Basic Principles of Chemistry
Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
This course introduces the foundational concepts of chemistry, including atomic and molecular structure, the periodic table, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, and states of matter. Students will explore key principles such as chemical reactions, thermodynamics, equilibrium, and acids and bases. Emphasis is placed on developing problem-solving skills and understanding the relevance of chemistry in everyday life and various scientific fields. Laboratory sessions complement theoretical knowledge with hands-on experiments to reinforce safe and accurate chemical practices.
Recommended Textbook CHEM2 Chemistry in Your World 2nd Edition by Hogg
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Living in a World of Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which technology described in this chapter required the most time from idea to use?
A) photography
B) nylon
C) roll-on deodorant
D) X-rays in medicine
Answer: D
Q2) What is the term applied to scientific research that has no immediate, practical goal?
A)basic research
B)applied research
C)natural science
D)social science
E)technology
Answer: A
Q3) The perception of the severity of a risk escalates with time.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Chemical View of Matter
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Sample Questions
Q1) The simplest form of matter is a(n)
A) element.
B) mixture.
C) compound.
D) solution.
Answer: A
Q2) Sublimation is a characteristic physical property of
A) chlorine (Cl<sub>2</sub>, liquid).
B) oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>, gas).
C) bromine (Br<sub>2</sub>, liquid).
D) iodine (I<sub>2</sub>, solid).
Answer: D
Q3) What information is not provided by the formula, C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>, for butane?
A) butane being an organic compound
B) the molecular formula
C) the relative number of atoms of each kind
D) the shape of the molecule
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Atoms and the Periodic Table
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sunburn and some forms of skin cancer are caused by what kind of light?
A) infrared, IR
B) gamma, \(\gamma\)
C) microwave
D) ultraviolet, UV
Answer: D
Q2) Which group of elements consists of all alkaline earth elements?
A) Mg, Cl, Na, As
B) Ca, Mg, Ba, Ra
C) Ba, Al, Na, As
D) Na, K, Li, Rb
Answer: B
Q3) The number of valence electrons represented is __________.
Answer: five
5
Q4) The atom with the smallest radius in Group 16 is___________.
Answer: O oxygen Oxygen
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Chapter 4: The Air We Breathe
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Sample Questions
Q1) The troposphere is labeled with the number______.
Q2) Abatement or eradication of air pollution necessarily requires
A) an extra expenditure of energy.
B) taller stacks.
C) less industrial production.
D) movement of industrial plants to less populated parts of the country.
Q3) Which pollutant can be removed by centrifuged separations?
A) particulates
B) sulfur dioxide
C) carbon dioxide
D) ozone
Q4) Which atmospheric region contains the protective ozone layer?
A) troposphere
B) mesophere
C) stratosphere
D) thermosphere
Q5) Industrial smog contains ________________but normally photochemical smog does not.
Q6) The stratosphere is labeled with the number______.
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Q7) A temperature of -60 °C would most likely be found near the number______.
Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding and States of Matter
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the electron pair geometry for silicon dioxide?
A) linear
B) bent
C) trigonal pyramidal
D) tetrahedral
Q2) Negative ions are approximately the same size as the atoms from which they form.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which is not true about the ionic compound sodium chloride (NaCl)?
A) It is electrically neutral.
B) It was formed when electrons were shared.
C) It has properties different from the atoms from which it is formed.
D) It is a white crystalline solid.
Q4) Which one of the following shows the possible ions for iron?
A) Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>4+</sup>
B) Fe<sup>+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup>
C) Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup>
D) Fe<sup>3+</sup> and Fe<sup>+</sup>
Q5) Which type of bond would be found in hydrochloric acid, HCl?
Q6) The total number of single bonds in hexane is__________.
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Chapter 6: Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect
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Sample Questions
Q1) What substance naturally found in the atmosphere seems to be increasing in concentration over the years?
A) oxygen
B) nitrogen
C) carbon dioxide
D) carbon monoxide
Q2) How much energy is in a gamma ray with a frequency of 2.5 \(\times\) 10<sup>20</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> (E = h\(v\) where h = 1.58 \(\times\) 10<sup>-34</sup> cal · s)
A) 4.0 \(\times\) 10<sup>20</sup> cal
B) 4.0 \(\times\) 10<sup>54</sup> cal
C) 4.0 \(\times\) 10<sup>-20</sup> cal
D) 4.0 \(\times\) 10<sup>-14</sup> cal
Q3) Which type of radiation is the most energetic?
A) microwaves
B) visible
C) ultraviolet
D) infrared
Q4) The concentration of O<sub>3</sub> given in the table is equivalent to ________ppb.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Layer
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of radiation is absorbed by molecular oxygen in the stratosphere?
A) UV-A
B) UV-B
C) UV-C
D) visible
Q2) Why must the ozone layer in the stratosphere be protected?
A) ozone poisons incoming, unwanted aliens
B) ozone absorbs some incoming ultraviolet light
C) ozone burns up incoming meteorites
D) ozone prevents oxygen from escaping the earth
Q3) Which type of radiation is the most energetic?
A) UV-A
B) UV-B
C) UV-C
D) visible
Q4) Which molecule is used as a replacement for CFC?
A) HFC-134a
B) HCFC-123
C) HFC-152a
D) all of the above
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Chemical Reactivity: Chemicals in Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is necessary for a chemical reaction to occur?
A) Reactant molecules must collide.
B) Collisions must be of a certain energy.
C) neither a nor b
D) both a and b
Q2) What is the coefficient of oxygen when the following molecular equation is correctly balanced? _____NH<sub>3</sub>(g) + _____O<sub>2</sub>(g) \(\to\)_____NO(g) + _____H<sub>2</sub>O(g)
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
Q3) For the equation, 2 NaN<sub>3</sub>(s) \(\to\) 2 Na(s) + 3 N<sub>2</sub>(g), which statement is false?
A) The equation is balanced.
B) The products are sodium and nitrogen.
C) The sum of all coefficients is 7.
D) The products are all in the same state of matter.
Q4) The products of the reaction are presented by the letter________.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Acid-Base Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A solution with pH 7.0 is neutral because the concentration of the hydroxide ions and hydronium ions are equal
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which one of the following is the acid in vinegar?
A) acetic acid
B) citric acid
C) muriatic acid
D) ascorbic acid
Q3) Which of the following is the weak acid?
A) HCl
B) H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
C) HNO<sub>3</sub>
D) HC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>
Q4) When H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> dissolves in water, what are the solute particles in the solution?
A) H, S, O
B) H<sup>+</sup>, S<sup>+</sup> and O<sup>2-</sup>
C) H<sup>+</sup>, HSO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>
D) H<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup> and SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following equations represents the reduction of carbon?
A) C + 2 H<sub>2</sub> \(\to\) CH<sub>4</sub>
B) C + O<sub>2</sub> \(\to\) CO<sub>2</sub>
C) 2 C + O<sub>2</sub> \(\to\) 2 CO
D) C<sup>2+</sup> \(\to\) C<sup>4+</sup> + 2e<sup>-</sup>
Q2) In the equation SnO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2 C(s) \(\to\) Sn(s) + 2 CO(g), what substance is the reducing agent?
A) SnO<sub>2</sub>
B) C
C) Sn
D) CO
Q3) Identify the reduced species in the following equation CH<sub>4</sub>(g) + 2O<sub>2</sub>(g) \(\to\) CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(g)
A) C
B) O<sub>2</sub>
C) H
D) H<sub>2</sub>O
Q4) The Fe<sup>2+</sup> should be placed at letter ____.
Q5) Oxidation occurs in compartment _____.
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Chapter 11: Water, Water Everywhere but Not a Drop to Drink
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the following properties of water, which is not unusually large which compare to other molecules of similar size and mass?
A) heat capacity
B) melting point
C) boiling point
D) surface tension
E) All of these are larger than for similar size and mass molecules.
Q2) What substances are used to disinfect water?
A) hydrogen peroxide and ammonia
B) ozone and chlorine
C) organic peroxides
D) inorganic acids
Q3) Of the following properties of water which is associated with the moderating influence that large bodies of water have on climate?
A) density
B) surface tension
C) heat capacity
D) boiling point
Q4) The source of water for "G" is region labeled by the letter_____.
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Chapter 12: Energy and Hydrocarbons
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Sample Questions
Q1) Petroleum is separated into fractions in the refining process. Which of the following fractions has molecules with the largest size?
A) gas
B) kerosene
C) paraffin wax
D) straight-run gasoline
Q2) Which fossil fuel has a molecular structure containing cyclic hydrocarbons?
A) coal
B) liquid propane
C) natural gas
D) none of these
Q3) The combustible products of most coal gasification techniques are
A) nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide.
B) nitrogen and hydrogen.
C) hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
D) carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Q4) The number of carbon to hydrogen single bonds that are broken is_______.
Q5) In the balanced equation for the combustion of one mole of ethanol, the coefficient of water is _____.
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Chapter 13: Nuclear Changes and Nuclear Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) To make an alpha particle fuse with the nucleus of another atom, you need to A) aim carefully.
B) give the alpha particle a negative charge.
C) give the alpha particle a large amount of energy.
D) slow the particles down by cooling.
Q2) Which of the following characterizes a gamma ray?
A) is more penetrating than a alpha ray
B) is attracted to the positively charged plate in an electric field
C) is composed of electrons
D) is not deflected by an electric field
E) Two of the above are correct.
Q3) At 80 hours, _____half-lives will have occurred.
Q4) Which of the following is not a current application of radioactivity?
A) food irradiation
B) radiocarbon dating
C) medical imaging
D) electrical energy from fusion reactions
Q5) Elements with an atomic number greater than 83 are unstable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Organic Chemicals and Polymers
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rubbing alcohol is
A) methanol, CH<sub>3</sub>OH.
B) 2-propanol, CH<sub>3</sub>CHOHCH<sub>3</sub>.
C) ethanol, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH.
D) l-propanol, CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH.
Q2) The oxidation of primary alcohols can produce
A) carboxylic acids.
B) amines.
C) ketones.
D) esters.
Q3) Which is not a use of polyester polymer?
A) textile fibers
B) substitute tubing for human blood vessels
C) Mylar film
D) bulletproof windows in space helmets
Q4) Which type of polyethylene has the greatest amount of branched chains?
A) LDPE
B) HDPE
C) CLPE
D) none have any branches
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which object/objects can be chiral?
A) proteins
B) an alanine molecule
C) pair of shoes
D) all of the above
Q2) Fats tend to be saturated compounds while oil are unsaturated.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which is not true about enantiomers?
A) they have "handedness"
B) nonsuperimposable mirror images
C) symmetrical, with superimposable mirror images
D) rotate plane polarized light in opposite directions
Q4) Amino acid monomers are joined to make a polypeptide chain by
A) an acid-base reaction.
B) formation of a peptide bond.
C) splitting out a water molecule.
D) all of the above choices
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Chapter 16: Nutrition: the Basis of Healthy Living
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following vitamins is produced when ultraviolet light shines on the skin?
A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D
Q2) Which factor would not cause an increase in BMR?
A) caffeine
B) low food intake
C) lack of sleep
D) inactive tissue due to obesity
Q3) Digestion converts carbohydrates into
A) amino acids.
B) fatty acids.
C) CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.
D) monosaccharides.
Q4) A calcium deficient diet is often associated with a condition known as osteoporosis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Chemistry and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) Penicillin G would be classified as ___________________.
Q2) Crack is a form of A) cocaine.
B) codeine.
C) morphine.
D) heroin.
Q3) Which of the following is the neurotransmitter is involved in sleep regulation?
A) epinephrine
B) dopamine
C) GABA
D) serotonin
Q4) Anabolic steroids would be classified as ___________________.
Q5) Aspirin is effective as an A) anti-inflammatory drug.
B) antipyretic drug,.
C) analgesic.
D) all of the above
Q6) Erythema is a term describing skin reddening due to exposure to sunlight. A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: The Chemistry of Useful Materials
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Q1) The area in which pig iron would be found is indicated by the number ______.
Q2) An n-type semiconductor is labeled with the letter______.
Q3) Which term or phrase does not apply to steel?
A) used in structural support of buildings
B) made in basic oxygen process
C) can be magnetic
D) has a high carbon content
Q4) Which of the following is not an ingredient in Portland cement?
A) anhydrous calcium oxide
B) silicon dioxide
C) hydrated calcium sulfate
D) aluminum oxide
Q5) How many valence electrons would be found in an atom used as dopant in a p-type semiconductor?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
Q6) Silica from the sand used in the furnace is removed in the area indicated by the number ______.
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Feeding the World
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Sample Questions
Q1) A bag of fertilizer is labeled 16-4-8. How many pounds of P are in a 100 lb bag?
A) 16 lb
B) 4.0 lb
C) 1.8 lb
D) 7.0 lb
E) 2.2 lb
Q2) Leaching is most effective in removing which of the following from soil?
A) Group 13 salts
B) transition metals
C) Group 1 and Group 2 salts
D) aluminum and iron
Q3) A straight fertilizer
A) contains only potassium.
B) contains all three; nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
C) contains only phosphorus.
D) contains only one nutrient.
Q4) The Flavr Savr tomato is an early example of ______crop.
Q5) _____________can produce new breeds of plants ten times faster than natural breeding methods.
Page 21
Q6) Crop rotation would be an example of ___________________.
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