Arts and Civilization Since 1600
Review Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the development of visual arts, architecture, and material culture from 1600 to the present within their broader historical, social, and cultural contexts. Through the examination of key movements, artists, and works across Europe, the Americas, and beyond, students will trace the evolution of artistic styles and the ways in which art has responded to and shaped political, technological, religious, and philosophical changes. The course emphasizes the interaction between art and civilization, encouraging students to analyze how artistic expression reflects and influences ideas about identity, power, gender, and society throughout modern history.
Recommended Textbook
Humanities The Culture Continuity and Change Volume II 1600 to the Present 2nd Edition by Henry
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Chapter 20: The Baroque in Italy: The Church and Its Appeal
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Q1) What did Louis XIV's rejection of Bernini's plan mark in European culture?
A)The beginning of the Counter-Reformation
B)The end of Italian art and architecture's dominance
C)The beginning of the Romantic period
D)The end of classically-inspired designs
Q2) What did Bernini aim to symbolize with his oval colonnade that encloses Vatican Square?
A)The world converging at the church
B)The classical tradition of the church
C)The motherly arms of the church
D)The expansive reach of the church
Q3) Why were only girls in Venice's orphanages given music instruction?
A)Girls would handle the delicate instruments more gently
B)It was assumed that boys would enter the labor force
C)Girls required musical skill to secure a good marriage
D)Venetian orphanages housed only girls
Q4) List and analyze at least two reasons for Artemesia Gentileschi's use of her self-portrait for Judith in her five paintings of the Jewish heroine's story.
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Chapter 21: The Secular Baroque in the North: The Art of Observation
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Q1) According to Francis Bacon,what were the greatest obstacles to human understanding?
A)Lack of education and superstition
B)Superstition and religion
C)Religion and prejudice
D)Prejudice and superstition
Q2) Which of the following is not a contradiction of seventeenth-century Amsterdam residents?
A)Advocated harmony among others,viciously warred with the Spanish
B)Avidly collected art for homes,banned art in churches
C)Intolerant of religious heresy among Protestants,tolerant of Catholics and Jews
D)Obsessed with acquisition of material goods,rigidly austere in religious life
Q3) What manner of inquiry did Francis Bacon advocate?
A)Dialectic method
B)Deductive reasoning
C)Cartesian method
D)Empirical method
Q4) Summarize the frenzied speculation in tulip bulbs known as "Tulipomania," including its effects on the Dutch economy and the people.
Page 4
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Chapter 22: The Baroque Court: Absolute Power and Royal Patronage
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Q1) Why did the English people find Oliver Cromwell difficult to tolerate as their leader?
A)For changing the state religion to Catholicism
B)For refusing to participate in peace talks with France
C)For imposing too many restrictions on them
D)For raising taxes to support his troops in the civil war
Q2) Why does Louis XIV wear red high-heeled shoes in Hyacinthe Rigaud's portrait?
A)To elevate his 5'4" height
B)To emphasize his sun symbolism
C)To conform to the time's fashion
D)To highlight his royal status
Q3) What distinction does Anne Bradstreet's The Tenth Muse hold?
A)The first book published in the colonies
B)The first book of Puritan poetry
C)The first book of poetry written by a colonist
D)The first published book written by a woman
Q4) Compare Peter Paul Rubens' idea of a beautiful human body,which came to be known as Rubenesque,to today's standards of the body beautiful.
Q5) Define absolutism,and show how Louis XIV's rule exemplifies it.
Q6) Identify and describe three of the six dances that can make up a suite.
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Chapter 23: The Rise of the Enlightenment in England: The
Claims of Reason
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Q1) How did Charles II thank John Dryden for his poem "Annus Mirabilis"?
A)Appointing him England's poet laureate
B)Naming one of the city's new squares after him
C)Awarding him a pension for life
D)Declaring it England's national poem
Q2) Compare Hobbes' and Locke's ideas about the role of government.
Q3) Why did John Milton write Paradise Lost?
A)To provide England with its epic
B)To justify the ways of God to men
C)To criticize the Stuart monarchy
D)To explain why people sin
Q4) According to Isaac Newton,why does the universe function harmoniously and orderly?
A)God implemented the perfect design
B)Atmospheric hydrogen keeps everything afloat
C)The sun and planets exert gravitational pulls
D)Objects in motion stay that way unless acted upon
Q5) Define satire,providing two examples mentioned in the chapter,and explain its appeal to writers and readers of eighteenth-century England.
Q6) Describe three ways the 1666 Great Fire of London changed London for the better. Page 6
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Chapter 24: The Rococo and the Enlightenment on the
Continent: Privilege and Reason
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Q1) Why did Louis XV twice ban printing of the Encyclopédie?
A)For giving the common people too much information
B)For causing irreparable damage to morality and religion
C)For leading readers to distrust their rulers
D)For supporting the John Locke's views on government
Q2) According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau,why did people lose the natural goodness with which they were born?
A)Man's inherent nature is to sin
B)Society and civilization corrupted them
C)Formal education crushed imagination
D)Organized religion taught false values
Q3) Why did Voltaire declare that "Sparta became Athens" when Frederick the Great assumed power in Prussia?
A)Frederick collected artifacts from Greece
B)Frederick decreased his father's military forces
C)Frederick turned from military to cultural pursuits
D)Frederick opened a university devoted to liberal arts
Q4) Identify and explain at least two reasons Louis XV and his court objected to printing and distribution of the Encyclopédie.
Page 8
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Chapter 25: The Rights of Man: Revolution and the
Neoclassical Style
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Q1) List and explain specific two ways Napoleon used art as propaganda.
Q2) Why was Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état of the French Directory in 1799 successful?
A)The French women were threatening an uprising
B)The Directory was not providing stability for France
C)The Directory was proposing a new monarchy
D)The had just entered another war with England
Q3) Why did Napoleon launch a massive rebuilding program in Paris?
A)To restore Paris to its Baroque grandeur
B)To impress his empire with his new palace
C)To make Paris the new Rome
D)To expand the churches to glorify God
Q4) On whose design did Thomas Jefferson model Monticello?
A)Andrea Palladio
B)Giovanni Bon
C)Charles Le Brun
D)Christopher Wren
Q5) Describe the conditions Africans endured during the African diaspora.
Q6) List and explain at least two reasons for post-revolution United States' and France's adoption of classical government and style? Page 9
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Chapter 26: The Romantic World View: the Self in Nature
and the Nature of Self
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Q1) Who originally coined the term "Romanticism"?
A)William Wordsworth
B)Friedrich von Schlegel
C)Samuel Taylor Coleridge
D)Immanuel Kant
Q2) Which Wordsworth poem is considered to be the fullest statement of the Romantic imagination?
A)"The Daffodils"
B)"The World is Too Much with Us"
C)"The Rainbow"
D)"Tintern Abbey"
Q3) Why did John Constable include a cathedral in so many of his paintings?
A)To remind viewers of the Church's importance
B)To symbolize God's permanence in nature
C)To celebrate his profession as a minister
D)To make his landscapes more likely to sell
Q4) Define Emerson's Transcendentalist beliefs,and show how his friend Thoreau lived what Emerson preached.
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Q5) List three characteristics of the Romantic hero,showing how Napoleon fit this character type.
Chapter
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Q1) Why did the factories tend to employ unskilled single young women and widows?
A)They worked for lower wages than men
B)In London women outnumbered men
C)They were more dependable than men
D)Their children would work as assistants
Q2) Compare the subjects and themes of Gustave Courbet's The Stonebreakers and A Burial at Ornans,both of which drew criticism from French viewers.
Q3) How did the coming of the railroads transform inner-city London?
A)The Thames became more polluted
B)Cheap hotels replaced tenements
C)Prostitution and gin houses increased
D)Warehouses displaced the poor
Q4) What did Harriet Beecher Stowe write was the inspiration for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin?
A)The slaves owned by her father,a judge
B)The death and burial of her young son
C)The public speeches of Frederick Douglass
D)The narrative told by Sojourner Truth
Q5) Explain the events that inspired the creation of Géricault's The Raft of the Medusa.
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Chapter 28: Global Confrontation and Civil War: Challenges to Cultural Identity
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Q1) Why were Timothy O'Sullivan's and Alexander Gardener's photographs of the Gettysburg battlefield so disturbing?
A)They removed the dead soldiers' shoes and turned out their pockets
B)No American battlefield had ever before been photographed with dead on it
C)They stacked the bodies into a pile to emphasize the number of dead
D)Their clarity enabled people to identify their dead family members
Q2) Due to the 1848 revolutions across Europe,which previously oppressed group gained some rights?
A)Serbs
B)Croats
C)Jews
D)Russians
Q3) Which nineteenth-century artist was most enthusiastic about the Japanese prints?
A)Édouard Manet
B)Paul Gauguin
C)Paul Cézanne
D)Vincent van Gogh
Q4) Explain the differences between liberalism and nationalism,and show how these two ideologies figured into two of the conflicts that defined the latter half of the nineteenth century.
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Chapter 29: In Pursuit of Modernity: Paris in the 1850s and 1860s
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Q1) Compare Manet's Olympia to Titian's Reclining Nude,focusing on the differences in symbolic elements in the two works.
Q2) Why did Charles Baudelaire speak so disparagingly of George Sand?
A)She disguised her sexuality
B)He despised her lack of morals
C)She supported Louis-Napoleon
D)He considered her bourgeoisie
Q3) For what was Charles Baudelaire's poetry criticized?
A)Elaborate metaphors and difficult rhyme
B)Allusions to obscure classical works
C)Unconventional themes and subject matter
D)Harsh meter and absence of rhyme
Q4) How did George Sand challenge sexual stereotypes?
A)Writing novels about female sexual desire
B)Using a man's name and dressing as a man
C)Being both father and mother to her children
D)Having herself appointed to the French cabinet
Q5) Identify and explain three elements in Olympia that support the view that Manet designed the painting as a statement against slavery.
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Chapter 30: The Promise of Renewal: Hope and Possibility in
Late Nineteenth-Century Europe
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Q1) Why does Renoir's Luncheon of the Boating Party seem to present an unreal world?
A)Men and women as equals
B)So many social classes together
C)No city overcrowding and pollution
D)Leisure and pleasure without work
Q2) Supporting your claims with works from specific artists,define three characteristics of the French Impressionists' art.
Q3) In Berthe Morisot's Summer's Day,why is one woman's dress with zigzags while the other is a patchwork of straight strokes?
A)To distinguish the clothing from the water
B)To show one's social superiority to the other
C)To emphasize the distance between them
D)To capture the diverse play of light better
Q4) Compare the main themes of Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment and Tolstoy's War and Peace.
Q5) List and discuss three events that contributed to 1870's France's less-than-optimistic mood.
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Q6) Identify and define two ways Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace revolutionized architecture and construction.
Chapter 31: The Course of Empire: Expansion and Conflict in America
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Q1) Identify and describe Frederick Law Olmsted's contributions to the American landscape.Considering your hometown,can you see any of Olmsted's influences?
Q2) Not exactly well received during his time,Walt Whitman and his works continue to influence writers today.Identify and describe at least two ways Whitman changed American literature.
Q3) Why did the Plains tribes begin performing the Ghost Dance in 1889?
A)To make the white people disappear
B)To prepare for battle at Wounded Knee
C)To bring about peace with the white people
D)To honor those who died from smallpox
Q4) How were women almost always portrayed in late nineteenth-century American visual art?
A)As maternal
B)As erotic objects
C)As professionals
D)As passive
Q5) Compare the Native Americans' and the settlers' views on land,focusing on the ways the differences in views inevitably produced conflict.
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Chapter 32: The Fin De Siècle: Toward the Modern
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Q1) List and define in depth two beliefs of Friedrich Nietzsche.
Q2) Identify and explain at least two reasons for Paris's position as the fin de siècle's center for artistic and literary change.
Q3) How did Claude Debussy create a sense of aimless wandering in his Prélude à l'aprés-midi d'un faune?
A)Chromatic scales
B)Whole tone scales
C)Diatonic scales
D)Diminished scales
Q4) Compare Nora in Ibsen's A Doll's House to the female in Rodin's The Kiss,explaining why audiences found both females to be scandalous.
Q5) Why was Gustave Eiffel's tower so unique for the time?
A)It was the first structure built entirely of wrought-iron
B)It was the only exposition building to house a restaurant
C)It was twice the height of any other building in the world
D)It was the first building in the world to have electricity
Q6) List and describe three ways the European colonialism of Africa affected the African people.
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Chapter 33: The Era of Invention: Paris and the Modern World
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Q1) According to the Futurists,what was the defining characteristic of modern life?
A)Politics
B)Art
C)War
D)Speed
Q2) Why did The Birth of a Nation establish director D.W.Griffith as a film master?
A)His invention of intertitles
B)His manipulation of racist sympathies
C)His genius for promoting his film
D)His use of cinematic space
Q3) Why did Picasso paint masks on two of the prostitutes in Les Demoiselles d'Avignon?
A)To make them seem less real
B)To mock ideas of beauty
C)To make them look primitive
D)To give his models anonymity
Q4) Identify and explain three specific examples for motion being a defining characteristic of early twentieth-century art.
Q5) Define and compare Cubism and Fauvism,illustrating your points with specific works.
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Chapter
Generation and a New Imagination
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Q1) What did the Surrealists attempt to capture in literature and art?
A)The mind's innate,inherited contents
B)Thought not controlled by reason
C)The imprint of early sexual feeling
D)The moral base that forms conscience
Q2) Approximately how many casualties resulted from World War I?
A)One million
B)Five million
C)Ten million
D)Twenty million
Q3) Define Dadaism,and identify the reasons for its rise,supporting your ideas with at least one specific Dada work.
Q4) With what did poet William Butler Yeats compare the postwar era?
A)Reign of Terror
B)Apocalypse
C)Inquisition
D)Dark Ages
Q5) Summarize William Butler Yeats's "The Second Coming," identifying and explaining two metaphors in the poem.
Q6) List and define Freud's three competing drives of human personality. Page 19
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Making It New
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Q1) Why did Charles Steeler title his painting of the Ford factory Classical Landscape?
A)The title of the polluted scene is meant to evoke irony
B)Ford designed the factory to resemble the Parthenon
C)The factory evokes classical Greek and Roman architecture
D)He proportioned the building according to the Golden Ratio
Q2) How did George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess bridge the gap between popular and high culture?
A)It blends jazz and blues with orchestras and arias
B)It has been performed by jazz bands and opera companies
C)It sets the plot of Romeo and Juliet in Harlem
D)It was the first Broadway musical to use a jazz band
Q3) Why does New York Coty's Chrysler Building have stainless steel eagle gargoyles?
A)Add height to the skyscraper
B)Symbolize United States' superiority
C)Provide terraces for its occupants
D)Replicate Chrysler hood ornament
Q4) Compare the architecture philosophies of the International Style and Frank Lloyd Wright.
Page 21
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Chapter 36: The Age of Anxiety: Fascism and Depression
holocaust and Bomb
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Q1) Why did Hitler begin the tradition of carrying the Olympic torch from Athens to the Olympic venue in 1936?
A)Show off the Germans' athletic abilities
B)Advertise Germany's openness to other cultures
C)Suggest that Germany was the new classical Greece
D)Imply Germany's position as civilization's center
Q2) Why did the Nazis dislike the Bauhaus style?
A)Designs not functional for working class
B)Rejected traditional German values
C)Gropius was a known communist
D)Openness lacked adequate privacy
Q3) In his painting to what event does Picasso link the tragedy of Guernica?
A)Roman defeat of the Masada Jews
B)Crucifixion of Christ
C)Assassination of Pancho Villa
D)Ritualized Spanish bullfighting
Q4) Describe and analyze the ritualized bullfighting metaphor that Pablo Picasso uses in his Guernica.
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Q5) Identify and analyze two events that aided Adolph Hitler in his rise to power in Germany.
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Q1) Identify and explain two ways the art of the Abstract Expressionists introduced a new aspect-the creation of meaning shifting from artist to audience.
Q2) What work best characterizes the Beat generation?
A)Robert Frank's The Americans
B)Jack Kerouac's On the Road
C)William S.Burrough's Naked Lunch
D)Allen Ginsberg's "Howl"
Q3) In Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot,why does Godot never arrive?
A)He is dead
B)Audience never knows
C)He does not exist
D)He goes to the wrong place
Q4) What question about art did the Minimalists seem to be asking with their works?
A)Why must art include imagery?
B)What makes a work of art?
C)How can art be made new?
D)What role does a viewer play?
Q5) Define existentialism,and give two reasons for its appeal to post-World War II people.
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Chapter 38: Multiplicity and Diversity: Cultures of Liberation and
Identity in the 1960s and 1970s
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Q1) Why beginning in the late 1960s did many U.S.artists begin protesting against museums?
A)They disliked having their works enclosed within four walls
B)The government funded the majority of museums
C)Museums were refusing to display their antiwar works
D)They associated the museums with supporters of the war
Q2) Why did Smithson chose the inaccessible,inhospitable Utah location for Spiral Jetty?
A)The land for his project was inexpensive
B)Its barrenness symbolized the American Dream
C)The area was outside the U.S.parks system
D)Its entropy symbolized the fate of all things
Q3) In his mural F-111,how does artist James Rosenquist equate the military with consumer culture?
A)Juxtaposes consumer products with the fighter plane
B)Paints product advertisements on the plane's body
C)Symbolizes the war with various product labels
D)Shows American consumers in awe of the bomber
Q4) List and analyze two reasons for the title of Ralph Ellison's novel-Invisible Man.
Page 24
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Chapter 39: Without Boundaries: Multiple Meanings in a
Postmodern World
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Q1) Identify and describe three ways Yasumasa Morimura's Portrait (Twins)is designed to disturb the viewer.
Q2) In Eleanor Antin's video art Minetta Lane-A Ghost Story,what does the ghost represent?
A)Fears of growing older and dying
B)Tragedy of unfulfilled possibilities
C)Repressed sexuality and lost love
D)Destructive force present in everyone
Q3) Why did Frank Gehry use industrial materials such as corrugated metal to surround his Santa Monica,CA,house?
A)Keep his working-class neighbors away
B)Use materials found in the neighborhood
C)Contrast with his house's frame construction
D)Expand inexpensively the house's living space
Q4) Define Robert Venturi's point that postmodern architecture should represent a "difficult whole," and identify and describe two examples from the book of how this "difficult whole" is presented.
Q5) Identify and explain how two video presentations discussed in the chapter fit with the characteristics of postmodernism.
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