Basic Botany
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Course Introduction
Basic Botany provides an introduction to the scientific study of plants, covering fundamental concepts such as plant structure, physiology, reproduction, classification, and ecology. The course explores the diversity of plant life, their essential roles in ecosystems, and their significance to humans. Students gain insight into plant anatomy, growth and development processes, photosynthesis, plant genetics, and the interactions between plants and their environments, laying a solid foundation for further studies in plant biology and environmental sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Sterns Introductory Plant Biology 13th Edition by James Bidlack
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Chapter 1: What Is Plant Biology
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Q1) The noted Swedish botanist Linnaeus published his book, Species Plantarum, in the early twentieth century.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The scientific method begins with A) reading scientific journals.
B) substantiated observations that aren't explained by existing principles or theories.
C) a tentative, unproven explanation of an observation.
D) restating a general theory in understandable terms.
E) testing hypotheses generated to explain observations.
Answer: B
Q3) Van Helmont's experiment with a willow branch demonstrated that the soil in which it grew gained weight over time.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Nature of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) When an acid and a base are mixed together, which of the following is produced?
A) a salt
B) a mixture
C) an isotope
D) a lipid
E) a carbohydrate
Answer: A
Q2) Response to a stimulus ___________________.
A) requires movement
B) may include a cellular or chemical change in the individual
C) may occur without any chemical or physical change by the individual
D) is not characteristic of rooted plants.
E) always changes the genetic information
Answer: B
Q3) Isotopes of an element have the same chemical characteristics but slightly different atomic mass due to differing number of neutrons.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cells
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Sample Questions
Q1) The outer boundary of living protoplasm in a plant cell is a A) vacuolar membrane.
B) primary cell wall.
C) secondary cell wall.
D) middle lamella.
E) plasma membrane.
Answer: E
Q2) In mitosis the two chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles during
A) prophase.
B) metaphase.
C) anaphase.
D) telophase.
E) interphase.
Answer: C
Q3) Vacuoles function in regulating the movement of RNA out of the nucleus.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Tissues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which cell type has a thick and lignified cell wall?
A) parenchyma
B) sieve tube member.
C) collenchyma
D) sclereid
E) trichome
Q2) Some epidermal cells may be modified as glands.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Conducting cells that are open at either end include
A) sieve cells.
B) vessel elements.
C) parenchyma cells.
D) fibers.
E) stone cells.
Q4) The cuticle is located on the inside of epidermal cell walls.
A)True
B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Roots and Soils
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Sample Questions
Q1) Outer cells of the root cap secrete mucilage.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cells of the apical meristem
A) have large vacuoles.
B) divide at a fairly steady rate.
C) have little to do with the root cap.
D) are generally cuboidal in shape.
E) have no nuclei.
Q3) The vascular tissue of a new lateral (branch)root connects with the vascular tissue of the older root for continuous conduction of water and minerals.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The perception of gravity by roots is aided by
A) amyloplasts.
B) chloroplasts.
C) chromoplasts.
D) leucoplasts.
E) gravoplasts.
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Chapter 6: Stems
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Sample Questions
Q1) When three or more leaves occur at a node, the leaf arrangement is said to be
A) opposite.
B) triplicate.
C) alternate.
D) whorled.
E) crowded.
Q2) Which of the following statements pertaining to monocots is true?
A) They have no vascular cambium.
B) Their vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.
C) Most of them are woody.
D) They have a definite cortex and pith.
E) Their stems generally have conspicuous cork.
Q3) You can determine whether an unknown plant structure that you dig up is a stem or root by ______________.
A) determining whether it is divided into nodes and internodes
B) checking for the presence of a root cap
C) checking for the presence of woody tissue and bark
D) determining if the structure has protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium
E) checking to see if it produces lateral roots with root hairs
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Leaves
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an energy-conscious world, people may plant more trees around their homes because ______________.
A) they may use the trees for fuel
B) leaves of trees provide shade and reduce energy use for cooling homes
C) the leaves serve as insulation during winter
D) leaves may be composted for soil fertility
E) trees protect the roof from wind damage
Q2) Which of the following drugs is NOT obtained from leaves?
A) cocaine
B) penicillin
C) belladonna
D) digitalis
E) lobeline sulphate
Q3) Leaf mesophyll consists primarily of chlorenchyma tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Stomata open when the water content of the guard cells increases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
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Sample Questions
Q1) The pistil is made of three regions: the ____________, the ____________, and the ____________.
A) stamen; filament; anther
B) calyx; sepals; petals
C) ovule; pedicel; peduncle
D) rachis; peduncle; petiole
E) stigma; style; ovary
Q2) The organization of the flower and pollination of the flower is based on seed/fruit dispersal mechanism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following groups of fruits is representative of drupes?
A) oranges, lemons, limes
B) strawberries, blackberries, raspberries
C) apples, pears, quinces
D) pineapples, mulberries, figs
E) plums, apricots, coconuts
Q4) Most wind-pollinated flowers lack corollas.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Water in Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most plants have their stomata closed during the day and open at night.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Active transport is the reverse of transpiration.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Most of the water that enters a plant via the roots leaves the same plant by the process of
A) guttation.
B) plasmolysis.
C) osmosis.
D) root pressure.
E) transpiration.
Q4) Imbibition is responsible for _______________________.
A) plants wilting on sunny days
B) breaking open the seed coat of germinating seeds
C) osmosis
D) turgor pressure in cells
E) expansion of the vacuole inside the living cell
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Chapter 10: Plant Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most abundant chlorophyll pigment usually present in plants is
A) chlorophyll a.
B) chlorophyll b.
C) chlorophyll c.
D) chlorophyll d.
E) chlorophyll e.
Q2) Which of the following are contained in each photosynthetic unit of photosystem I?
A) One P700 molecule.
B) Small amounts of chlorophyll b.
C) Carotenoid pigment.
D) 200 or more molecules of chlorophyll a.
E) All of these answers are correct.
Q3) ADP molecules can become ATP molecules if a phosphate "group" is added to them. A)True
B)False
Q4) RuBP is a 5-carbon sugar that is continually being formed during photosynthesis.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Growth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Grass leaves may roll up in dry weather when certain cells lose their turgor.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is an effect of light on auxin?
A) It develops into a more complex substance.
B) It disintegrates completely.
C) It migrates away from the light against a diffusion gradient.
D) It is increased in quantity.
E) It produces a stronger response.
Q3) Which plant hormone was isolated from a fungus causing "foolish-seedling disease"?
A) Cytokinin
B) Auxin
C) Ethylene
D) Gibberellin
E) ABA
Q4) Phototropic responses may vary according to light intensity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Meiosis and Alternation of Generation
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the life cycle of sexually reproducing plants, the diploid body is commonly referred to as the
A) gametophyte.
B) egg or sperm.
C) meiocyte.
D) syngamy.
E) sporophyte.
Q2) One difference between meiosis and mitosis is that in meiosis
A) the chromosomal number is increased.
B) two cells are produced.
C) homologous chromosomes pair.
D) there are three sequential nuclear divisions.
E) six identical cells result.
Q3) Sporophytes produce _____ by the process of meiosis.
A) gametes
B) spores
C) vegetative cells
D) egg cells only
E) sperm cells
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the nucleotide sequence of DNA is T C C G A A, then the corresponding on mRNA is
A)A G G C T T.
B)C T A A G G.
C)A G G C U U.
D)U U C G G A.
E)A C C G T T.
Q2) The genetic information encoded in DNA is difficult to alter, making mutations rare.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ______________ is the study of chromosome behavior and structure at the cellular level.
A) Cytogenetics
B) Molecular genetics
C) Expression genetics
D) Transmission genetics
E) Population genetics
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Plant Breeding and Propagation
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Q1) The type of grafting best suited for saving a tree that has been girdled is ________________________.(Appendix 4)
A) whip grafting
B) splice grafting
C) cleft grafting
D) bridge grafting
E) bud grafting
Q2) Restriction enzymes squeeze DNA strands into narrow strips.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Outcrossing involves repeated self-pollination.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Somatic hybrids can be formed from:
A) egg and sperm nuclei.
B) egg and polar nuclei.
C) 2 parenchyma cells from different plants.
D) 2 parenchyma cells from the same plant.
E) none of these answers are correct.
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Chapter 15: Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Charles Darwin used the term natural selection' to contrast the evolutionary process in natural populations with the process of ____________ followed by plant (and animal) breeders.
A) artificial selection
B) asexual propagation
C) grafting
D) hybridization
E) horticulture
Q2) Which of the following provides evidence in support of evolution?
A) Form and ecology of living organisms.
B) Structure and relationships of organic molecules.
C) The fossil record.
D) Geographical distribution of organisms.
E) All of these answers are correct.
Q3) Charles Darwin's voyage aboard H.M.S.Beagle took
A) one year.
B) two years.
C) three years.
D) four years.
E) five years.
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Chapter 16: Plant Names and Classification
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Q1) All organisms with prokaryotic cells are assigned to Kingdom Fungi.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Latin phrase names were in use before Linnaeus assigned the generic (genus)name as the first word of a binomial.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Linnaeus' classification system is now considered to be _________________, as it was not based on evolutionary relationships.
A) out of date
B) phylogenetic
C) artificial
D) a 3-kingdom system
E) a 4-kingdom system
Q4) Linnaeus developed the first taxonomic key, a tool that ________________.
A) described and named all plants known to him
B) was based on the phrase name for each species
C) allowed other workers to identify plants previously unknown to them
D) allowed people to name plants unknown to Linnaeus
E) is still in use today
18
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Chapter 17: Domain Kingdombacteria, Domain
King-Domarchaea, and Viruses
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Q1) An association of two dissimilar organisms that benefits both organisms is called
A) fraternization
B) conjugality
C) heterosexuality
D) parsitism
E) mutualism
Q2) Under ideal conditions of moisture, food supply and temperature a bacterium may undergo fission every
A) two hours.
B) two minutes.
C) 10 to 20 minutes.
D) two days.
E) 30 to 60 minutes.
Q3) Viruses cannot be used to control other pests.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Many bacteria are motile because they possess bacterial flagella.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Kingdom Protista
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Q1) To which phylum of algae do desmids and mermaid's wineglass belong?
A) green algae
B) golden-brown algae
C) dinoflagellates
D) brown algae
E) red algae
Q2) Red algae cause red tides.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A structure in which eggs are produced in algae is called an antheridium.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Fossil diatom cell walls form deposits of diatomaceous earth, which is mined for use in: _________________.
A) swimming pool filters
B) silver and metal polishes for fine jewelry
C) toothpaste
D) controlling slugs in gardens
E) all of these
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Chapter 19: Kingdom Fungi
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Q1) Bread molds absorb most of their food in solution.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Rusts, smuts, and mushrooms all belong to this group.
A) Deuteromycetes
B) Basidiomycetes
C) Ascomycetes
D) Zygomycetes
E) none of these answers are correct
Q3) Yeasts reproduce primarily by means of spores produced within basidia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Sufu and tempeh are made by inoculating soybeans with a A) cup (sac) fungus.
B) club fungus.
C) imperfect fungus.
D) coenocytic fungus.
E) bread mold.
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Chapter 20: Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes
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Q1) Mosses and liverworts produce embryos that are contained in the archegonium.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Growth in a thalloid liverwort is brought about by division of cells located
A) at the rear of the thallus.
B) underneath the thallus.
C) along the margins of the thallus.
D) at the apical notch.
E) along the polygonal segments.
Q3) Food-conducting cells present in some mosses are known as A) hydroids.
B) leptoids.
C) sieve cells.
D) sieve-tube elements.
E) tracheoids.
Q4) None of the mosses has any economic importance.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their
Relatives
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Q1) A spike moss microspore has the potential to develop into which of the following?
A) female gametophyte
B) male gametophyte
C) sporophyte
D) protonema
E) none of these answers are correct
Q2) Leaves that bear sporangia are called sporophylls.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Whisk ferns produce sporangia on the upper surface of leaf-like flaps of tissue called
A) gametophylls
B) microphylls
C) enations
D) sporophylls
E) megaphylls
Q4) Quillworts have no stems.
A)True
B)False
Page 23
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Chapter 22: Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pollen grains of pines are brought through the microphyle onto the nucellus as the fluid from the micropyle evaporates.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Naval stores is a general term given to
A) amber.
B) dammar.
C) fence posts made of conifer wood.
D) turpentine and rosin.
E) decay-resistant wood used for building sailing ships.
Q3) Which of the following structures or features is/are a part of pine needles (leaves)?
A) resin canals
B) a hypodermis
C) a thick cuticle
D) sunken stomata
E) all of these are correct
Q4) Gnetophytes have vessels in their xylem.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 23: Seed Plants: Angiosperms
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ovary of the flower matures into a(an)
A) carpel.
B) inferior ovary.
C) pollen sac.
D) fruit.
E) seed.
Q2) A compound pistil contains more than one carpel.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The name 'angiosperm' used for the flowering plants refers to ______________.
A) the production of seed inside the ovary
B) the process of fertilization to produce a zygote
C) the production of seed on an exposed leaf
D) the showy appearance of flowers
E) the production of flagellated sperm cells
Q4) Flowering plants consists of about 150,000 species.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 24: Flowering Plants and Civilization
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Q1) Aromatic oils are found in the leaves and stems of members of the Lamiaceae (mint family).
A)True
B)False
Q2) Many plant families contain both edible and poisonous species.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Poppy Family is the source of several drugs, including A) belladonna.
B) atropine.
C) candellila.
D) colchicine.
E) codeine.
Q4) The family whose members include many that have an inflorescence in which a single female flower is elevated on a gynophore is the
A) Mint Family.
B) Nightshade Family.
C) Spurge Family.
D) Carrot Family.
E) Pumpkin Family.
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Chapter 25: Ecology
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Q1) Carbon dioxide is important to plants because it acts as the carbon source in which process?
A) respiration
B) fermentation
C) glycolysis
D) photosynthesis
E) active transport
Q2) Carbon dioxide comprises approximately what percentage of the atmosphere?
A) 13.38%
B) 3.8%
C) 0.38%
D) 0.038%
E) 0.138%
Q3) A producer is an organism that carries on photosynthesis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The foremost decomposers in ecosystems are the roots of plants.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 26: Biomes
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Q1) The biome with the greatest diversity of flora and fauna is the
A) mountain forest.
B) tropical rain forest.
C) eastern deciduous forest.
D) taiga.
E) grassland.
Q2) Broadleaf deciduous trees are characteristic of the taiga.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following biomes has a significant number of plants that have adapted to their environment through the evolution of CAM photosynthesis?
A) tundra
B) desert
C) tropical rain forest
D) temperate deciduous forest
E) grassland
Q4) Douglas firs repeatedly replace themselves after fires.
A)True
B)False
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