Attitudes and Persuasion Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the psychological foundations of attitudes, how they are formed, measured, and changed, and the processes underlying persuasion. Students will examine classic and contemporary theories of attitude formation, the role of cognition and emotion, and how attitudes influence behavior. The course addresses key factors in effective persuasion, such as message framing, source credibility, audience characteristics, and resistance to persuasion. Through analysis of research findings and real-world applications, students will gain insights into influencing opinions, beliefs, and behavior in various contexts, including advertising, politics, and health communication.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 4th Edition by Tom Gilovich
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1080 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Invitation to Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists because social psychologists tend to
A) rely primarily on correlational research.
B) argue that genetics do not exert causal effects on social behavior.
C) examine the influence of situations on behaviors.
D) stress individual differences in behavior.
Answer: C
Q2) What are schemas? Describe one advantage of using schemas as well as one disadvantage.
Answer: A schema is an organized body of stored knowledge. Several answers are acceptable regarding the advantages and disadvantages of using schemas. For example, schemas allow us to process information efficiently and to use past information to guide our expectations rather than having to start from scratch each day. However, we may judge others in inaccurate or biased ways when we rely on our schemas.
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Chapter 2: The Methods of Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) As they walked down the street, participants (unaware they were part of a study) were approached by a confederate posing as a panhandler (i.e., a person begging for money). The confederate asked the participant for either seventy-five cents or for whatever change he or she had handy. The researchers compared how much money participants gave across these two conditions. This is best characterized as which type of research design?
A) a field experiment
B) a natural experiment
C) a correlational study
D) a longitudinal study
Answer: A
Q2) In an experiment, the control condition
A) does not include an independent variable.
B) is run before the experimental condition.
C) is compared with the experimental condition.
D) does not include a dependent variable.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is useful in developing our self-concept, but it can lead us to lose some self-esteem, at least temporarily.
A) Upward comparison
B) Downward comparison
C) Self-affirmation
D) Self-aggrandizement
Answer: A
Q2) Recall that Berglas and Jones (1978) led male participants to believe that they were going to either succeed or have difficulty on an upcoming test. Next, participants were given the chance to ingest either a performance-enhancing drug or a performance-inhibiting drug. Who preferred the performance-inhibiting drug?
A) All participants did, regardless of their beliefs about success or difficulty.
B) No participants did, regardless of their beliefs about success or difficulty.
C) participants who thought they would succeed on the test
D) participants who thought they would have difficulty on the test
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Social Cognition: Thinking About People and Situations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain illusory correlation and show how the availability and representativeness heuristics are relevant to this phenomenon.
Q2) People use the ________ heuristic when they try to categorize something by judging how similar the object is to their conception of the typical member of the relevant category.
A) representativeness
B) anchoring
C) availability
D) correspondence
Q3) Having prior knowledge about a situation can influence how we construe ambiguous situations. This is a result of a heavy reliance on
A) bottom-up processing.
B) top-down processing.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) the recency effect.
Q4) Define pluralistic ignorance and explain how it can undermine learning in the classroom or the development of friendship across ethnic groups.
Q5) Describe top-down processing and bottom-up processing.
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Chapter 5: Social Attribution: Explaining Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Trina notices her brother Mark eating a second piece of chocolate from a box of candy. Because he rarely eats candy of any kind, Trina concludes that Mark must really like the chocolate. In this instance, Trina is relying on ________ information to explain her brother's behavior.
A) distinctiveness
B) consistency
C) consensus
D) individuating
Q2) Pablo and Celia ask a job applicant to talk about her background for a few minutes. Before doing so, the applicant says she has bad allergies, so she might sniffle and speak with a shaky voice. The applicant then talks about herself, and she does, in fact, sniffle and speak with a shaky voice. While the applicant talks, Pablo is attentive. But Celia is tired and her mind wanders a bit. Attribution research suggests that, compared with Pablo, Celia is more likely to
A) think that the applicant is anxious or upset.
B) be impressed by the applicant.
C) notice that the applicant is sick.
D) believe that the applicant is serious about the job.
Q3) Compare and contrast the discounting and augmentation principles.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Former President Bill Clinton is known for his public presence. While making speeches he points his fingers and shakes a closed fist to emphasize important points. President Clinton is utilizing which form of nonverbal communication?
A) self-adapters
B) emblems
C) regulators
D) illustrators
Q2) Ana just watched a scary movie by herself and is feeling afraid. As she is getting into bed after the movie, Ana hears a sound on her roof and jumps up. She thinks someone must be trying to break in. Ana's experience demonstrates how emotions can exert a powerful influence on
A) moral judgments.
B) relationships.
C) reasoning.
D) perception.
Q3) Describe how the appraisal processes give rise to the experience of emotion.
Q4) Describe how emotions can coordinate action via the modality of touch.
Q5) Describe the four components of emotional intelligence and give an example of each.
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Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate one's core values-as compared to getting no money to violate one's values-should
A) not produce much dissonance.
B) produce a lot of dissonance.
C) lead to attitude change.
D) prompt confusion over one's true attitude.
Q2) Claude Steele's research suggests that people given the opportunity to engage in ________ are ________ likely to experience cognitive dissonance.
A) self-affirmation; more
B) self-affirmation; less
C) self-perception; more
D) self-perception; less
Q3) A(n) ________ is an evaluation of an object in a positive or negative fashion.
A) attitude
B) behavior
C) rationalization
D) emotion
Q4) Describe system justification theory. What common observations seem to support this perspective?
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Chapter 8: Persuasion
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do independent and interdependent cultures differ in the types of message characteristics that are likely to be most persuasive?
Q2) According to Shanto Iyengar's concept of agenda control, the
A) media directly influence people's moment-by-moment behavior.
B) media shape what people think about, care about, and believe to be true.
C) government controls people's purchasing patterns.
D) government manipulates people's social beliefs.
Q3) Imagine you spend an afternoon watching television and notice that all of the commercials have one common theme: an attractive athlete or actor endorsing a product. Why do advertisers hire attractive people to endorse their products?
A) Attractive people have more experience persuading people in their daily lives.
B) Attractive people are less susceptible to others' attempts to persuade them.
C) Attractive people are seen as less credible than unattractive people.
D) Attractive people can increase the persuasiveness of a message through the peripheral route because we are more likely to like and trust them.
Q4) Define metacognition and describe how it influences persuasion.
Q5) Give three examples of how the media can shape our conception of social reality.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Social Influence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hank attends a focus group where he and five other men are asked to rate three lawn mowers. Hank knows a lot about lawn mowers and is certain that lawn mower A is superior and deserves the highest rating. However, the rest of the men say that lawn mower B is the best. If Hank ends up publicly agreeing with the rest of the group, he has probably succumbed to
A) the autokinetic effect.
B) informational social influence.
C) normative social influence.
D) the chameleon effect.
Q2) About ________ percent of the participants in Milgram's original experiment delivered the maximum shock of 450 volts.
A) 22
B) 42
C) 62
D) 82
Q3) Evaluate the claim that participants in the Milgram experiments who delivered the maximum level of shock must have been uncaring or sadistic by nature.
Q4) Describe the phenomenon of automatic mimicry and give two reasons why it occurs.
Q5) Define conformity, compliance, and obedience and provide an example of each.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Relationships and Attraction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term ________ distance refers to the idea that a building's layout can encourage contact between some people but discourage contact between other people.
A) functional
B) objective
C) social
D) serviceable
Q2) Shira comes home from work and tells her husband that she just got promoted. Her husband responds with enthusiasm and asks her questions about her new position. Shira's husband's behavior is an example of
A) attribution.
B) anxious attachment.
C) capitalization.
D) idealization.
Q3) Happier couples tend to attribute their partners' positive behaviors to
A) unstable causes that are specific, unintended, and selfish.
B) stable causes that are general, unintended, and selfless.
C) unstable causes that are general, unintended, and selfless.
D) stable causes that are general, intended, and selfless.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Sample Questions
Q1) Give an example of an experiment that uses the minimal group paradigm and explain how the use of this paradigm contributes to our understanding of how an "us versus them" mentality is formed.
Q2) Janet believes that all Asians are polite and good at math. Janet is engaging in A) discrimination.
B) stereotyping.
C) prejudice.
D) hostile racism.
Q3) Sarah took the implicit association test (IAT) and found that she responded faster when "strong" words were paired with male names, compared with when "strong" words were paired with female names. What does this finding suggest?
A) Sarah holds an implicit belief that women are stronger than men.
B) Sarah holds an implicit belief that men are stronger than women.
C) Sarah holds an implicit belief that male names are more attractive than female names.
D) Sarah does not have any stereotypes about gender and strength.
Q4) Give an example of how superordinate goals could be used to improve intergroup relations on a college campus.
Q5) Give an example of the outgroup homogeneity effect and explain why it occurs.
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Chapter 12: Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which of the following scenarios is social loafing most likely to occur?
A) during a competitive bike race such as the Tour de France
B) while moving large furniture with a group of friends
C) during a group project where each group member's work will be graded individually
D) when trick-or-treaters are asked to provide their names
Q2) Raymond is in a position where he is able to control his own outcomes and those of others. Which of the following terms best describes what Raymond possesses?
A) status
B) power
C) authority
D) dominance
Q3) Research suggests that ________ are common characteristics of people who are likely to go on to gain power, whereas ________ are common characteristics of people who already have power.
A) generosity and social skills; self-interest and a lack of empathy
B) self-interest and a lack of empathy; generosity and social skills
C) caution and inhibition; self-interest and a lack of empathy
D) self-interest and a lack of empathy; caution and inhibition
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Chapter 13: Aggression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Distinguish between hostile and instrumental aggression and provide one example for each.
Q2) It is ninety-five degrees outside and Sheila is sweating profusely and out of breath. When she arrives home from work and sees that her husband has not taken out the trash, she becomes frustrated and angry-more so than she usually would in this situation. Sheila is likely to behave more aggressively toward her husband if she ________ the influence of the heat on her feelings of arousal and ________ the influence of her husband's behavior on her feelings of arousal.
A) overestimates; underestimates
B) underestimates; overestimates
C) overestimates; overestimates
D) underestimates; underestimates
Q3) Research suggests that parents are more likely to talk about emotions with girls than with boys, which may cultivate greater empathy in women. This supports the ________ theory that men are ________ into being more physically aggressive.
A) cultural; forced
B) evolutionary; socialized
C) cultural; socialized
D) emotion-based; nurtured
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Altruism and Cooperation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the procedure and results of the Good Samaritan study, and explain how it is an example of a situational determinant of altruism.
Q2) Stephen notices that Jenny is sitting by herself in the cafeteria, crying. Watching her cry makes Stephen feel upset, so he goes over to try to comfort her. Stephen's behavior is likely motivated by the ________ motive for helping others.
A) affiliative
B) personal distress
C) empathic concern
D) reciprocity
Q3) Drawing on research described in the textbook, evaluate the idea that gossip is a negative behavior that people should avoid.
Q4) Imagine your car breaks down on a street late at night. According to research on culture and altruism, you are more likely to receive help
A) on the U.S. West Coast than on the U.S. East Coast.
B) in a town with 60,000 residents than a town with 120,000 residents.
C) in an urban setting than in a rural setting.
D) in a town with 1,000 residents than a town with 5,000 residents.
Q5) Give an example of how construal processes can influence cooperation.
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Chapter 15: Application Module-Social Psychology and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eliot is from a lower socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhood than Carl. Which of the following is a likely reason why Eliot is at greater risk for increased stress and poorer physical health outcomes than Carl?
A) Eliot is more likely to be exposed to violent crime.
B) Eliot is less likely to have access to recreational spaces and parks.
C) Eliot is less likely to have easy access to health care centers.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q2) Diana and Julie are asked to give presentations at work with only ten minutes to prepare. Diana has a good friend in the audience, whereas Julie does not. Who is likely to become the most stressed during the presentation?
A) Julie
B) Diana
C) They are likely to feel equally stressed.
D) Neither is likely to feel stressed.
Q3) Explain how differences in the social and physical environments of upper- and lower-SES neighborhoods can contribute to health disparities.
Q4) Describe research that supports the role of perceived control in promoting good physical health.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Application Module- Social Psychology and Personal Finance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Decision paralysis is best illustrated by
A) Martha's inability to decide on a college because she has a low sense of control.
B) Jose's difficulty in deciding whether to break up with his girlfriend because he does not want to hurt her feelings.
C) Carla's difficulty in selecting a road bike to purchase out of the seventy-five different bikes for sale.
D) Charles's inability to decide whether to practice yoga or meditation, because they both have great health benefits.
Q2) ________ is the tendency to treat money differently depending on how it is acquired and the psychological category to which it is attached.
A) Money categorization
B) Risk categorization
C) Sunk cost accounting
D) Mental accounting
Q3) Describe three things a young person should consider when planning his or her financial future.
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18
Chapter 17: Application Module- Social Psychology and Education
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Q1) Drawing on research described in the textbook, evaluate the claim that teacher expectations influence student performance. What study designs provide the most rigorous test of this hypothesis? For what groups of students is the influence of teacher expectations likely to be strongest?
Q2) Which of the following statements about the effects of teacher expectations on student performance is accurate?
A) Teacher expectation effects are strongest for older students and weakest for first and second graders.
B) Teacher expectation effects are strongest when manipulated later in the school year.
C) There is no evidence for teacher expectation effects.
D) Teacher expectation effects are large for lower-achieving, lower-SES, and African American students.
Q3) How do incremental and entity theories of intelligence differ? How can a person's theory of intelligence impact his or her behavior?
Q4) Explain the principle of entertainment-education. Give an example of how it could be utilized in current American television or other media to influence people's attitudes and behaviors regarding a certain value.
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Chapter 18: Application Module- Social Psychology and the Law
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Q1) Research has shown that merely hearing the questions typically asked in the death-qualification part of jury selection tends to bias potential jurors toward conviction, because
A) those jurors are already biased toward conviction before they begin the death-qualification process.
B) the death-qualification questions contain misleading information about the suspect, which changes jurors' opinions.
C) the death-qualification questions contain an implication of guilt, so the jurors are biased into thinking of the suspects as guilty.
D) the death-qualification questions weed out jurors who can be fair, leaving only biased jurors.
Q2) Are there problems with the procedures used by police interrogators to obtain confessions, and if so, how might these problems negatively impact defendants?
Q3) Describe the three components that contribute to one's sense of procedural justice and provide an example of each.
Q4) Explain how stereotypes can lead to biases in our criminal justice system.
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Page 20