Assessment and Diagnosis in Clinical Psychology Final Exam
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of the principles and procedures used in the assessment and diagnosis of psychological disorders within clinical settings. Students will gain foundational knowledge of evidence-based assessment tools, structured interviews, psychometric testing, and observational techniques. Emphasis is placed on the integration of assessment data, clinical judgment, and the application of diagnostic criteria from the DSM-5 and ICD-10. The course also discusses ethical considerations, cultural factors, and the implications of diagnosis for treatment planning, ensuring students are prepared to make informed and sensitive assessments in diverse clinical populations.
Recommended Textbook
Clinical Psychology 8th Edition by Timothy J. Trull
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Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology: An Introduction
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Q1) Which component of the doctoral program in clinical psychology is specifically intended to develop a student's competence with regard to clinical work?
A) practicum experiences
B) internship
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Answer: C
Q2) The percentage of clinical psychologists who identify as racial or ethnic minorities is currently __________ and this number is likely to __________ in the future.
A) less than 10% increase
B) less than 10%; remain stable
C) about 25%; increase
D) about 25%; remain stable
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) What does it mean to say that a personality measure is "projective" in nature?
A) It requires the test taker to "project" his or her personality onto an ambiguous test stimulus.
B) It requires the test taker to complete a complex task or project.
C) It is presented to the test taker via a projector.
D) The results allow the test giver to make projections about the test taker's future success.
Answer: A
Q2) ALL BUT WHICH of the following is true of cognitive therapy?
A) It was developed by Aaron Beck.
B) It is used exclusively for the treatment of depression.
C) It focuses on the ways individuals think about themselves and the world around them.
D) It has proven to be one of the most effective psychological treatments ever developed.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Current Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) What is ABPP?
A) an organization that offers certification of professional competence in a particular area, such as clinical neuropsychology or forensic psychology
B) a training model that emphasizes empirically supported clinical techniques
C) a national organization of graduate students in clinical psychology
D) a national organization that promotes research and practice in behavioral psychotherapy
Answer: A
Q2) What constitutes a dual relationship,and why are such relationships ethically inappropriate?
Answer: A dual relationship occurs when a professional has a second, non-professional relationship with a client or patient. This could include a social, financial, or personal relationship outside of the professional setting. Such relationships are ethically inappropriate because they can create conflicts of interest, exploitation, and a breach of professional boundaries. Dual relationships can compromise the objectivity and effectiveness of the professional relationship, and can also harm the well-being of the client or patient. It is important for professionals to maintain clear boundaries and prioritize the well-being and best interests of their clients or patients at all times.
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Chapter 4: Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following would constitute a violation of the ethical standard of confidentiality?
A) At a conference, a psychologist presents the neuropsychological assessment scores for an Alzheimer's patient, telling the audience only that the data came from "a 64-year-old Caucasian male."
B) A professor shows a portion of a therapy session with one of his clients during a graduate seminar, after having obtained the client's consent to do so.
C) A study author indicates that participants were 203 undergraduate students enrolled in introductory psychology at the university during fall 2011.
D) None of the above scenarios involves a breach of confidentiality.
Q2) What are some threats to the validity of epidemiological research?
Q3) What are the strengths and weaknesses of the case study method?
Q4) Which type of study methodology does NOT yield results that are internally valid?
A) case study method
B) experimental method
C) single-case design
D) mixed design
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Chapter 5: Diagnosis and Classification of Psychological Problems
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Q1) In DSM-IV-TR,major depression is diagnosed on Axis
A) I.
B) II.
C) III.
D) V.
Q2) In DSM-IV-TR,Axis I is used to
A) indicate the presence of personality disorders or mental retardation.
B) indicate the presence of clinical disorders other than personality disorders and mental retardation.
C) list relevant medical conditions.
D) quantitatively estimate an individual's overall level of functioning.
Q3) Changes incorporated in DSM-IV and maintained in DSM-IV-TR were based on __________ to a greater extent than changes incorporated in any previous edition.
A) standard psychiatric practice
B) empirical data
C) cognitive-behavioral theory
D) consensus of expert opinion
Q4) Describe the history of homosexuality as a mental illness.What does this case suggest about psychiatric diagnoses?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Assessment Interview
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Q1) How should interviewers handle the issues of note-taking,audio recording,and video recording?
Q2) The introduction of operational criteria as part of the definitions of most mental disorders was essential to the development of structured interviews.Such criteria first appeared in
A) DSM-I.
B) DSM-II.
C) DSM-III.
D) DSM-IV.
Q3) The most common type of reliability assessed and reported for structured diagnostic interviews is A) interrater reliability.
B) test-retest reliability.
C) internal consistency reliability.
D) temporal reliability.
Q4) How is a clinical interview similar to and different from ordinary conversation? Psychological tests?
Q5) Briefly describe the ideal physical environment for a clinical interview.
Q6) What is the role of rapport in interviewing,and how can interviewers enhance rapport?
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Chapter 7: The Assessment of Intelligence
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Q1) With regard to psychological tests,reliability is most synonymous with A) cultural sensitivity.
B) consistency.
C) accuracy.
D) validity.
Q2) A person whose lowest WAIS-IV subtest scores are Picture Completion,Block Design,and Matrix Reasoning most clearly has a relative weakness in A) long-term memory. B) verbal comprehension.
C) perceptual reasoning.
D) mathematical ability.
Q3) Identify at least three distinct types of stylistic appraisal that an intelligence test administrator might make from observing an examinee during testing.
Q4) The most recent edition of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test was published in the A) 1970s.
B) 1980s.
C) 1990s.
D) 2000s.
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Chapter 8: Personality Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following is an accurate statement about research on the reliability and validity of the Rorschach?
A) Very few studies have evaluated the Rorschach empirically.
B) There has been a substantial amount of research on the Rorschach, and this research has been overwhelmingly favorable.
C) There has been a substantial amount of research on the Rorschach, and this research has been consistently negative.
D) Research evaluating the Rorschach has been mixed and, at times, of questionable quality.
Q2) The original MMPI was developed via the__________ approach to objective test construction.
A) empirical criterion keying
B) factor analytic
C) content validation
D) none of the above
Q3) What must be true in order for a test to be considered "biased"? Is it possible for a test to be biased if it produces similar scores in different groups of people? Explain.
Q4) Summarize the content validation approach to objective test construction.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Behavioral Assessment
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Q1) Behavioral clinical psychologists assess behavior by identifying the events that precede and consequences that follow a behavior.In formal terms,we say that they __________ the behavior.
A) functionally analyze
B) factor analyze
C) parse
D) deconstruct
Q2) Which of the following is true of inventories and checklists?
A) Behavioral clinicians do not use these kinds of self-report techniques for assessment.
B) Behavioral clinicians may have people complete checklists, but not inventories.
C) Behavioral clinicians make use of a wide range of inventories and checklists in their work.
D) Behavior clinicians use inventories and checklists, but only when observers are supplying the ratings.
Q3) Describe three distinct ways one might increase the reliability and validity of observational techniques.
Q4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation?
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Chapter 10: Clinical Judgment
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Q1) A clinician who is more comfortable making predictions mechanically,based upon correlations between variables,rather than intuitively,based upon clinical impressions,exhibits a __________ approach to clinical judgment.
A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) subjective
D) clinical
Q2) In a 1954 paper summarizing studies that had compared clinical and statistical prediction,Meehl observed that statistical predictions often were made on the same data from which the regression equations were developed.In other words,the efficiency of the formulas __________ because they __________,
A) was overestimated; were not cross-validated.
B) was overestimated; did not fit the data.
C) was underestimated; were not cross-validated.
D) was underestimated; did not fit the data.
Q3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the subjective,clinical approach to clinical judgment and interpretation? When is it especially valuable?
Q4) In what ways might clinical judgment and interpretation be improved?
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Psychological Interventions
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of manualized treatments?
A) They have been used by psychotherapy researchers to ensure that treatment protocols are standardized across patients.
B) They have been used outside of the research context in clinical practice.
C) They generally require less clinical skill than treatment as usual.
D) more than one of the above
Q2) The 1995 Consumer Reports study on the benefits of psychotherapy found that A) psychotherapy resulted in improvement for about one-third of respondents.
B) longer treatment was related to greater improvement.
C) respondents who received psychotherapy plus medication improved more than those who received psychotherapy alone.
D) none of the above
Q3) What is the term for the degree to which one integrates new cultural patterns into one's original cultural patterns?
A) cultural sensitivity
B) acculturation
C) accommodation
D) cultural identification
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Chapter 12: Psychotherapy: The Psychodynamic Perspective
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Q1) According to Freud,which personality structure utilizes the processes of learning,memory,judgment,and planning?
A) ego
B) superego
C) id
D) None of the personality structures utilize those processes.
Q2) Tamara,who has hateful,aggressive impulses toward an important person in her life,pushes these feelings out of consciousness.Freudians would label this action as A) regression.
B) repression.
C) projection.
D) reaction formation.
Q3) Outline at least four ways that contemporary forms of psychoanalytic psychotherapy differ from Freudian psychoanalysis.
Q4) The ego
A) acts as the executive of the personality.
B) operates according to the pleasure principle. C) employs the primary processes.
D) none of the above
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Chapter 13: Psychotherapy: Phenomenological
Humanistic-Existential Perspective
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Q1) Relative to other major approaches to psychotherapy,humanism and existentialism
A) emphasize the potential for positive growth rather than psychopathology.
B) emphasize inner awareness rather than the influence of unconscious processes.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q2) Describe the ideas at the foundation of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT),and identify at least one therapeutic task.What does research to date suggest about the efficacy of EFT?
Q3) According to Rogers,congruence
A) refers to the therapist's ability to accurately identify and reflect the feelings of the client.
B) is secondary to insight as a therapeutic factor.
C) involves therapists openly expressing the feelings they have during sessions.
D) involves the similarity between the personal beliefs of the therapist and the personal beliefs of the client.
Q4) In general,research evidence suggests that client-centered therapy is
A) more effective than no treatment.
B) more effective than most other forms of psychological treatment.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
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Chapter 14: Psychotherapy: Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
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Q1) A child who has been playing outside in the dirt comes inside,refuses to wash his hands,and gets the refrigerator dirty.His parents force him to clean not only the refrigerator,but the kitchen floor and countertops as well.Behavioral therapists would label this technique as A) overcorrection.
B) "Grandma's rule."
C) response cost.
D) negative reinforcement.
Q2) Which of the following is true regarding behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy?
A) They require a few more sessions, on average, than most psychodynamic treatments. B) Several meta-analytic studies have found that they are slightly more effective than other forms of therapy.
C) They seem to be consistent with the values and activities of scientist-practitioners and clinical scientists.
D) more than one of the above
Q3) Explain the ABC model of RET,including the fundamental goal of this approach to therapy.
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Chapter 15: Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Couples Therapy
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Q1) Multiple transference effects are most relevant to A) behavioral group therapy.
B) psychoanalytic group therapy.
C) Gestalt group therapy.
D) transactional analysis.
Q2) Describe briefly at least four of the curative factors of group psychotherapy proposed by Yalom (1975).
Q3) Reviews of the research literature assessing the effectiveness of group psychotherapy consistently conclude that group treatment is
A) equivalent to no treatment.
B) more effective than no treatment.
C) more effective than other forms of psychotherapy.
D) more than one of the above
Q4) Behavioral Marital Therapy (BMT)involves ALL BUT WHICH of the following components?
A) contingency contracting
B) support-understanding techniques
C) problem-solving techniques
D) mindfulness techniques
Q5) Compare and contrast conjoint,concurrent,and collaborative family therapy.
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Chapter 16: Community Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of the kind of consultation that might be provided by a community psychologist?
A) Dr. Roeber is working with management at the auto parts factory to reduce employee absenteeism.
B) Dr. Fiske is working with middle school teachers in the local school district to adopt more effective classroom management/discipline strategies.
C) Dr. Kowalski is working with the local sheriff's department to help them recognize and refer for treatment individuals with mood and psychotic disorders. D) all of the above
Q2) ALL BUT WHICH of the following factors played a role in reducing the population of mental hospitals after the mid-1950s?
A) a more liberal discharge philosophy
B) the advent of psychotropic drugs, including antipsychotic medications
C) a lack of trained therapists within the hospitals
D) the widespread acceptance/use of the DSM
Q3) Compare and contrast universal,selective,and indicated preventive interventions.
Q4) What is consultation,and what role does it play in community psychology?
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
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Q1) Most contemporary health psychologists view stress as
A) a quality of an external stimulus.
B) an individual's response to a stimulus.
C) the result of an interaction between an external stimulus and the individual's response.
D) the result of an interaction between two or more stimuli.
Q2) The most recent definitions of health psychology include psychology's contributions to the
A) enhancement of health.
B) improvement of the health care system.
C) shaping of public opinion with regard to health.
D) all of the above
Q3) ALL BUT WHICH of the following patient/illness factors appear to be associated with increased adherence to medical regimens?
A) low income
B) higher levels of self-efficacy
C) greater severity of illness
D) living with others
Q4) Define self-efficacy,and explain the importance of this concept for health psychology.
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Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) Harvey,who is undergoing a neuropsychological evaluation,fails very easy test items and performs below chance levels on alternative-choice test items.According to Rogers et al.(1993)and others,the examiner should suspect
A) localization of brain injury in the frontal lobes.
B) localization of brain injury in the temporal lobes.
C) inappropriate test selection by the examiner.
D) malingering.
Q2) Which of the following is true regarding brain structure and function?
A) The left hemisphere of the brain is thought to be more involved in language functions than the right hemisphere of the brain.
B) The right hemisphere of the brain is thought to be more involved in visual-spatial skills than the left hemisphere of the brain.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q3) The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test is best used to assess
A) premorbid functioning.
B) abstract reasoning.
C) overall intelligence.
D) memory.
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Chapter 19: Forensic Psychology
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Q1) What is true of eyewitness testimony?
A) It has been a powerful factor in the conviction of countless people over the years.
B) It is often unreliable and inaccurate.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q2) Describe at least three highlights in the historical development of forensic psychology.
Q3) In the 1990s,a subcommittee was appointed by the American Psychology-Law Society and Division 41 of the American Psychological Association to review scientific evidence regarding eyewitness testimony.According to the subcommittee's recommendations,a person who conducts the lineup or photo spread in a case
A) should know the identity of the suspect.
B) should tell the eyewitness that the suspect in the case appears in the lineup or photo spread.
C) should ensure that the suspect doesn't stand out from the others in either appearance or dress.
D) all of the above
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