Behavior Modification
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Behavior Modification explores the principles and techniques used to change maladaptive behaviors and encourage positive behavioral patterns in various settings such as clinical, educational, and everyday environments. The course delves into foundational concepts of learning theory, including classical and operant conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. Students will learn how to design, implement, and evaluate behavior modification programs through practical examples and case studies while considering ethical issues and cultural factors. Emphasis is placed on evidence-based practices and the application of behavioral interventions to address common challenges faced by individuals across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
The Principles of Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Michael Domjan
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12 Chapters
859 Verified Questions
859 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly describe the two intellectual traditions that were stimulated by Cartesian dualism.How is each tradition represented in contemporary investigations of learning phenomena?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q2) Sarah is interested in behavior accessible to conscious reflection.In terms of learning, she is probably most interested in
A)procedural learning.
B)problematic learning.
C)declarative learning.
D)esoteric learning.
Answer: C
Q3) What three primary sources provided the impetus for research of animal learning? Briefly describe how each line of interest influences contemporary research in learning processes.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q4) Describe the definition of learning and how learning is distinguished from other forms of behavior change.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 2: Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not true of the dual-process theory?
A)Different processes are assumed to underlie increases and decreases in responsiveness to stimulation.
B)The habituation and sensitization processes are mutually exclusive.
C)The habituation effect is not a direct reflection of the habituation process.
D)The sensitization effect is not a direct reflection of the sensitization process.
Answer: B
Q2) Habituation processes occur in the system.Sensitization processes occur in the system.
A)state; sensory
B)S-R; S-S
C)S-R; state
D)state; S-S
Answer: C
Q3) Describe the opponent-process theory of motivation.Using an example from common human experience, demonstrate how the mechanisms of the theory account for an overt response.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Object learning involves making an association between which of the following?
A)any two naturally occurring stimuli
B)the same feature of two objects
C)different features of the same object
D)an arbitrary stimulus and a biologically relevant stimulus
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is not a bidirectional response system?
A)taste preferences
B)heart rates
C)rabbit eyeblinks
D)temperatures
Answer: C
Q3) Pavlov supplemented the funds for his laboratory by which of the following?
A)training dogs for the upper class
B)selling stomach juice
C)teaching pitch recognition
D)inserting fistulas into obese individuals
Answer: B
Q4) How is learning in classical conditioning procedures measured?
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your friend plans to autoshape her goldfish to swim up to a hoop (the CS).You recommend using a US that
A)is very familiar to the fish.
B)that is slightly aversive to the fish.
C)that is relatively novel to the fish.
D)that is very aversive to the fish.
Q2) According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, extinction is which of the following?
A)learning a new association
B)imposing an inhibitory stimulus on an excitatory stimulus
C)undoing a conditioned association
D)a process of habituation
Q3) Chicks presented with a lighted disk signaling warmth pecked at the disk, pushed the disk, and shook their heads in a snuggling manner.Their response to the heat was to nap.The conditioned response to the disk is best predicted by which of the following?
A)the stimulus substitution model
B)the compensatory response model
C)the behavioral systems model
D)the belongingness model
Q4) Provide two examples of belongingness in classical conditioning.
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Chapter 5: Instrumental Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental conditioning.What are the advantages of each class of procedure? What factors would influence your choice of procedure type if you were to explore instrumental behaviors?
Q2) Dave the Druid makes a sacrificial offering of wine to the sun every 365 days.Each time he does so, the sun rises over the same stone.Dave believes pouring wine over the stone causes the sun to rise there because he has made a mistake in the component of the response reinforcer relationship.
A)temporal contiguity
B)belongingness
C)contingency
D)timing
Q3) Which of the following is thought in part to have helplessness as a mechanism of its development?
A)panic attacks
B)depression
C)schizophrenia
D)dissociative disorders
Q4) Describe alternative explanations of the learned helplessness effect.
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Chapter 6: Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a VI schedule was yoked to a VR schedule so that pigeons on the VI schedule had the same opportunity to earn reinforcement as birds on the VR schedule,
A)subjects in both groups showed similar rates of responding.
B)subjects in the VI group pecked more vigorously than those in the VR group.
C)subjects in the VR group pecked more vigorously than those in the VI group.
D)subjects in the VR group showed initially high levels of responding but their response rate quickly dropped to the rate of the VI subjects.
Q2) Your friend is taking a class with exams scheduled every three weeks.You expect that he will study
A)at a high steady rate throughout the semester.
B)at a rapid and steady rate once he gets started, followed by periods of no studying.
C)very little following an exam but with increasing rates at the end of the three weeks.
D)at a low steady rate throughout the semester.
Q3) Compare ratio and interval schedules.What patterns of behavior are generated by fixed and variable schedules?
Q4) Describe various theoretical explanations of the matching law.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Instrumental Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) A rat is first trained to press a lever for food reinforcement.Then, a tone is sounded and a brief footshock is delivered.Lastly, the rat is again allowed to press the lever for food, and the experimenter records how the rat's lever pressing behavior changes when the tone is sounded.This researcher is employing
A)a Pavlovian instrumental transfer procedure.
B)an omission control procedure.
C)a blocking procedure.
D)negative reinforcement procedure.
Q2) According to the two-process theory, the emotional state generated by an instrumental conditioning procedure is determined by
A)the CS modality.
B)the type of reinforcer presented.
C)the type of instrumental response.
D)the rg mechanism.
Q3) In economic concepts of response allocation, "prices" are equivalent to A)instrumental schedules.
B)instrumental behaviors.
C)instrumental rewards.
D)instrumental spending.
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Chapter 8: Stimulus Control of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Sidman, an equivalence class exists if members of the class have
A)symmetry
B)reflexivity
C)transitivity
D)all of the above
Q2) Stimulus control of instrumental behavior is demonstrated by which of the following?
A)similar responding in the presence of similar stimuli
B)similar responding in the presence of different stimuli
C)differential responding in the presence of different stimuli
D)differential responding in the presence of similar stimuli
Q3) Assume you have a new position as a therapist.What are four things you can do to ensure that the treatment outcomes for your clients will generalize to settings outside your office?
Q4) A flat stimulus generalization gradient indicates that subjects are
A)not responding to conditioning.
B)responding similarly to several stimuli.
C)responding mostly but not exclusively to the test stimulus.
D)responding only to the test stimulus.
Q5) What are some of the differences between conditioned excitation and modulation?
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Chapter 9: Extinction of Conditioned Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) To restore the level of performance seen during extinction, A)test several days after the extinction trials.
B)present cues from the extinction trials.
C)present cues from the conditioning trials.
D)test in a different context.
Q2) What are three paradoxical effects of extinction? How does the concept of frustration explain each effect?
Q3) Which of the following associations is most likely impacted by extinction training?
A)S-O
B)R-O
C)S-S
D)S-R
Q4) Describe two ways you could reinstate conditioned responding following extinction without retraining the subject.
Q5) Extinction of a classically conditioned response occurs A)with the passage of time.
B)when the subject becomes sensitized to the CR.
C)when the CS is presented without the US.
D)when the subject habituates to the UR.
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Chapter 10: Averse Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain how the two-process theory of avoidance accounts for the behavior that develops in avoidance training.
Q2) More response suppression will be achieved if the shock that is administered in a punishment situation is
A)response noncontingent, harsh, and of long duration.
B)response contingent, mild, and of short duration.
C)response noncontingent, mild, and of short duration.
D)response contingent, harsh, and of long duration.
Q3) Which theory assumes that the selection among possible defensive avoidance responses is greatly influenced by different levels of perceived danger?
A)SSDR theory
B)the safety-signal hypothesis
C)the predatory imminence hypothesis
D)the shock-frequency reduction theory
Q4) How can the concept of a safety signal be used to explain free-operant avoidance learning?
Q5) How is avoidance responding related to conditioned fear and the expectation of aversive stimulation?
Q6) Compare discriminated avoidance to free-operant avoidance procedures.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Comparative Cognition I
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Sample Questions
Q1) The duration of spatial memory in rats appears
A)to be for about as long as the rat remains in a maze.
B)to be about 5 to 10 minutes.
C)to be about 3 to 4 hours.
D)to last for over a day.
Q2) Bob asks you to come over to play video games.He tells you he lives right under the large green billboard visible from campus.To get to his house you must use A)beacon following.
B)landmarks.
C)geometric cues.
D)spatial coding.
Q3) Stimulus coding is primarily a task that occurs during A)retention.
B)retrieval.
C)extinction.
D)acquisition.
Q4) Compare the learning of a general rule to the learning of specific rules.Under what circumstances will general rules be learned? What causes specific rules to be learned?
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Chapter 12: Comparative Cognition Ii
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe similarities and differences in language learning among chimpanzees and human children.
Q2) What does learning a perceptual concept involve?
Q3) Perceptual concepts involve
A)generalization within a category.
B)discrimination within a category.
C)generalization between categories.
D)All of the above
Q4) In theories of timing that use oscillators, the oscillator is most like a A)pacemaker
B)an hourglass
C)a pendulum
D)a comparator
Q5) Do you believe that tool use is a defining feature of advanced intelligence? Why or why not? Why might the New Caledonian crow have a predisposition for tool use?
Q6) Describe the internal clock.Compare the Scalar Expectancy Theory and behavioral theory of how timing might take place.
Q7) Describe two techniques for measuring an animal's ability for timing behavior.
14
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