Basic Human Biology
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Basic Human Biology introduces students to the fundamental concepts of human anatomy and physiology. The course covers the structure and function of the major organ systems, including the skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. Students explore cellular and molecular processes, homeostasis, and how the body maintains health. Through lectures and laboratory activities, this course provides a foundation for further studies in health sciences and an understanding of how the human body works in daily life.
Recommended Textbook
The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System 4th Edition by Edith Applegate
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20 Chapters
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1500 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) The stomach is just below the diaphragm on the left side.Most of the stomach is located in the _____ region.
A) left hypochondriac
B) left lumbar
C) left inguinal
D) umbilical
E) hypogastric
Answer: A
Q2) What is the term for the type of mechanism in which actions stimulate each other until there is a culminating event that terminates the process?
Answer: positive feedback
Q3) What is the term that means closer to origin or attachment?
Answer: proximal
Q4) The brachium and popliteal areas are part of the axial portion of the body.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) What is the term for the region behind the knee?
Answer: popliteal
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Chapter 2: Chemistry, Matter, and Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the covalent molecule of water,the shared electrons are more closely associated with the oxygen than with the hydrogen.This makes water a polar molecule with the hydrogen end positively charged and the oxygen end negatively charged.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A root that means sugar or sweet is A) carbo-
B) sacchar-
C) hydro-
D) lacto-
E) lipo-
Answer: B
Q3) Na is the chemical symbol for A) sodium
B) potassium C) calcium
D) iron
E) nitrogen
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Exact DNA replication is possible because of the
A) accuracy of the messenger RNA copies of DNA
B) exact complementary pairing of nitrogenous bases in the two DNA strands
C) presence of control processes in the nucleolus
D) activation of codons by the ribosomes
E) accuracy of transcription and translation
Answer: B
Q2) The suffix that means "condition of" is
A) elle
B) ic
C) um
D) phob
E) osis
Answer: E
Q3) Lipids in the cell membrane act as receptor sites for hormone action.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) What is the term for the granular organelle that functions in protein synthesis?
Answer: ribosome
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Chapter 4: Tissues and Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Epithelium that often contains goblet cells includes
A) simple squamous and simple cuboidal
B) simple squamous and simple columnar
C) simple cuboidal and simple columnar
D) simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar
E) stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar
Q2) A goblet cell is an example of a(n)_____ gland.
A) unicellular exocrine
B) unicellular endocrine
C) multicellular exocrine
D) multicellular endocrine
E) acellular
Q3) Sebaceous glands (oil glands)are examples of _____ glands.
A) merocrine
B) apocrine
C) holocrine
D) endocrine
E) simple tubular
Q4) What is the term for the type of tissue in the fetal skeleton and at the ends of long bones?
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Chapter 5: Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The inward extension of epidermis that encloses the hair root is the hair
A) shaft
B) follicle
C) papillae
D) arrector pili
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true about ceruminous glands?
A) They are modified sweat glands.
B) They secrete cerumen.
C) They are stimulated by emotional stress.
D) They are located in the external auditory (ear) canal.
Q3) The layer of skin that produces nails is the
A) stratum corneum
B) stratum reticularis
C) papillary layer
D) dermis
E) stratum basale
Q4) What is the term for the uppermost layer of the epidermis?
Q5) The integumentary system synthesizes melanin,keratin,and vitamin E.
A)True
B)False
7
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Chapter 6: Skeletal System
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Q1) The superior portion of the sternum is the A) manubrium
B) sternal angle
C) body
D) xiphoid
E) clavicular notch
Q2) What is the term for the bone that articulates with the distal tibia?
Q3) Hyaline cartilage models develop into bone by a process called
A) intramembranous ossification
B) osteolysis
C) endochondral ossification
D) osteogenic ossification
E) epiphyseal ossification
Q4) What is the term for the type of vertebrae with articular facets for the ribs?
Q5) An opening in a bone through which a blood vessel or nerve passes is called a A) condyle
B) fossa
C) foramen
D) trochanter
E) crest
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Chapter 7: Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) When stronger muscle contraction is needed to lift a heavy weight
A) additional motor units are activated to provide greater contraction strength for the whole muscle
B) each muscle fiber has greater contraction strength
C) treppe provides stronger fiber contraction
D) the greater stimulus activates multiple wave summation
E) increased muscle tone provides greater contraction strength
Q2) What is the correct sequence for the following events at the neuromuscular junction?
1)Impulse travels along sarcolemma to the T-tubules.
2)Nerve impulse reaches axon terminal.
3)Neurotransmitter reacts with receptors on sarcolemma.
4)Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft.
A) 1, 2, 4, 3
B) 2, 4, 3, 1
C) 2, 1, 4, 3
D) 4, 3, 2, 1
E) 3, 2, 4, 1
Q3) What is the term for the broad flat sheet of tendon?
Q4) What are the two superficial muscles of mastication?
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Chapter 8: Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term for the efferent extension of a neuron?
Q2) The depolarization of a myelinated neuron occurs
A) along the entire length of the cell membrane
B) in the myelinated regions only
C) along the dendrites only
D) only at the nodes of Ranvier
E) along the entire length of the neurilemma
Q3) The precentral gyrus is an important motor area located within the A) occipital lobe
B) temporal lobe
C) frontal lobe
D) parietal lobe
E) insula
Q4) What is the term for the spinal nerve plexus that supplies innervation to the upper extremity?
Q5) There is more white matter than gray matter in the cerebral cortex. A)True
B)False
Q6) What is the predominant cation in the extracellular fluid outside a nonconducting neuron?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Sensory System
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Q1) What is the term for the region where some of the optic nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side?
Q2) The anterior transparent portion of the outer fibrous tunic is the
A) pupil
B) iris
C) sclera
D) cornea
Q3) An auditory impulse is initiated when the hairs on the hair cells are deformed by contact with the
A) basilar membrane
B) vestibular membrane
C) tectorial membrane
D) endolymph
E) perilymph
Q4) What are the two special senses that depend on chemoreceptors?
Q5) Taste receptors are
A) the taste hairs of the taste buds
B) distributed evenly over the surface of the tongue
C) mechanoreceptors
D) sensitive to sweet, salty, sour, and spicy tastes
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Chapter 10: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two hormones from the anterior pituitary gland that directly affect the ovaries and testes are
A) prolactin and luteinizing hormone
B) growth hormone and prolactin
C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
D) growth hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
E) prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone
Q2) Calcitonin acts to increase blood calcium levels by absorbing calcium from the digestive tract.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Hormones affect
A) all body cells
B) only the cells where they are produced
C) only the cells that have receptor sites for the hormone
D) only cells that are activated by ATP
Q4) What is the term for the secretory products of endocrine glands?
Q5) What are the terms for the two gonadotropins from the adenohypophysis?
Q6) What is the term for the hormone that is antagonistic to calcitonin?
Q7) What is the term for the source of atrial natriuretic hormone or atriopeptin?
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Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System: The Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these layers is most internal?
A) fibrous pericardium
B) serous fluid layer
C) visceral pericardium
D) parietal pericardium
Q2) The coronary sinus opens into the
A) right atrium
B) left atrium
C) right ventricle
D) left ventricle
E) superior vena cava
Q3) The first heart sound is heard just after the QRS on an electrocardiogram.The heart sound is caused by
A) blood filling the cups of the semilunar valves
B) turbulence in the blood from AV valves closing
C) turbulence in the blood from semilunar valves closing
D) chordae tendineae pulling AV valve cusps into correct position
Q4) What is the term for the chamber that receives venous blood from the superior vena cava?
Q5) What is the term for the location of the cardiac center that alters heart rate?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
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Q1) If all other factors remain constant,an increase in cardiac output _____ blood pressure.
A) increases
B) decreases
C) has no effect on
Q2) The arteries that branch to form the middle and anterior cerebral arteries are the _____ arteries.
A) internal carotid
B) common carotid
C) vertebral
D) basilar
E) anterior communicating
Q3) All of the fluid that leaves a capillary at the arterial end returns to the blood at the venous end.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the term for systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure?
Q5) What are the vessels formed by bifurcation of the aorta?
Q6) What is the term for the vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
Q7) What is the term for the location of the vasomotor center in the CNS?
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Chapter 13: Cardiovascular System: Blood
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Q1) Which formed element functions in blood clotting?
A) erythrocyte
B) neutrophil
C) thrombocyte
D) monocyte
E) leukocyte
Q2) Old,worn out,fragile,and damaged erythrocytes are removed from circulation by the
A) liver and pancreas
B) spleen and bone marrow
C) liver and spleen
D) pancreas and spleen
E) liver and bone marrow
Q3) What are the terms for the two agranulocytes in the blood?
Q4) What is the term for the insoluble threads that form the foundation of a blood clot?
Q5) What are the two ABO blood types that theoretically can be given to a type A individual?
Q6) What is the term for the stem cell or precursor cell that gives rise to all blood cell types?
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Chapter 14: Lymphatic System and Body Defense
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Sample Questions
Q1) B-lymphocytes are involved in
A) delayed immunity
B) cell-mediated immunity
C) antibody-mediated immunity
D) the inflammatory response
Q2) The spleen filters lymph in addition to serving as a reservoir for blood.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In order for lymphocytes to recognize an antigen,it is engulfed and presented on the surface of a
A) helper T-cell
B) B-lymphocyte
C) mast cell
D) plasma cell
E) macrophage
Q4) The thymus generally enlarges after puberty to provide additional protection for the adolescent.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the term for the structures that filter lymph?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Functions of the epithelium in the nasal cavity include all of the following EXCEPT
A) warm the air
B) filter the air
C) moisten the air
D) produce serous fluid
Q2) The two nerves that send stimulatory impulses to the respiratory muscles are the _____ nerves.
A) accessory and phrenic
B) phrenic and intercostal
C) diaphragmatic and intercostal
D) vagus and intercostal
E) vagus and phrenic
Q3) Compared to the left lung,the right lung is
A) longer and wider and has three lobes
B) shorter and wider and has three lobes
C) longer and wider and has two lobes
D) shorter and wider and has two lobes
E) shorter and narrower and has two lobes
Q4) What are the two regions of the CNS that contain respiratory neurons?
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Chapter 16: Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The teeth that have flat surfaces with little bumps for crushing and grinding food particles are
A) incisors
B) molars
C) canines
D) cuspids
Q2) Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth with A) hydrolysis
B) mastication
C) deglutition
D) peristalsis
E) absorption
Q3) The structure in the center of a liver lobule is a branch of the A) hepatic artery
B) hepatic vein
C) hepatic portal vein
D) hepatic duct
E) liver sinusoid
Q4) What is the term for the longitudinal folds in mucosa of stomach?
Q5) What is the term for the first,or proximal,part of the small intestine?
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Chapter 17: Metabolism and Nutrition
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Q1) A complete protein is one that
A) supplies all the energy needed for basal metabolism
B) contains all of the different amino acids
C) can be completely digested
D) contains all of the essential amino acids
Q2) All of the following are synthesized from amino acids EXCEPT
A) hemoglobin
B) hormones
C) cellulose
D) enzymes
E) albumin
Q3) What is the term for the amino acids that are needed by the body but cannot be synthesized in the human body?
Q4) All of the following are true about animal proteins such as meat,eggs,and dairy products EXCEPT they
A) are complete proteins
B) contain all of the essential amino acids
C) often contain high amounts of fat and cholesterol
D) are the only way to obtain all of the essential amino acids in the diet
Q5) What is the term for the storage form of glucose in the human body?
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Chapter 18: Urinary System and Body Fluids
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Q1) What is the term for the fluid compartment that contains ²/ of the total body fluid volume?
Q2) About 40 percent of the body weight is fluid.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The vessel that returns blood from the kidney directly into the IVC is the _____ vein.
A) interlobar
B) renal
C) splenic
D) hepatic
E) segmental
Q4) Which of the following represents a normal pH for urine?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 6
D) 9
E) 10
Q5) What is the term for the enzyme produced by the kidneys that promotes the production of angiotensin II?
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Chapter 19: Reproductive System
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Q1) All of the following are true about the female reproductive cycles EXCEPT
A) ovulation usually occurs on day 14 of a 28 day cycle
B) FSH stimulates maturation of an ovarian follicle
C) estrogen from the ovarian follicle stimulates proliferation of the uterine lining
D) progesterone stimulates the degeneration of a corpus luteum into a corpus albicans
E) low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause menstruation to begin on day 1 of the cycles
Q2) What is the term for the portion of the uterine wall that sloughs off during menstruation?
Q3) The outer layer of epithelium that covers the ovaries is the
A) tunica albuginea
B) cortical epithelium
C) layer of ovarian follicles
D) germinal (ovarian) epithelium
E) endothelium
Q4) What is the term for the phase of the ovarian cycle that corresponds to the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
Q5) What is the term for the type of erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra?
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Chapter 20: Development
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Q1) All of the following are derived from ectoderm EXCEPT
A) epidermis of the skin
B) epithelium of blood vessels
C) nervous tissue
D) lining of the oral cavity
E) sense organ receptor cells
Q2) The cells that give rise to the primary germ layers are the
A) inner cell mass
B) trophoblast
C) blastomeres
D) blastocele
E) allantois
Q3) The circulatory changes that occur shortly after birth send
A) increased blood to the lungs for oxygenation
B) increased blood to body organs except the lungs
C) decreased blood to the lungs for oxygenation
D) decreased blood to the body organs except the lungs
Q4) What is the term for traits carried on the X and Y chromosomes?
Q5) With prostaglandins,what is the hormone that stimulates uterine contractions?
Page 22
Q6) What is the term for the cells that enclose a blastocele?
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