpha,beta,and delta brain rhythms.
Q7) Describe the coping hypothesis of dreams.
Q8) What is the genetic contribution to rhythmicity?
Q9) What are the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder? What is the main treatment?
Q10) What are Zeitgebers,and how do they affect biological rhythms? Give an example.
Q11) What evidence supports the notion that memories are consolidated during sleep?
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Q12) What is metabolic syndrome,and what are its causes?
Q13) What activities occur during NREM sleep?
Q14) What are the symptoms of sleep apnea? What are its main causes?
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Chapter 14:How Do We Learn and Remember? Part A
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Q1) Which of the following was largely unaffected after the memory patient H.M.'s surgery?
A) implicit memory
B) verbal memory
C) explicit memory
D) visuospatial memory
Q2) Monkeys with perirhinal lesions are impaired at _____,and monkeys with hippocampal lesions are impaired at _____.
A) object position tasks;visual recognition tasks
B) visual recognition tasks;object position tasks
C) spatial learning;verbal learning
D) visual recognition;episodic memory
Q3) In your text,the patient K.C.is described as someone who sustained serious traumatic brain injury in a motorcycle accident.Among his deficits was the fact that:
A) he could not play chess.
B) his short-term memory was impaired.
C) he could no longer remember his birthday.
D) he could not recall any personally experienced events.
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Chapter 14:How Do We Learn and Remember? Part B
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Q1) List and describe five of the guiding principles of brain plasticity mentioned in your text.
Q2) Which brain circuits are critical for forming emotional memories?
Q3) What evidence supports the idea that the hippocampus is critical for spatial memory?
Q4) What is Korsakoff syndrome? What is its primary cause?
Q5) What are long-term potentiation (LTP)and long-term depression (LTD)? What procedures can be used to induce LTP or LTD?
Q6) How do the brains of people and other animals with superior spatial memory abilities differ from those with normal spatial memory abilities? Give examples.
Q7) What happens to a motor map after the amputation of a limb?
Q8) How do fluctuating estrogen levels affect cognition?
Q9) Differentiate between Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning.
Q10) Define drug-induced behavioral sensitization.Give an example.
Q11) What are neurotrophic factors? What role do they play in the recovery from brain injury?
Q12) Does the adult brain form new neurons? If so,where are they added?
Q13) What role do NMDA and AMPA receptors play in long-term potentiation (LTP)? Page 41
Q14) Outline a purported neural circuit for explicit memory.
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Chapter 15:How Does the Brain Think? Part A
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Q1) Throwing a rock or a spear is a(n):
A) guided movement.
B) ballistic movement.
C) feedback movement.
D) oscillatory movement.
Q2) Braille readers often use:
A) their left hand.
B) their right hand.
C) both hands.
D) None of the answers is correct.
Q3) Your patient cannot read,and she has difficulty in copying movements and generating the names of objects and animals.The most likely site of the lesion is the:
A) left parietal lobe.
B) right parietal lobe.
C) left temporal lobe.
D) right temporal lobe.
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Chapter 15:How Does the Brain Think? Part B
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Q1) What areas of the brain would you use if you were planning a last-minute trip? What role does each area play?
Q2) Describe the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.What does it measure? What types of brain lesions impair performance on this test?
Q3) Why is language presumed to give humans a cognitive advantage over other species?
Q4) What techniques can be used to demonstrate functional asymmetry in the healthy brain?
Q5) What have studies in split-brain patients taught us about language?
Q6) Differentiate between divergent and convergent intelligence.What brain regions are associated with each of them?
Q7) What is important about syntax in regard to thought processes? What happens if a person never learns to develop syntax?
Q8) What tasks are better performed by either males or females? Why might these sex differences in cognition have evolved in the first place?
Q9) What is the neural basis of consciousness? Why is consciousness so hard to study?
Q10) List the tasks that are better performed by females than males.
Page 44
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Chapter 16:What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves?
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Q1) How is the brain of a person with schizophrenia different from the brain of a person without it?
Q2) What is electroconvulsive therapy? Why is it used? How does it affect the brain?
Q3) What is magnetic resonance spectroscopy? How is it used to diagnose traumatic brain injury?
Q4) What are the symptoms and causes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? What brain regions does it affect?
Q5) What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis? What role does it play in depression?
Q6) Give examples of positive and negative symptoms of Parkinson disease.
Q7) What is the MOST common form of brain damage in people under 40?
Q8) What are the anatomical correlates of Alzheimer disease?
Q9) Describe and explain at least four of the major challenges faced by researchers who want to study the disordered brain.
Q10) Compare and contrast the symptoms of focal and generalized seizures.
Q11) List at least five factors that may lead to the onset of seizures.
Page 45
Q12) Explain the Freudian terms id,ego,and superego.What brain structures might these concepts be related to?
Q13) What are prions? What neurological diseases may be caused by prions?
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