Behavior Modification
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Behavior Modification is a course that explores the fundamental principles and techniques used to change behavior in individuals and groups. Drawing on the theories of operant and classical conditioning, students learn to assess behavior patterns, design intervention strategies, and evaluate outcomes in various settings such as schools, workplaces, and clinical environments. The course incorporates case studies and practical applications, emphasizing ethical considerations and the development of individualized behavior change programs to promote positive and lasting improvements.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Q1) Which of the following was an important figure in the development of behavior modification who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned to a neutral stimulus?
A)Freud
B)Pavlov
C)Thorndike
D)Skinner
Answer: B
Q2) Behavior is defined as:
A)actions of a person
B)what a person says and does
C)a person's mental processes
D)a and b are both correct
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is a dimension of behavior?
A)frequency
B)intensity
C)duration
D)all of these
Answer: D
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Chapter 1: A: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) All behavior is overt or observable by others.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) In behavior modification,measurement of behavior before and after treatment is important.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) What dimension of behavior is a measure of how long the behavior occurred?
A) latency
B) frequency
C) duration
D) intensity
Answer: C
Q4) Behavior modification emphasizes past events as important causes of behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Q1) To calculate interobserver agreement on frequency recording you:
A)divide the larger frequency by the smaller frequency
B)divide the smaller frequency by the larger frequency
C)divide the larger frequency by the sum of the larger frequency and the smaller frequency
D)divide the smaller frequency by the sum of the larger frequency and the smaller frequency
Answer: B
Q2) Continuous recording involves:
A)recording the behavior in consecutive intervals of time
B)recording each instance of the behavior
C)recording the product of the behavior
D)interval and time sample recording
Answer: B
Q3) Indirect assessment occurs through:
A)the person's recall of the behavior
B)watching the behavior and recording its occurrence
C)video recording the behavior and recording it from the video
D)all of these
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: A: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Q1) In behavior modification,measurement of the target behavior is called:
A) a behavioral indicator
B) behavioral assessment
C) observation
D) supervision
Q2) Matthew frequently hits other children during class.However,he never hits other kids when he knows the teacher is observing him.This is an example of:
A) self-monitoring
B) reactivity
C) behavior modification
D) controlled behavior
Q3) A teacher observes and records instances of misbehavior by a student.This is an example of:
A) indirect assessment
B) direct assessment
C) covert observation
D) participant recording
Q4) Recording behavior in brief observation intervals each separated by longer periods of time is called ___________________________ recording.
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Q1) In a ______________ design,baseline and treatment conditions (or two treatment conditions)are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other.
A)multiple baseline
B)alternating treatments
C)changing criterion
D)all of these
Q2) When a researcher shows that a behavior modification procedure causes a behavior to change,the researcher is demonstrating a(n):
A)statistical analysis
B)experimental design
C)correlation
D)functional relationship
Q3) A multiple-baseline design may be used:
A)when you are interested in the same target behavior exhibited by multiple subjects
B)when you are measuring a subject's behavior across two or more settings
C)when you have targeted more than one behavior of the same subject
D)all of these
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Chapter 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Q1) An A-B design does not demonstrate a functional relationship between the treatment and the target behavior because there is no:
A) change in the target behavior
B) statistical test of significance
C) replication
D) validation
Q2) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of an A-B design?
A) it is used to compare baseline and treatment
B) it is used in applied settings
C) it demonstrates a functional relationship
D) it is the simplest type of design
Q3) In a(n)_____________ research design,baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared to each other.
A) A-B-A-B
B) multiple-baseline
C) changing-criterion
D) alternating-treatments
Q4) Does the A-B design demonstrate a functional relationship? Why or why not?
Q5) In an A-B design,A= _________ and B= __________.
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Q1) A behavior that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement is called (n)_______________.
A)conditioned response
B)unconditioned response
C)operant behavior
D)conditioned stimulus
Q2) In negative reinforcement,a stimulus is ____________ following the behavior and the behavior is strengthened.
A)provided
B)increased
C)added
D)removed
Q3) An abolishing operation (AO):
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a behavior less likely
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
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Chapter 4: A: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Andy answers a question in class,and is praised by the teacher.As a result,Andy is more likely to answer questions in class.Andy's behavior of answering questions in class is referred to as ____________ behavior.
A) controlled
B) natural
C) operant
D) situational
Q2) Negative reinforcement decreases a behavior in the future.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All the reinforcement schedules that are in effect for a person's behavior at one time are referred to as ______________ schedules of reinforcement.
A) concurrent
B) overlapping
C) simultaneous
D) mixed
Q4) In _________________ reinforcement,a stimulus is removed following the behavior to strengthen the behavior.
Q5) Identify the five factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement.
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Q1) When a behavior is decreased with extinction but later occurs again,the phenomenon is called:
A)spontaneous recovery
B)reinstatement
C)spontaneous renewal
D)reinforcement
Q2) When extinction occurs for a negatively reinforced behavior:
A)the aversive stimulus is no longer removed following the behavior
B)the positive reinforcer is no longer delivered following the behavior
C)the aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior
D)the positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior
Q3) In extinction,what occurs following the behavior?
A)the reinforcer is withheld
B)the reinforcer is delivered
C)negative reinforcement occurs
D)the person is told to stop the behavior
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Chapter 5: A: Extinction
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Q1) Randy stopped putting money into a candy machine because he stopped getting candy out.After a couple months Randy put money into the candy machine again,but when no candy came out,he stopped putting money in.Randy's behavior of putting money into the candy machine after a couple months is an example of:
A) punishment
B) spontaneous recovery
C) delayed extinction
D) reinforcement
Q2) During an extinction burst,the unreinforced behavior may temporarily increase in ____________,____________,or _____________.
Q3) In extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior,the _____________________ is no longer removed following the behavior.
Q4) In comparison with a behavior that has been intermittently reinforced,a behavior that has been continuously reinforced will ____________ when reinforcement is stopped.
A) decrease more rapidly
B) decrease at the same rate
C) decrease more slowly
D) remain at about the same level
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Q1) When an aversive stimulus is delivered after a behavior it _________ the behavior,and when an aversive stimulus is removed after a behavior it ______________ the behavior.
A)strengthens;weakens B)increases;decreases C)weakens;strengthens D)none of these
Q2) In negative punishment,a stimulus is ____________ following the behavior and the behavior is weakened (less likely to occur in the future).
A)provided B)increased C)added D)removed
Q3) ________________ is a stimulus that became a punisher by being paired with an unconditioned punisher or conditioned punisher.
A)conditioned punisher
B)conditioned reinforcer
C)unconditioned reinforcer
D)unconditioned punisher
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Chapter 6: A: Punishment
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Q1) In order for punishment to be effective,the consequence should follow the behavior closely in time.This factor is referred to as:
A) immediacy
B) contingency
C) characteristics of the consequences
D) time delay
Q2) Punishment can sometimes increase behavior in the future.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An unconditioned punisher is .
Q4) In behavior modification,negative punishment involves removal of a reinforcer that:
A) was maintaining the behavior
B) the client doesn't like
C) the person had already acquired
D) none of these
Q5) Positive punishment involves the removal of a positive stimulus following the behavior.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) An antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior is not reinforced is a(n):
A)S-delta
B)reinforcer
C)discriminative stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus
Q2) If you provide a reinforcer when a rat presses a lever when a green light is on and,as a result,it also presses the lever when a similar color light is on (green/blue for example),_______________ has occurred:
A)reinforcement
B)stimulus control
C)generalization
D)extinction
Q3) An S<sup>D</sup> ______________ a behavior.
A)evokes
B)reinforces
C)punishes
D)extinguishes
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Chapter 7: A: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) Which of the following shows the correct sequence in a three-term contingency?
A) discriminative stimulus,response,consequence
B) consequence,response,discriminative stimulus
C) response,consequence,discriminative stimulus
D) discriminative stimulus,consequence,response
Q2) A behavior is less likely to occur in the presence of the S<sup>D.</sup>
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the ABCs of operant behavior?
A) cause
B) consequence
C) antecedent
D) behavior
Q4) A(n)________________ is the stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced.
Q5) A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the S<sup>D</sup>.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How is stimulus control developed?
Q7) A three-term-contingency involves a relationship between , ,and . Page 16
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Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Q1) When a neutral stimulus is paired with a US,the neutral stimulus becomes a CS that elicits a CR.This process is called:
A)operant conditioning
B)discrimination training
C)stimulus control
D)respondent conditioning
Q2) A young child is at the aquarium was looking at fish swim by the glass on the side of the tank in front of her.Suddenly a large shark darted by the glass and startled the girl (she experienced autonomic arousal).The next time she was near the glass to the tank,she experienced the autonomic arousal again.In this example,identify the US and the CS.
A)shark;colorful fish
B)shark;autonomic arousal
C)shark,the glass to the tank
D)glass to the tank;autonomic arousal
Q3) When food is in the mouth the person salivates.This is an example of:
A)a US and a UR
B)a US and a CR
C)a CS and a CR
D)a CS and a UR
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Chapter 8: A: Respondent Conditioning
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Q1) CERs are always negative.
A)True
B)False
Q2) As a result of being paired with a loud noise,a flashing light has come to elicit a startle reflex.When the flashing light is repeatedly presented without the loud noise,the startle reflex eventually stops occurring.This process in which a conditioned stimulus is no longer able to elicit a conditioned response is referred to as:
A) respondent extinction
B) secondary conditioning
C) operant extinction
D) reverse conditioning
Q3) Respondent and operant behaviors cannot occur together in the same situation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If Pavlov occasionally (1 out of 10 times)gave the dogs the meat powder following the sound of the metronome,the dogs would be more or less likely to salivate to the metronome.
Q5) Respondent conditioning occurs when a(n) is paired with a(n) .
Q6) An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n) .
Page 19
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Q1) When you use extinction for the previous approximation during shaping,_______________ occurs and novel behaviors emerge.You then reinforce one of the novel behaviors that is a closer approximation to the target behavior.
A)a discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)intermittent reinforcement
D)an extinction burst
Q2) A successive approximation is a ___________________________.
A)target behavior
B)a shaping step
C)starting behavior
D)conditioned response
Q3) ________________ is defined as differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior.
A)shaping
B)discrimination training
C)stimulus control
D)intermittent reinforcement
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Chapter 9: A: Shaping
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Q1) Differential reinforcement of each successive approximation involves:
A) punishing the previous approximation
B) extinguishing the previous approximation
C) reinforcing the new approximation
D) B and C
Q2) The starting behavior that is used in shaping is:
A) a behavior that is already occurring
B) an approximation of the target behavior
C) A and B
D) none of the above
Q3) In shaping:
A) the target behavior is reinforced more and more over time
B) successive approximations of the target behavior are reinforced
C) the target behavior is reinforced when it occurs closer and closer to the discriminative stimulus
D) all of these
Q4) Shaping ________ (is / is not)the appropriate procedure to use if you want to strengthen an existing behavior.
Q5) Provide an example of how shaping could be used to change a dimension of an existing behavior.
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) ________________ is a method of transferring stimulus control.
A)prompt fading
B)prompt delay
C)stimulus fading
D)all of these
Q2) In which procedure do you present the S<sup>D</sup>,wait a certain number of seconds,and then present the prompt if the correct response is not made?
A)prompting
B)fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
Q3) An instructor puts her hands over the student's hands to help the student mold the clay as the clay is spinning on the wheel during a pottery class.What type of prompt is the instructor using?
A)verbal
B)gestural
C)modeling
D)physical
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Chapter 10: A: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) In the prompt delay procedure,you provide the prompt,wait 4 seconds and then present the S<sup>D</sup>.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Prompts are used to get the correct behavior to occur so it can be reinforced.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Fading involves the abrupt removal of a prompt after the learner starts to make the correct response.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Verbal,gestural,modeling and physical prompts are all examples of what category of prompts? ___________
Q5) In the prompt delay procedure,you present the ____________,wait 4 seconds and present the prompt.
Q6) Response prompts are intrusive.
A)True
B)False
Q7) What is most-to-least prompting and fading?
23
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Q1) ______________ is a chaining procedure in which the chain of behaviors is taught as a single unit.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q2) Which procedure is used to teach a person to engage in the sequence of behaviors involved in a stimulus-response chain?
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q3) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the last behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
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Chapter 11: A: Chaining
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Q1) Behavioral chaining procedures are used to teach an individual to engage in a complex task.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Chaining procedures involve the systematic use of ___________ and ___________ procedures applied to each component in the chain.
Q3) When prompting and fading are systematically applied to each component in the stimulus-response chain in order to teach the entire behavior,it is referred to as a ____________ procedure.
A) chaining
B) sequencing
C) behavioral
D) response
Q4) In the ___________________________ procedure,the learner completes every stimulus-response component of the chain in every learning trial.
Q5) Describe the difference between the single opportunity method and the multiple opportunity method of assessing the mastery level of a learner.
Q6) What is a task analysis?
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) What is a benefit of rehearsal in behavioral skills training?
A)it lets the teacher know if the learner can engage in the correct behavior
B)it provides an opportunity to reinforce the behavior
C)it provides an opportunity to assess and correct errors that may occur.
D)all of these
Q2) After providing instructions and modeling,what is the next thing the trainer should do when using behavioral skills training?
A)ask the learner to describe the correct behavior
B)provide another model in case the learner was not paying attention the first time
C)provide the learner with an opportunity to rehearse the behavior
D)tell the learner what not to do
Q3) Behavioral skills training consists of:
A)instructions,modeling,rehearsal,and feedback
B)instructions,prompting and fading
C)instructions,modeling,prompting,and feedback
D)instructions,modeling,prompting,and fading
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Chapter 12: A: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) A parent describes to a child what she should say if a stranger asks the child to get into his car.Which behavioral skills training component involves describing the correct behavior to the learner?
A) rehearsal
B) explanation
C) instructions
D) discrimination
Q2) What are 4 components of behavioral skills training procedures?
Q3) BST in groups is most effective with large groups.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the behavioral procedure called that involves the use of instructions,modeling,rehearsal,and feedback?
A) behavioral skills training procedure
B) behavioral acquisition procedures
C) functional,nonaversive procedures
D) all of these
Q5) Telling the learner how to engage in the correct behavior is called
Q6) Why is it important for the learner to repeat instructions?
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Q1) The process of identifying the antecedents and consequences of a problem behavior is called:
A)functional assessment
B)behavior recording
C)functional relationship
D)experimental control
Q2) Missy engages in head banging when she has an earache and the pain of the earache is lessened.As a result,she is more likely to bang her head when she has an earache.This is an example of:
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
Q3) Which is NOT functional assessment method?
A)indirect methods
B)direct observation methods
C)functional relationship methods
D)experimental methods
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Chapter 13: A: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning
Assessments
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Q1) A functional assessment should be conducted prior to treatment for a problem behavior.
A)True B)False
Q2) What is an advantage and a disadvantage of indirect assessment methods?
Q3) A treatment plan can be derived from a functional assessment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Identify and describe three methods for conducting a functional assessment of a problem behavior.
Q5) In direct assessment,it is important for the observer to be present in the client's ___________ when the problem behavior is most likely to occur.
Q6) If a person strums his guitar a certain way and it makes a great sound,the person is more likely to strum the guitar that way again.His is an example of:
A) automatic positive reinforcement
B) social positive reinforcement
C) automatic negative reinforcement
D) social negative reinforcement
Page 29
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Q1) An extinction procedure should always be used in conjunction with a(n)______________ procedure.
A)reinforcement
B)stimulus control
C)in situ training
D)in situ assessment
Q2) How does the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior prior to extinction affect extinction for that behavior?
A)the behavior will decrease more quickly following continuous reinforcement than following intermittent reinforcement
B)the behavior will decrease more quickly following intermittent reinforcement than following continuous reinforcement
C)the schedule of reinforcement does not affect extinction
D)extinction will not work following intermittent reinforcement
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Chapter 14: A: Applying Extinction
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Q1) You conduct a(n)___________________________ to identify the reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior before using extinction.
Q2) A behavior may serve different functions in different contexts.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The continued change in the problem behavior following the use of extinction is referred to as:
A) generalization
B) maintenance
C) spontaneous recovery
D) chaining
Q4) The problem behavior will decrease less rapidly during extinction if it was maintained by a(n)___________ schedule prior to extinction.
Q5) An extinction procedure should be used in conjunction with a(n)___________ procedure.
Q6) If a target behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement,extinction involves __________________________ escape from the aversive stimulus when the problem behavior occurs.
Q7) What is sensory extinction? When would you use a sensory extinction procedure?
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) In full session DRL:
A)the reinforcer is delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occurs in the session
B)the reinforcer is delivered if a specified amount of time occurs between responses
C)the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior
D)all of these
Q2) In ______________ the reinforcer is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior.
A)DRA
B)DNRA
C)DRL
D)DRO
Q3) ___________________ is a preference assessment procedure.
A)single stimulus assessment
B)paired stimulus assessment
C)multiple stimulus assessment
D)all of these
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Chapter 15: A: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) A parent is trying to decrease a child's swearing behavior.For every hour that the child goes without swearing,the parent reinforces the absence of swearing by reading to the child.If the child swears,the parent does not give the child attention and the child has to wait another hour for a story.Which differential reinforcement procedure is the parent using?
A) DRA
B) DRL
C) DRO
D) DRI
Q2) The amount of effort required to engage in the alternative behavior together with the schedule of reinforcement for the alternative behavior is referred to as:
A) response cost
B) response efficiency
C) an establishing operation
D) a behavioral contingency
Q3) DRA is an effective way to increase a desirable behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What happens in a DRA procedure?
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it more likely that she would go to bed at 11:00 (and not stay up too late),Melissa got up early and no longer took a nap after work.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
Q2) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it more likely that she would work out in the student recreation center at noon,Melissa scheduled a class before noon at a building next to the recreation center
A)decrease response effort
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
Q3) Which procedure is a functional intervention for problem behaviors?
A)extinction
B)differential reinforcement
C)antecedent control procedures
D)all of these
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Chapter 16: A: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Antecedent control procedures are often used in conjunction with ___________.
Q2) Antecedent manipulations involve the use of aversive procedures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Julie wants to replace drinking coffee with the alternative behavior of drinking water.Julie keeps a filled water bottle on her desk at work,and has her co-workers remind her to drink more water.In this example,Julie is using the antecedent control strategy of ____________ for desirable alternative behaviors.
A) increasing response effort
B) presenting the discriminative stimulus and cues
C) arranging establishing operations
D) eliminating establishing operations
Q4) If the establishing operation increases the value of the reinforcer for a desirable alternative behavior,the problem behavior is more likely to occur.
A)True B)False
Q5) Extinction is an antecedent control procedure.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) Time-out is appropriate for problem behaviors maintained by:
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)automatic reinforcement
D)all of these
Q2) ______________________ procedures are usually not the first choice of interventions for decreasing problem behaviors:
A)antecedent control
B)differential reinforcement
C)punishment
D)extinction
Q3) Time-out is short for:
A)time-out from positive reinforcement
B)time-out for problem reduction
C)time-out punishment
D)time-out is not short for anything
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Chapter 17: A: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
Cost
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Q1) Time-out is a _______________________ punishment procedure.
Q2) Positive punishment procedures involve the ____________ following the occurrence of a problem behavior.
A) removal of an aversive stimulus
B) removal of a reinforcing stimulus
C) presentation of a reinforcing stimulus
D) presentation of an aversive
Q3) Two common negative punishment procedures are ___________ and
Q4) Taking a meal away from a child in a response cost procedure is an acceptable strategy.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe nonexclusionary.
Q6) In ______________________ time out,the child is taken to another room contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior.
Q7) Time-out should be brief.
A)True
B)False
Q8) When is nonexclusionary time-out most likely to be used?
Q9) Response cost is a ________________________ punishment procedure.
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of
Punishment
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Q1) What happens if the client starts engaging in the requested activity during guided compliance?
A)physical guidance continues until the task is completed
B)physical guidance is withdrawn
C)physical guidance is used intermittently
D)physical guidance is increased
Q2) Identify a stimulus that has been used in punishment by the application of aversive stimuli.
A)ice
B)lemon juice
C)noise
D)all of these
Q3) ___________________ is a punishment procedure in which,contingent on a problem behavior,the change agent holds immobile the part of the client's body that is involved in the behavior.
A)contingent exercise
B)positive practice
C)physical restraint
D)guided compliance
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Chapter 18: A: Positive Punishment Procedures and the
Ethics of Punishment
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Q1) In the positive practice procedure,the client has to engage in ___________.
Q2) Bobby's Mom asks him to clean up his room,but he complains that he is too tired and continues to lie on his bed reading comic books.Bobby's Mom then physically guides him through the activity of picking up his clothes from the floor and placing them in the hamper,until Bobby starts to pick up the clothes on his own.Which punishment procedure is Bobby's Mom using?
A) contingent exercise
B) guided compliance
C) restitution
D) positive practice
Q3) Greg shows up late for football practice,and has to run five laps around the field.As a result,Greg no longer shows up late for practice.Which punishment procedure requires the individual to engage in physical exercise following the occurrence of the problem behavior?
A) guided exercise
B) contingent practice
C) restitution
D) contingent exercise
Q4) Application of aversive activities is based on what principle? ___________
Page 40
Q5) How is compliance negatively reinforced in a guided compliance procedure?
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Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) While teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel taught the parents a variety of different ways to exhibit the skills (for example,a number of different ways to reinforce their child's appropriate behavior. )What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Incorporating common stimuli
B)Teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
C)Providing cues in the natural environment
D)Incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization
Q2) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then asks the parents to remember a simple self-instruction they can use to guide their behavior in the home and make it more likely they will use the parenting skills.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Incorporating common stimuli
B)Teaching a range of functionally equivalent responses
C)Providing cues in the natural environment
D)Incorporating self-generated mediators of generalization
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Chapter 19: A: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) When should generalization of a behavior change be considered?
A) before training
B) during training
C) after training
D) all of these
Q2) You are training an adolescent with an intellectual disability how to use soft drink machines.What are some relevant stimulus situations you can incorporate into the training sessions?
Q3) Which of the following should you focus on when trying to achieve a generalized reduction in a problem behavior?
A) minimizing positive reinforcement for alternative behaviors
B) training in situations that are different from the generalized environment
C) implementing punishment procedures to decrease the problem behavior
D) developing functionally equivalent alternative behaviors
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a guideline for promoting a generalized reduction in problem behaviors?
A) focusing on functionally equivalent alternative behaviors
B) conducting a functional assessment for the problem behavior
C) planning for generalization once treatment has been successful
D) maintaining extinction or punishment contingencies
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Q1) In self-management,a person engages in a ____________________ behavior to influence the future occurrence of a _______________ behavior.
A)controlled;controlling
B)controlling;controlled
C)independent;dependent
D)dependent;independent
Q2) Why might people smoke cigarettes even though it can lead to long term negative outcomes such as lung cancer?
A)there is immediate reinforcement for smoking
B)smoking takes little response effort
C)the response effort is greater for other behaviors that produce the same outcome
D)all of these
Q3) The following is a type of self-management strategy.
A)goal-setting and self-monitoring
B)antecedent manipulations
C)behavioral contracting
D)all of these
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Chapter 20: A: Self-Management
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Q1) At what point in time do you reevaluate a self-management procedure?
A) once the goal has been achieved
B) before the procedures are implemented
C) if the target behavior is not changing in the desired direction
D) if the target behavior is changing as expected
Q2) What does it mean to short circuit the contingencies in a self-management project?
Q3) In order to decrease a target behavior using consequence manipulations,you should __________ for the target behavior and __________ for the alternative behavior.
A) provide punishers;eliminate punishers
B) provide reinforcers;eliminate reinforcers
C) eliminate reinforcers;provide reinforcers
D) A and C
Q4) A behavioral contract written without the assistance of a contract manager in a self-management program is more effective than a contract written with a contract manager.
A)True
B)False
Q5) When does social support become a self-management strategy?
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) _____________ are repetitive,jerking movements of particular muscle groups in the body.
A)nervous habits
B)motor tics
C)nervous tics
D)habit reversal
Q2) Which of the following is a type of habit behavior?
A)nervous habit
B)motor tic
C)stuttering
D)all of these
Q3) After learning the definition of the habit behavior,the clients then learns to identify when the habit occurs.Which habit reversal component is this?
A)motivation strategy
B)awareness training
C)competing response training
D)social support
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Chapter 21: A: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) When using habit reversal with children,what might the parent need to do to make the procedure successful?
A) add time out to the procedure
B) use physical guidance to get the child to use the competing response
C) provide a firm verbal reprimand each time the child engages in the habit behavior
D) A and C
Q2) Tourette's disorder is diagnosed when ________________ and ________________ tics occur.
Q3) Stuttering may involve ________________,____________________,and ________________ words or syllables.
Q4) A therapist instructs a parent to prompt a child to make a fist whenever the child starts to suck his thumb,and to praise the child for doing so.In which habit reversal component are significant others involved?
A) motivational strategies
B) awareness training
C) competing response training
D) social support
Q5) What 2 basic skills does the client learn from a habit reversal program?
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Q1) In a token economy,a _______________ must be something tangible that can be delivered after each instance of the desirable behavior.
A)reinforcer
B)back-up reinforcer
C)token
D)contract
Q2) What is true regarding the use of response cost in a token economy?
A)response cost is always used
B)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy starts with response cost
C)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy gets established and then response cost is added
D)response cost is not used in a token economy
Q3) What should a change agent do each time he or she delivers a token?
A)nothing,just deliver the token
B)remind the client to keep engaging in the correct behavior
C)provide praise
D)all of these
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Chapter 22: A: The Token Economy
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Q1) A token must be tangible,practical,and convenient to carry and dispense.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following components is NOT always used in a token economy?
A) implementing response cost
B) determining the reinforcement schedule
C) establishing the token exchange rate
D) identifying backup reinforcers
Q3) Most often the token exchange rate remains stagnant throughout the token economy program.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A token becomes a conditioned reinforcer because it is paired with:
A) establishing operations
B) backup reinforcers
C) the occurrence of desirable behavior
D) A and B
Q5) Tokens are _______________ reinforcers.
Q6) What is the purpose of a token economy?
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Q7) In a token economy tokens are exchanged for _________________________.
Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) Which of the following is not a component of a behavioral contract?
A)identify the target behavior and state how it will be measured
B)identify the reinforcement or punishment contingency.
C)identify who will implement the contingency.
D)identify the items to be used as tokens in the contract
Q2) ____________________ is a written agreement between two parties in which one or both parties
Agree to engage in a specified level of a target behavior or behaviors.Furthermore,the contract states the consequence that will be administered contingent on the occurrence.
A)behavioral contract
B)contingency contract
C)performance contract
D)all of these
Q3) An acceptable method for measuring the target behavior in a behavioral contract is:
A)permanent product
B)automated recording
C)direct observation by the contract manager or an agreed-upon third party.
D)all of these
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Chapter 23: A: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) Define a two party contract.
Q2) ________________ Jerry gets to pick out his dessert if he makes his bed every morning.
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) negative punishment
Q3) Sally writes a behavioral contract with the school counselor in which she commits to studying 2 hours per evening.If she does (as verified by her mother),she avoids the loss of $10 that she deposited with the counselor.This is an example of a:
A) one party contract
B) quid pro quo contract
C) parallel contract
D) two party contract
Q4) Behavioral contracts cannot produce behavior change through a simple reinforcement or punishment process.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define a one party contract.
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) What operant behavior is involved in a fear?
A)autonomic nervous system arousal
B)escape and avoidance behavior
C)anxiety
D)all of these
Q2) In __________________,the person breathes deeply in a slow,rhythmic fashion to produce relaxation.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q3) In _________________,the person is taught to relax each muscle group in the body by assuming relaxed postures.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
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Chapter 24: A: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) __________________ desensitization involves actual contact with the feared stimuli in the hierarchy.
Q2) In diaphragmatic breathing,if the shoulders move on an inhale,the procedure is being done properly.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The advantage of systematic desensitization is that:
A) there is not a problem with generalization
B) it is easier and more convenient than contact desensitization
C) desirable behavior can be reinforced in a real life situation
D) the individual is exposed to the actual feared stimulus
Q4) What procedures for treating fears involve the use of a fear hierarchy?
Q5) List 3 procedures used to help people overcome problems of fear or anxiety.
Q6) Which of the following is NOT an attention-focusing procedure?
A) guided imagery
B) meditation
C) diaphragmatic breathing
D) hypnosis
Q7) What are the 3 steps in the use of systematic desensitization?
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) _______________ are negative evaluations or interpretations of life events or logical errors in thinking that lead to negative mood or depressed behavior.
A)self-instructions
B)cognitive distortions
C)cognitive symbols
D)cognitive weaknesses
Q2) In __________________treatment for depression,the therapist gets the client to commit to engage in a number of different reinforcing activities each week
A)behavioral activation
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)acceptance-based therapies
Q3) The occurrence of cognitive behavior can influence other behaviors.Which of the following is a function that cognitive behavior can serve?
A)CS
B)MO
C)reinforcer
D)all of these
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Chapter 25: A: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) In cognitive therapy,the therapist asks the client questions in an attempt to get the client to change her distorted thinking.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cognitive restructuring is typically done by parents trying to help their children.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a cognitive behavior modification procedure?
A) cognitive restructuring
B) behavioral skills training
C) cognitive adaptation training
D) A and C
Q4) Which of the following is not a type of cognitive coping skills training procedure?
A) self-instructional training
B) stress inoculation training
C) problem solving therapy
D) cognitive restructuring
Q5) Provide 2 examples of cognitive behavior.________________
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