Attitudes and Persuasion Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the psychological foundations of attitudes and the processes by which they are formed, maintained, and changed. Students will examine major theories and current research on attitude structure, measurement, and the dynamic relationship between attitudes and behavior. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of persuasion, including message content, source characteristics, audience factors, and social influence. The course also addresses real-world applications such as advertising, political campaigns, health communication, and strategies for designing effective persuasive messages. Through lectures, discussions, and applied projects, students will develop a deeper understanding of how attitudes shape human behavior and how persuasion can be used ethically to influence opinions and actions.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 1st Edition by Thomas E. Heinzen
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22 Chapters
2249 Verified Questions
2249 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Social Psychology
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100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following describes the scientific study of how people influences each other
A) sociology
B) social psychology
C) anthropology
D) counseling psychology
Answer: B
Q2) How do single-blind and double-blind experiments isolate causal variables
A) by equalizing the make up of each group
B) by attempting to prove the hypothesis is incorrect
C) by observing interactions between experimenters and researchers
D) by removing potential research bias
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following experimental techniques can reveal behaviors in their natural environments
A) case studies
B) surveys
C) archival research
D) observational studies
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) As the p value decreases, what increases
A) confounding variables
B) significance
C) order effects
D) relationship strength
Answer: B
Q2) When people say that participants are WEIRD, they are concerned with what issue
A) reliability
B) internal validity
C) generalizability
D) ethical issues
Answer: C
Q3) Correlation is the best way to demonstrate causality.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Scatterplots are used to calculate correlation coefficients.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) Self-compassion is another term for self-esteem.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following is emphasized in Western cultures, including the United States
A) self-differentiations
B) self-schemas
C) independent self-construal
D) interdependent self-construal
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is thought of as an early sign of self-awareness in humans
A) crying
B) cooing
C) laughing
D) imitating
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Harsh critics of plane crashes often that it was "obvious" the plane was going to crash. This is likely due to what
A) hindsight bias
B) confirmation bias
C) negativity bias
D) representativeness heuristic
Q2) A schema is a type of script.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The terms "worldview" and "paradigm" refer to what
A) stereotypes
B) outgroup homogeneity
C) script
D) schema
Q4) We are most likely to use this type of approach to a problem if we have time and sufficient motivation.
A) confirmation bias
B) representativeness heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) algorithm
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Chapter 5: Person Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kai assumes that employees are usually late because of things beyond their control, such as bad weather or heavy traffic. Kai is relying on what to make this assumption
A) external attribution
B) covariation model of attribution
C) internal attribution
D) principle of noncommon effects
Q2) Which of the following may be a negative effect of being physically attractive
A) confusion of why you are being treated in a particular way
B) feeling like an imposter
C) feeling that your friendships aren't genuine
D) increased worry over aging
Q3) Different interpretations of culturemes may be related to which of the following
A) difficulty understanding basic facial expressions across cultures
B) difficulty interpreting tone of voice across cultures
C) difficulty interpreting humor across cultures
D) difficulty translating the emotion of music across cultures
Q4) Show how facial leakage is related to detecting dishonesty.
Q5) Explain the difference between the fundamental attribution error and the actor-observer bias. Discuss why these discrepancies occur.
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Chapter 6: Attitudes and Persuasion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following argument characteristics is likely to be most important to a person who is high in need for cognition
A) speaker credibility
B) speaker attractiveness
C) speaker personality
D) speaker passion
Q2) Differentiate between classical and operant conditioning, and explain how both are related to attitudes.
Q3) The concept that we try to impress ourselves in order to preserve our sense of worth and integrity is known as ______.
A) social norms
B) perceived control
C) theory of planned behavior
D) self-affirmation theory
Q4) Rudy never noticed that he wrinkled his nose in disgust when he saw the homeless men. Explain what type of attitude his unconscious disgust might reflect.
Q5) Define attitude inoculation and provide an example that shows its relationship to attitude formation and strength.
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Chapter 7: Social Influence: Conformity, Social Roles, and Obedience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Serena made sure that her skirt length followed the school dress code. This is an example of conformity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The "learners" in the Milgram studies were always what
A) confederates
B) randomly assigned participants
C) previous "teachers" who volunteered
D) participants who volunteered to be shocked
Q3) Doug is a supervisor. He is known for fits of anger, usually right after an employee fails to do what he told that person to do. What behavior is Doug demanding from his employees
A) conformity
B) obedience
C) compliance
D) following social norms
Q4) A notarized contract is a good example of document containing explicit expectations.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Group Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why do fearful people tend to cluster together
A) The extra body heat relaxes them.
B) They are looking for comfort.
C) They feel safer because they can band together against threat.
D) Misery loves company.
Q2) Explain how a group can provide a sense of identity. Give at least two examples.
Q3) Which hypothesis argues that simply having other people in the room will help performance on easy tasks and hinder performance on difficult tasks
A) coordination loss
B) mere presence hypothesis
C) evaluation apprehension hypothesis
D) process loss
Q4) Experts say that if you are hurt in a large crowd, you should pick a specific person and tell that person to call an ambulance rather than just yelling for help. Selecting a single person is intended to reduce which of the following
A) social loafing
B) process loss
C) diffusion of responsibility
D) coordination loss
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Chapter 9: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which best describes a sincere belief in one's faith's teachings and attempt to apply those principles to everyday behaviors
A) fundamentalism
B) extrinsic religiosity
C) religion as quest
D) intrinsic religiosity
Q2) Mia believes that her brother's prejudice comes from a combination of his world outlook and his problems after losing his job. What is the best way to describe Mia's beliefs
A) interactionist perspective
B) outgroup prejudice
C) social dominance orientation
D) authoritarian personality
Q3) The cultural benefits of being White in a White-centric society is called ______.
A) White privilege
B) kernel of truth theory
C) social agents
D) ingroup heterogeneity
Q4) Name one study that shows the effect of cooperation on racism.
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Chapter 10: Helping Prosocial Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The commercial asking for donations to the relief fund showed images of starving and injured children. What type of helping is this most likely to inspire?
Q2) The CEO was willing to do anything to advance his career, even if that meant hurting others. The CEO is likely high in what
A) neuroticism
B) extroversion
C) openness to experience
D) Machiavellianism
Q3) If you are in an emergency situation, you should just yell for help as the quickest way to get a response.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Tyler is an off-duty EMT. He is more likely to stop and help with a car accident than his spouse Stephen, who is an English teacher. What makes Tyler more likely to stop A) His training makes him more likely to notice a wreck.
B) He is hypervigilant looking for emergencies.
C) EMTs are general more responsible than English teachers.
D) He is more likely to know how to help than Stephen.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Aggression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tanya hits a pillow when she is angry. This is likely to amplify her frustration and make her feel angrier.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Insulting someone's ethnicity is an example of indirect active aggression.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is an example of direct, active, physical violence
A) punching someone in the face
B) blocking someone from entering a door
C) driving a car for part of a marathon
D) allowing someone to pick up a hot pan
Q4) Planning the murder of a spouse in order to collect life insurance is an example of what
A) hostile aggression
B) reactive aggression
C) instrumental aggression
D) microassault
Q5) Show how catharsis is not effective in reducing aggression. Provide two examples.
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Chapter 12: Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is considered a universally attractive trait
A) eye shape
B) hair color
C) body weight
D) bilateral symmetry
Q2) Evolutionary perspectives note that some attraction preferences are universal due to which of the following
A) empirical data
B) benefits to the species
C) common preferences
D) human tendency to seek out the exotic
Q3) Similarity in mating matters because it validates our worldview.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following was found in research of people with dismissing relationship styles
A) low self-confidence
B) high levels of emotional expressiveness
C) less likely to share personal details
D) more likely to depend on others
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology and a Sustainable Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The data collection and analysis skills honed by social psychologists may help save a species.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following describes excessive noise
A) any sound that you hear
B) any sound you do not want to hear
C) any sound that creates chaos
D) any sound that comes from humans
Q3) Noise pollution affects different animals differently.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is an example of a threshold effect
A) a steady level of rainfall over several decades
B) climate becomes increasingly erratic
C) a decease in rates of extinction
D) and increase in biodiversity
Q5) Terrestrial animals are most affected by climate change
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Social Psychology of Law and the Courtroom
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Sample Questions
Q1) Melinda decides to major in criminology and forensic psychology because she is fascinated by crime dramas, such as NCIS and Law and Order. Melinda is likely experiencing which of the following
A) moral panic
B) CSI effect
C) presupposition
D) cocercion
Q2) A person recalls an event to the best of their knowledge; however, how they remember the event is affected by their own bias, stereotypes, and wishes. Which term does this describe
A) misinformation effect
B) construction hypothesis
C) presupposition
D) coercion
Q3) Psychology can only react to and process ongoing events.
A)True
B)False
Q4) People who do criminal profiling are often trained in psychology.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Social Psychology of Stress and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which common persuasion tactic states that people are more likely to comply with a large request after first agreeing to a smaller request
A) reciprocity
B) theory of planned behavior
C) consensus
D) foot-in-the-door
Q2) A person suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder may aboid therapy so as not to confront the traumatic experience.
A)True
B)False
Q3) People with a Type A personality tend to ______.
A) internalize stress
B) adapt well in stressful situations
C) remain physiologically calm
D) remain pasychologically calm
Q4) Describe the buffering hypothesis and its effect on individuals experiencing stress.
Q5) In what ways is the weathering hypothesis similar to general adaptation syndrome? How are the two different?
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Chapter 16: Social Psychology and Happiness: Positive
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the follow describes the study of how humans achieve and maintain happiness
A) social psychology
B) positive psychology
C) positive institutions
D) social norms
Q2) Building a scientific foundation for positive psychology will require which of the following
A) studies focused on eliminating all confounding factors
B) many clinicians considers their successes and failures
C) research showing weaknesses in individuals have been repaired
D) many life coaches establishing a peer-reviewed licensure process
Q3) How are positive emotions measured using the PERMA approach
A) language assessment of positive versus negative words
B) identifying signature strengths and challenges
C) analysis of habitual responses to good news
D) degree of commitment to a long-lasting cause
Q4) What areas of overlap exist between sports psychology and positive psychology?
Q5) Describe how the peer-review process influenced perceptions about positive psychology at the beginning of the field's growth.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Social Psychology and Behavioral
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behavioral economics combines psychology and economics.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following tests whether people value cooperation or competition
A) rational economic thinking
B) prospect theory
C) bounded rationality
D) game theory
Q3) How did the Treaty of Versailles after World War I influence the formation of behavioral economics?
Q4) Mateo is a social psychologist who studies behaviors and psychological factors that influence how people choose items they will buy or sell. Which of the following does Mateo study
A) standard economic model
B) behavioral economics
C) loss aversion
D) bounded rationality
Q5) Compare and contrast the standard economic model and behavioral economic.
Q6) What can the ultimatum game be used to research?
Q7) How does reputation affect the ultimatum game scenario?
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Chapter 18: Social Psychology and Relationship Violence
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ______ phase is one in which one partner becomes increasingly upset.
A) explosion
B) tension-building
C) contrition
D) affective forecasting
Q2) Aurelia knows that it is not healthy that her partner hits her every time they argue; however, she is financially dependent on her partner and feels she cannot end the relationship. What does this describe
A) minimization
B) cycle of violence
C) affective forecasting
D) cognitive dissonance
Q3) In the contrition phase, the perpetrator of violence apologizes and promises to change his or her behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the relationship between minimizing and cognitive dissonance?
Q5) Describe the steps of what Rosen &Smith (1997) described as the "disentanglement process" that victims of relationship violence go through.
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Chapter 19: Social Psychology of Work:
Industrialorganizational Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A trustworthy test must be both reliable and valid.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An I/O psychologist notes that a certain employee would likely work harder for extra vacation days. This is an example of which of the following
A) performance appraisal
B) compensation
C) satisfaction
D) morale
Q3) Which of the following provides specifics of what is expected in a particular job
A) performance appraisal
B) employee assistance program
C) job analysis
D) personnel needs assessment
Q4) The Hawthorne experiments caused a fundamental shift in I/O psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the modern use of industrial/organizational psychology.
Q6) What is the purpose of a job analysis?
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Chapter 20: Social Psychology of Volunteerism and Internships
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the similarities and differences between undergraduate- and graduate-level internships?
Q2) One study found that volunteers performing the same job as paid employees expressed higher levels of satisfaction due to which of the following
A) altruistic tendencies
B) egoistic tendencies
C) receipt of praise
D) social interactions
Q3) Volunteering to increase one's job prospects is especially helpful to who of the following
A) someone without a high school diploma
B) someone who lives in an urban area
C) someone with extensive work experience
D) someone switching career types
Q4) In which of the following industries is free labor at
A) move studios
B) medicine
C) teaching
D) music performance
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Social Psychology and Personal Finance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The pain of losing is psychologically more powerful than the pleasure of gaining.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe an example of the hedonic treadmill that you have experienced or that you have seen depicted in popular media (television, movie, book). In your description, note why this would be considered an example of the hedonic treadmill.
Q3) Price tags on clothing are an example of which of the following?
A) default decisions
B) payment decoupling
C) endowment effect
D) reference points
Q4) Which of the following maybe caused by the extreme need to avoid loss?
A) compulsive hoarding syndrome
B) auction fever
C) mere ownership effect
D) endowment effect
Q5) Opportunity costs is the cost of not seeking an opportunity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: Social Psychology and Forgiveness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the four elements of the tit-for-tat strategy and note its relationship to the two different types of orientations in romantic relationships.
Q2) Research has shown that exchange orientation is not better or worse than communal orientation with regard to successful relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q3) It is possible to be reconciled with someone without actually forgiving them.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Two divorce lawyers enter into negotiations in a couple's divorce because all parties agreed to exclusively work toward a settlement. What does this exemplify?
A) collaborative law
B) emotional forgiveness
C) decisional forgiveness
D) retributive law
Q5) One way people may forgive without forgetting is through artistry.
A)True
B)False
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