Behavioral Neuroscience
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Behavioral Neuroscience explores the biological foundations of behavior, focusing on how the brain and nervous system influence actions, thoughts, and emotions. Through examination of neural structures, neurotransmitters, and brain pathways, students gain insight into mechanisms underlying sensation, perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, and mental disorders. This course integrates research from psychology, biology, and neuroscience to provide a comprehensive understanding of how physiological processes shape behavior, emphasizing both human and animal studies and considering clinical implications for treating neurological and psychiatric conditions.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience An Introduction to Biological Psychology 4th Edition by Laura
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16 Chapters
2642 Verified Questions
2642 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience?
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A microtome is a A) stain.
B) fixative.
C) machine used to slice tissue.
D) type of microscope.
Answer: C
Q2) Fraternal twins typically have about _________ percent of their genes in common.
A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 100
Answer: B
Q3) The analysis of evoked potentials is based on A) CT.
B) PET.
C) fMRI.
D) Electroencephalography (EEG).
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) From early versions of the hominin up until current Homo sapiens, the brain has undergone virtually no change in size.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Why is the enteric nervous system referred to as "the second brain?"
Answer: Answers may include the number of neurons (equivalent to the spinal cord) and the importance of gut-brain interactions in healthy and disordered behaviors.
Q3) The correct ordering of the layers of the meninges from the skull to the brain is
A) pia mater, arachnoid layer, and dura mater.
B) arachnoid layer, pia mater, and dura mater.
C) dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid layer.
D) dura mater, arachnoid layer, and pia mater.
Answer: D
Q4) The thalamus and hypothalamus are the central structures in the limbic system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Neurophysiology: The Structure and Functions of the Cells of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do some neuroscientists mean when they use the term kiss and run?
A) The presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes actually touch or "kiss."
B) Synaptic vesicles touch or "kiss" each other inside the presynaptic terminal.
C) Neurotransmitter molecules "kiss" receptors, and then return to the synaptic gap.
D) Synaptic vesicles "kiss" the axon terminal membrane, releasing only a part of their contents.
Answer: D
Q2) In the resting neuron, potassium is pushed
A) out of the cell by diffusion and into the cell by electrostatic pressure.
B) out of the cell by electrostatic pressure and into the cell by diffusion.
C) out of the cell by both electrostatic pressure and diffusion.
D) into the cell by both electrostatic pressure and diffusion.
Answer: A
Q3) The vast majority of neurons are classified as
A) sensory neurons.
B) motor neurons.
C) spinal neurons.
D) interneurons.
Answer: D
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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180 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lisa and Tom both weigh 160 pounds, and both consumed two beers in the last hour. What can we conclude about their blood alcohol levels?
A) Because they are the same weight, both should have the same blood alcohol levels.
B) Neither will show any evidence of having consumed alcohol, because 1 hour is plenty of time for a 160 lb. person to metabolize the alcohol contained in two beers.
C) Tom's blood alcohol level will probably be higher than Lisa's, because alcohol is absorbed by fat, and women usually have more fat than men.
D) Lisa's blood alcohol level will probably be higher than Tom's, because alcohol is diluted by muscle, and men usually have more muscle than women.
Q2) Which of the following neurochemicals is not a catecholamine?
A) serotonin
B) epinephrine
C) dopamine
D) norepinephrine
Q3) Describe the action of LSD in the brain, and relate this mode of action to the behavioral effects of the drug.
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Chapter 5: Genetics and the Development of the Human Brain
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Sample Questions
Q1) While males have one X chromosome, women have two. Women, however, have X chromosome inactivation, resulting in genes from only one of their X chromosomes being used. What advantage does this have? Using calico cats as a reference, explain when X chromosome inactivation may take place and what impact it has on the adult organism.
Q2) In their study of the heritability of autistic traits among Dutch teens, Rosa Hoekstra and her colleagues were careful to choose participants from a variety of backgrounds and circumstances. Why is careful sampling especially important to studies of heritability?
A) The effects of genetics are most obvious in populations that exclude extreme environmental conditions, such as affluent or very poor families.
B) Environmental influences are magnified in extreme environmental conditions, such as among affluent or very poor families.
C) Extremes of environmental conditions, such as affluent or very poor families, tend to magnify the influence of genetics.
D) These precautions are really not relevant, because heritability cannot be assessed experimentally.
Q3) Summarize the major events that occur in synaptogenesis.
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Chapter 6: Vision
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171 Verified Questions
171 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following groups of cells participate in the processing of color?
A) ocular dominance columns
B) orientation columns
C) hypercolumns
D) cytochrome oxidase blobs
Q2) The lens obtains its nutrients from
A) its own blood supply.
B) the aqueous humor.
C) the vitreous humor.
D) the blood supply of the iris.
Q3) Gabriella has myopia. This means she is ____, and this occurs because her ____.
A) nearsighted; eye is elongated
B) farsighted; eye is elongated
C) nearsighted; eye is shortened
D) farsighted; eye is shortened
Q4) Describe some of the changes in vision that most of us can expect to experience as we age. Based on these changes, what recommendations would you make for senior drivers?
Q5) Myles has hyperopia and his sister has myopia. What is occurring with their visual abilities?
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Chapter 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The emotional quality of olfaction is evident in the distortion of this sense that occurs in some types of psychopathology. Describe one disorder that is associated with olfactory disturbances, and comment on how such disturbances might contribute to the behavior that characterizes the disorder.
Q2) Arrival time of sound at the two ears is processed initially by binaural neurons in the A) cochlea.
B) ventral cochlear nucleus.
C) ventral cochlear nucleus
D) superior olive.
Q3) Stephanie is working on a research project that is investigating the effects of sonar on marine mammal communication. Her recordings of whale songs are most likely to include which of the following types of sound?
A) noise
B) pure tones
C) infrasound
D) ultrasound
Q4) Describe the types of mechanoreceptors that provide information about touch.
Q5) Discuss some variations in sensitivity to smell that have been shown in humans.
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Chapter 8: Movement
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164 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following disorders appears to be more common in lean individuals who participated in college level athletics?
A) polio
B) muscular dystrophy
C) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
D) myasthenia gravis
Q2) The Babinski sign occurs when
A) stroking the sole of the foot causes the toes to spread and the big toe to point upward.
B) stroking the sole of the foot causes the toes to curl and then separate.
C) tapping the knee with a small hammer causes the foot to kick.
D) both extensors and flexors at a joint contract simultaneously in violation of reciprocal inhibition.
Q3) Spinal motor neurons responsible for contracting muscles are known as _________ motor neurons.
A) alpha
B) beta
C) gamma
D) theta
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Homeostasis, Motivation, and Reward
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reptiles are known to maintain a lower internal body temperature than birds, and that is why they are considered to be cold blooded.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Pyrogens influence fever by which of the following mechanisms of action?
A) inhibiting the activity of temperature-insensitive neurons
B) increasing the activity of cold-sensitive neurons
C) reducing the activity of warm-sensitive neurons
D) increasing the activity of warm-sensitive neurons
Q3) The subfornical organ communicates directly with the
A) posterior pituitary.
B) lateral hypothalamus.
C) median preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D) zona incerta.
Q4) Adrian is at risk for heat stroke because
A) he is wearing heavy clothing and engaging in strenuous activity.
B) his pyrogens were released by disease-causing organisms.
C) his genetic predispositions cause him to sweat too much.
D) he has been drinking large quantities of fluid.
Q5) Why does hyponatremia occur, and what are its consequences?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Sexual Behavior
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159 Verified Questions
159 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many individuals with Klinefelter syndrome experience
A) unusually good verbal abilities.
B) deficits in verbal skills.
C) unusually good spatial relations.
D) deficits in the processing of spatial relations.
Q2) Male rats have more motor neurons in a structure known as the SNB than do female rats likely because the SNB is responsible for
A) controlling the muscles of the rat's penis.
B) parenting behaviors in male animals.
C) the production of sperm.
D) the production of testosterone.
Q3) Prenatal androgen exposure also affects anogenital distance, with the distance being ____ as large in males than females.
A) 2 times.
B) 3 times.
C) 10 times.
D) 15 times.
Q4) Discuss the current research relating the 2D:4D ratio and presence of otoacoustic emissions to sexual orientation.
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Chapter 11: Sleep and Waking
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169 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Feit has demonstrated that rats with lesions in the POA experience
A) constant NREM sleep.
B) insomnia.
C) constant REM sleep.
D) sleep apnea.
Q2) Evening and night shift workers experience
A) increased health problems, including higher rates of breast cancer.
B) increased mild health problems, such as more frequent colds.
C) about the same rate of health problems as workers on typical day shifts.
D) decreased health problems, as they are able to obtain greater amounts of sleep.
Q3) Cortisol levels are normally
A) highest in the morning.
B) highest midday.
C) highest in the evening.
D) stable throughout the day.
Q4) Geoffrey is studying for a quiz on waking and sleeping. What should he know about the SCN?
Q5) Discuss the possible causes of and contributing factors to SIDS.
Q6) Discuss what is currently known about the role of sleep in memory formation.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Pavlov's classic experiments, salivation to a metronome is an example of a(n)
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.
Q2) Changes in the NMDA receptor in Aplysia are believed to be the cause of
A) short-term sensitization.
B) long-term sensitization.
C) short-term habituation.
D) long-term habituation.
Q3) Parallel fibers synapsing in the cerebellum originate in A) neurons in the inferior olive of the medulla.
B) neurons in the pons.
C) Purkinje cells.
D) granule cells.
Q4) Important attentional aspects of short-term memory require activation in the A) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex.
B) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex.
C) hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex.
D) hippocampus and the posterior cingulate cortex.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Patients can still repeat words and phrases accurately in cases of A) Broca's aphasia.
B) transcortical aphasia.
C) conduction aphasia.
D) Wernicke's aphasia.
Q2) Patients with Broca's aphasia have comprehension of language that is
A) normal.
B) somewhat impaired.
C) about as good as in cases of Wernicke's aphasia.
D) completely lacking.
Q3) Visual information about an object located to the right of center in the visual field is processed by
A) both hemispheres equally.
B) the left cerebral hemisphere.
C) the right cerebral hemisphere.
D) the left cerebral hemisphere in the majority of human participants, but in either the right hemisphere or both hemispheres in others.
Q4) What are the major features of Wernicke's aphasia?
Q5) Summarize the language model proposed by Dronkers, Pinker, and Damasio.
Page 15
Q6) Discuss the implications of lateralization on musical abilities and learning.
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Chapter 14: Emotion, Aggression, and Stress
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160 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In studies on the relationship of autonomic and emotional states, it has been found that
A) there are no correlations between autonomic and emotional states.
B) each emotional state is correlated with a specific autonomic state.
C) autonomic states correlate generally with positive or negative emotional states.
D) distinguishing between the autonomic states correlated with two positive emotional states is easy.
Q2) The biggest flaw in the "swinging bridge" study is the fact that
A) people were coerced into participating in the experiment.
B) men were not randomly assigned to the safe or scary bridges.
C) the participants did not include women.
D) outside the laboratory, it is too difficult to control for so many different variables.
Q3) Which personality characteristic appears to be most predictive of cardiac-related illnesses?
A) an external locus of control
B) high levels of hostility
C) unusually elevated levels of stress
D) being introverted
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Chapter 15: Neuropsychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Summarize the symptoms and treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND).
Q2) Imaging studies of the use of VR therapies for brain injury show that VR
A) produces the same patterns of brain activity as interactions with a real environment.
B) produces the same amount of brain activity as interactions with a real environment, but the patterns of activity are quite different.
C) is unable to produce changes in brain activity compared to lying in bed.
D) produces too much activity in the brain for healthy recovery.
Q3) The sheep disease "scrapie" can spread to
A) humans but not to cows.
B) cows but not to humans.
C) both cows and humans.
D) neither cows nor humans.
Q4) Herpes simplex, the virus responsible for cold sores and genital herpes, A) has been implicated in cases of primary encephalitis.
B) is a major cause of secondary encephalitis.
C) is responsible for many cases of multiple sclerosis.
D) has been implicated in neurocysticercosis.
Q5) Describe the two major types of generalized seizures.
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Chapter 16: Psychopathology
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Sample Questions
Q1) If your identical twin has schizophrenia, what does that mean for you?
A) If you inherited the gene for schizophrenia, you will be diagnosed with schizophrenia too.
B) Your chances of being diagnosed with schizophrenia are not increased as long as you were not raised by the same parents.
C) Your chances of being diagnosed with schizophrenia are the same as the rest of the population-about 1 percent.
D) You have about a 50 percent chance of also being diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Q2) If medication with antipsychotics is discontinued, tardive dyskinesia
A) disappears immediately.
B) disappears after a period of about six months to a year.
C) disappears after a period of about three years.
D) can continue indefinitely and may be permanent.
Q3) Schizophrenia is far more likely to occur in people who are over 25 years of age.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Summarize the biochemical correlates of schizophrenia.
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