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Australian Health Policy examines the frameworks, institutions, and processes that shape the delivery of healthcare across Australia. The course explores the evolution of Australias health system, including Medicare, public versus private healthcare provision, funding models, and the roles of federal and state governments. Students will analyze key policy challenges such as health equity, Indigenous health, rural and remote care, changing disease patterns, and the impact of global events on national health policy. Through critical evaluation of policy documents and current reforms, the course aims to develop a deep understanding of the social, economic, and political forces influencing health policy decisions and their effects on individual and population health outcomes.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding the Australian Health Care System 3rd Edition by Eileen Willis
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27 Chapters
282 Verified Questions
282 Flashcards
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Q1) The Australian health care system is a mixed system,as it provides:
A)free access to health care to all citizens,through Medicare
B)the opportunity for all Australians to receive a rebate if they have private health insurance
C)the capacity for allied health professionals to work in private clinics
D)both a welfare-state-funded public health system and a private system
Answer: D
Q2) Freidson argued that professions were characterised by:
A)a license to practise provided by an authority
B)a strong basis in science
C)a capacity to influence government policy
D)a strong service ethic,scientific training,and autonomy of practice
Answer: D
Q3) Eliot Freidson defined a profession as a group of workers who:
A)have the knowledge and skills to do a highly specialised task
B)who make the tools for a particular occupation
C)earn over $100,000 per year
D)are affiliated with a union
Answer: A

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Q1) Elective surgery is classified as:
A)surgery that is not medically necessary
B)surgery that is not medically required in the next 7 days
C)surgery that is not medically required in the next 30 days
D)surgery that is not medically required in the next 24 hours
Answer: D
Q2) What percentage of Medicare services were bulk-billed in 2013-2014?
A)68.6%
B)77.2%
C)52.74%
D)81.2%
Answer: B
Q3) Bulk-billing is the practice of:
A)medical practitioners sending out bulk medical bills.
B)a medical practitioner accepting the Medicare schedule fee as full payment for a service
C)Medicare providing bulk rebates for medical services
D)medical practitioners billing private health insurance companies
Answer: B
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Q1) Which of the following reflects the proportion of admitted-patient days for Australian hospitals?
A)Public hospitals account for almost twice as many admitted-patient days compared with private hospitals
B)Private hospitals account for almost twice as many admitted-patient days compared with public hospitals
C)Private hospitals and public hospitals account for approximately equal admitted-patient days
D)Public hospitals account for approximately ten times the admitted-patient days of private hospitals
Answer: A
Q2) The Liberal-Coalition Government introduced the Lifetime Community Rating Scheme in 1997.The 'community rating' of the Lifetime Community Rating Scheme means that:
A)premiums are not based on a person's age or medical history
B)premiums are based on a person's medical history and occupation
C)premiums are based on a person's age,medical history and occupation
D)premiums are based on a person's age and occupation
Answer: A
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Q1) While health policy is important to system reform,leadership is also key - what approach has been suggested as being important for leadership in health?
A)A collective approach rather than command and control
B)A command and control type of leadership
C)Leaders who are charismatic in their approach
D)The need to recruit born leaders into health care
Q2) What is the main aim of the recent US reforms of health care?
A)To provide free health care for all Americans
B)To increase coverage and improve access to care
C)To reduce the usage of public sector health care
D)To make health insurers more responsive to demand
Q3) What is the primary role of a health system?
A)To cure all patients
B)To educate health professionals
C)To improve population health
D)To help everyone live longer
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Q1) What percentage of the Commonwealth allocation from the health budget does public health receive?
A)Public health receives almost all of this health budget allocation (approximately 92%)
B)Public health receives about half of the health budget allocation (approximately 52%)
C)Public health receives about one-third of the health budget allocation (approximately 32%)
D)Public health receives a very small percentage of the health budget allocation (approximately 2%)
Q2) In Australia,the inequities between population groups that may be described by culture,socio-economic status or place is known by what term?
A)Public health
B)Health gap
C)Health inequities
D)Population health
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Q1) Which of the following statements best describes primary prevention?
A)Timely treatment to prevent the exacerbation or complication of disease or illness
B)The provision of housing,social support and safe environments
C)It includes screening and brief,opportunistic health education interventions
D)Rehabilitation to restore health to the optimum possible state for that person
Q2) Which of the following represents a comprehensive primary health care approach?
A)Engaged participation that starts with community strengths and their assessment of health issues,ongoing and aiming for community control
B)Forms of evidence are limited to assessment of disease-prevention strategy based on traditional epidemiological methods usually conducted out of context and extrapolated to the situation
C)Strategies with a curative focus,with some attention to prevention and promotion
D)Planning and strategy development is external with programs having little tailoring to local circumstances
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Q1) The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA)definition of health professionals is limited to:
A)only those professions that have accreditation
B)only those professions within the biomedical system
C)the professionals that are registered,rather than what system they work in
D)all professions,including volunteers
Q2) Which group is defined as allied health professionals?
A)Physiotherapists,dietitians,social workers,psychologists,occupational therapists
B)Gynaecological oncologists,paediatricians,psychiatrists,medical scientists
C)nurses,midwives,nursing assistants
D)General practitioners,practice nurses,nurse practitioners
Q3) The process of accreditation of health professions is handled by:
A)the AHPRA
B)universities and TAFE colleges in each state
C)the relevant professional association such as the ANMAC
D)the relevant professional association and the medical profession
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Q1) An important feature of the PBS is that:
A)it is free for all Australians irrespective of what welfare benefit they receive
B)all Australians contribute to the scheme through general taxation
C)the scheme remains uncapped as the government is not obliged to implement advice it receives from the PBAC
D)it remains in place because Australia has a world-class system for providing medicines to its citizens
Q2) In order to contain the cost of the PBS,the government can:
A)reduce drug prices,particularly those of generic medicines
B)reduce or alter the types of medicines prescribed by general practitioners
C)make consumers pay more for their medicines
D)all of the above
Q3) Generic medicines become available when:
A)the production cost becomes more affordable to the manufacturer
B)the original patent has expired,allowing other drug manufacturers to produce it at a cheaper cost
C)it can be manufactured in plain packaging,therefore saving money
D)Consumers are no longer wanting to buy brand-name medicines
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Q1) Older persons are considered to be what age:
A)85+
B)70+
C)65+
D)50+
Q2) The experience of ageing impacts on aspects of life such as housing,income,health,relationships and social participation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Informal care contributes significantly to the care provided for older Australians,particularly as people are living longer.In addition to this care,the government provides funded care in the form of:
A)home care packages
B)referral services
C)home maintenance
D)subsidised housing
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Q1) There are a number of dimensions that interact to facilitate access to health services.Among these dimensions,the term 'acceptability' means :
A)a service that meets the cultural and social needs of a client
B)knowing that a service is available
C)identifying that a service exists,can be used and can change health status
D)that a service is in a good geographical location
Q2) Which of the following examples of innovative Australian rural health service models is designed to meet communities' needs in diverse cultural and geographical settings?
A)e-health using telehealth systems and digital technology
B)mobile outreach services
C)integrated comprehensive primary health care services
D)all of the above
Q3) Overall,compared with their urban counterparts,the health status of rural Australians is:
A)better
B)about the same
C)worse
D)unable to be compared
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Q1) The key feature of Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs)that ensures legal accountability is:
A)having close government scrutiny
B)being incorporated
C)having a doctor in charge
D)community control
Q2) A major threat to the sustainability of Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs)is:
A)funding insecurity
B)lack of staff
C)not having enough clients
D)not being necessary today
Q3) The poor health of many Indigenous Australians today can largely be linked to:
A)a rejection of Western health care
B)the use of traditional medicines
C)the intergenerational impact of colonisation
D)not being interested in health
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Q1) Which of the following is included in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities?
A)Political rights
B)Social inclusion
C)Non-discrimination
D)All of the above
Q2) One in five people will experience mental health problems in any year.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the hidden costs of the changes in mental health policy?
A)Commonwealth and private health insurance funds spent on mental health
B)Funding from combined state and territory governments diverted to mental health
C)Indirect health costs and loss of earnings for families and carers
D)The funding provided to non-governmental organisations providing support services
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Q1) Health and human service professionals need to work collaboratively and in conjunction with disability services and developmental educators to ensure that people living with disability can make informed decisions about their well-being.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The health and quality of life outcomes for people living with disability can be improved by individualising funding and giving more choice and control to the individuals than service providers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Interprofessional practice is a good idea in theory,but it is unlikely that having a range of health and human service providers collaborating rather than working within existing professional boundaries will alter outcomes for those needing services.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Which of the following workplace environment factors has been implicated in workers' recovery and return to work?
A)Being employed in a 'blue collar' occupation
B)Short job tenure (less than 2 years)
C)the level of supervisor support
D)all of the above
Q2) Health care services have one role in workers' compensation,which is to provide diagnostic,treatment and rehabilitation services to injured workers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Clinical Framework for the Provision of Health Services outlines a set of five guiding principles for the delivery of health services in workers' compensation and motor vehicle accident compensation systems.Which of the following is not one of these five guiding principles?
A)Base treatment on the best available research evidence
B)Measure and demonstrate the effectiveness of treatment
C)Adopt a socioeconomic approach
D)Empower the injured person to manage their injury
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Q1) Which country provides access to CAM through their national health scheme?
A)United States of America
B)United Kingdom
C)Australia
D)New Zealand
Q2) Which of the following CAM modalities requires a minimum undergraduate degree to practise?
A)Ayurvedic medicine
B)Nutritional medicine
C)Reiki
D)Remedial massage
Q3) The 2013 report by The National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM)stated that spending on CAM by Australians annually is in excess of:
A)$2 million
B)$3.5 million
C)$5.0 million
D)$1.0 million
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Q1) Oral diseases,including dental decay and periodontal disease,are among the most prevalent diseases in Australia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The existing system of dental care in Australia,while providing excellent care for some,is not meeting the needs of all and is not reducing oral disease levels.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The dental and oral health workforces comprise registered roles with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency and non-registered roles.Which of the following roles does not require registration?
A)Oral health therapist
B)Dental hygienist
C)Dental technician
D)Dental therapist
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Q1) What group was established to guide the orderly development of nursing specialties in Australia?
A)The Coalition of National Nursing and Midwifery Organisations
B)The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation
C)The Australian Nursing Council
D)The Australian Primary Health Care Nurses Association
Q2) The scope of practice of nurse practitioners is set by:
A)the Australian Nursing Federation competency standards for the advanced registered nurse
B)The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia national competency standards for the registered nurse
C)The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia nurse practitioner standards for practice
D)The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency nurse practitioner's scope of practice
Q3) A nurse is only permitted to undertake procedures,actions and processes at his/her distinct level of professional regulation.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Health care reform in midwifery in Australia has been led by:
A)the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation
B)the Australian College of Health Professionals
C)the Australian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
D)the Australian College of Midwives
Q2) Midwives have a responsibility to provide evidence of 20 hours of continuing professional development.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The introduction of the Bachelor of Midwifery (three-year program)commenced in Australia in:
A)2000
B)2001
C)2002
D)2003
Q4) The National Maternity Services Plan was developed by:
A)local governments
B)the Commonwealth government
C)state governments
D)Australian health ministers

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Q1) In modern times,pre-hospital care and transport has developed through:
A)evidence-based practice and research
B)conflict and wars,based on the system of prioritising who received medical treatment (triage)and methods of transportation (helicopters)
C)vocational training or an apprenticeship-style system
D)Volunteer actions and experiences
Q2) If not transporting a person to hospital,an ambulance crew might choose which of the following options:
A)leave the patient at home for them to follow up with their GP
B)refer them to another specialist service such as acute mental health practitioners
C)refer them to HealthDirect (telephone advisory service)
D)all of the above
Q3) Demand for ambulance services has increased due to:
A)people wearing medic-alert bracelets
B)frail or older people wearing personal alarm systems or devices
C)complex reasons such as an ageing population,changes in social support,increased access to services and public awareness
D)increased marketing for ambulance insurance/cover
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Q1) Since the 1960s,what has been recognised as the largest cause of death for Australians?
A)Breast cancer
B)Cardiovascular disease
C)Diabetes
D)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Q2) Private practice is an area of growth within the dietetics profession.How much of the total Dietitians Association of Australia (DAA)membership does this sector represent?
A)Approximately 30%
B)Approximately 45%
C)Approximately 69%
D)Approximately 75%
Q3) Which of the following dietetic roles usually involves working in primary health care sites such as community health centres and in publicly funded services such as domiciliary care?
A)Specialist dietetics
B)Community-based dietetics
C)Clinical dietetics
D)Private practice dietetics
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Q1) Fred,a 78-year-old man,is due to have a right total knee replacement.Before his operation he is seen by a range of health professionals who later collaborate to determine the best care for Fred to ensure he meets all his goals.This is an example of what sort of inter-professional care model?
A)Multidisciplinary
B)Transdisciplinary
C)Individual disciplinary
D)None of the above
Q2) A physiotherapist working in a private practice who can see clients without a referral from a doctor is referred to as:
A)a secondary contact practitioner
B)a primary contact practitioner
C)an advanced-scope practitioner
D)an extended-scope practitioner
Q3) According to a recent report,the majority of physiotherapists work:
A)in a hospital
B)in private practice
C)in musculoskeletal physiotherapy
D)in country areas

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Q1) Occupational imbalance may occur when excessive time is spent in one or more areas of life at the expense of others.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The number of occupational therapists (OTs)working in private practice in work injury management has significantly increased over the past 20 years.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Occupational therapists (OTs)apply the therapeutic process according to aspects of the:
A)patient,engineering and occupation
B)patient,environment and occupation
C)person,engineering and occupation
D)person,environment and occupation
Q4) Active engagement in meaningful occupation generally promotes,facilitates and maintains health and well-being.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) In 2006,accredited exercise physiologists were approved to provide clinical exercise services for people with chronic medical conditions under which scheme?
A)Medicare Australia
B)Department of Veteran Affairs Support
C)Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service
D)Private Health Insurance Rebate Scheme
Q2) Optimal patient outcomes are likely to be best achieved through:
A)one allied health domain only
B)patients deciding on the best treatment
C)a multidisciplinary approach
D)general practitioner providing a complete service
Q3) Which of the following can provide clinical exercise services compensable through Medicare?
A)Exercise scientists
B)Accredited exercise physiologists
C)Personal trainers
D)Sports scientists
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Q1) The quality and safety of audiology and speech pathology services arising from the increased funding are assured as a consequence of increased demand resulting from implementation of the National Disability Insurance Scheme.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Limited access to primary health care has its greatest effects on which group in the community?
A)Urban communities
B)Remote Indigenous communities
C)People with hearing loss
D)Children
Q3) There are clear and consistent national guidelines available about which services will be provided for people with disabilities by mainstream services in health and education and which will be funded and provided through the National Disability Insurance Scheme.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Ethical practice is the ability to correctly see a situation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements about management challenges in health care and other organisations is true?
A)Other organisations tend to be more complex than health care organisations,and this is reflected in the management challenges
B)Politics and health care are tightly linked - this adds to the challenges of management in health care organisations
C)Decision-making by management in health care is usually directed by one person
D)All of the above
Q3) All organisations need managers to control,organise,plan and lead.'Leading' may be defined as:
A)Enabling staff to work collaboratively towards achieving the organisation's goals as effectively as possible
B)Coordinating or facilitating the work
C)Solving any problems that arise
D)Adapting the organisation to changes in the environment
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Q1) Medicines which must be sold within a pharmacy and supplied with the active participation of a pharmacist belong to which Schedule?
A)Schedule 2
B)Schedule 3
C)Schedule 4
D)Schedule 8
Q2) Consider that a pharmacist notices that Rachel is not regularly collecting her prescribed medicines.Rachel explains that she wants to take them,but often forgets because there are so many to take and they need to be taken at different times.Which of the following strategies is most likely to help this patient to adhere to her medicines?
A)Explaining to her the benefits of taking each of the medicines
B)Reassuring her that her medicines are quite safe
C)Pointing out that lots of your patients take similar medicines
D)Providing her with a dose administration aid (DAA)
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Q1) In Australia,a medical practitioner is defined as a person who has completed a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not a role of the Medical Board of Australia?
A)To develop standards,codes and guidelines for the medical profession
B)To investigate notifications and complaints
C)To assess international medical graduates who wish to practise in Australia
D)Accreditation of medical schools
Q3) Which of the following was put in place by the Australian government to replace Medicare Locals?
A)Local Hospital Networks
B)Primary Health Organisations
C)Divisions of General Practice
D)Primary Health Networks
Q4) What is the ratio of physicians to population in Australia?
A)1 per 1 000
B)3 per 1 000
C)6 per 1 000
D)10 per 1 000
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