Art & Architecture of the Ancient World
Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
This course explores the art and architecture of ancient civilizations spanning from prehistoric times through the fall of the Roman Empire. Students will examine key monuments, artifacts, and urban designs from regions such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome, considering their cultural, religious, and social contexts. Through analysis of sculpture, painting, and architectural innovations, the course highlights the technological advancements, aesthetic principles, and symbolic meanings that shaped human environments and artistic expression in the ancient world.
Recommended Textbook
Gardner s Art through the Ages The Western Perspective Volume I 13th Edition by Fred
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S. Kleiner
Chapter 1: The Birth of Art: Africa Europe and the Near East
in the Stone Age
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Q1) An important series of caves with paintings from the Paleolithic period is located in
A) Italy
B) England
C) Germany
D) France
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following works of art was created first?
A) Venus of Willendorf
B) Animal frieze at Lascaux
C) Apollo 11 Cave plaque
D) Chauvet Cave
Answer: D
Q3) Why is Stonehenge significant?
Answer: It was developed as a kind of astronomical observatory and was a remarkably accurate solar calendar.It attests to the rapidly developing intellectual powers of Neolithic humans.
Q4) Explain the importance of the profile view in representing animals in Paleolithic art.
Answer: Only the profile view is completely informative of the animals' shapes.
Page 3
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Chapter 2: The Rise of Civilization
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Q1) In Assyrian relief,such as Assyrian archers pursuing enemies,the artists combine different viewpoints in the same frame and other adjustments for clarity.Which of the following phrases best describes the artists' primary goal?
A) artistic license
B) legible retelling of a decisive moment in king's deeds
C) following technical codes as established by the Sasanians
D) following technical codes as established by the Elamites
Answer: B
Q2) Discuss the focus of Sumerian city planning.
Answer: reflected the importance of religion in daily life;the city's nucleus was the temple that also served as the administrative and economic center for the city,thus representing both religious and secular functionalities.
Q3) The Elamite statue of Queen Napir-Asu shows its Mesopotamian heritage.Which phrase supports this assertion?
A) square volume and strict frontality
B) strict true profile and slim silhouette
C) cylindrical volume and strict frontality
D) optical profile and full silhouette
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Pharoahs and the Afterlife
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Q1) The Palette of King Narmer established the convention for state policy represented in art,a policy proclaiming the pharaoh a divine ruler.Which of the following supports this idea?
A) larger than life representation of pharaoh
B) entwined animals signify his divinity
C) pharaoh smiting the enemies of the state
D) pharaoh with falcon and bull signify his control of the animal world
Answer: A
Q2) Which column type was not used by the Egyptians?
A) swelling with bud-shaped capital
B) geometric with lion-shaped capital
C) papyrus bundle with flower capitals
D) atlantid
Answer: B
Q3) How does the painting from the tomb of Nebamun differ from the relief on the tomb of Ti when both portray the same type of scene,a hunt?
Answer: The portrayal of Ti is stiff and still,and he does not interact with the scene,while Nebamun vigorously engages in the activity.Also Nebamun's wife and daughter are enjoying the activity with him.
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Chapter 4: Minos and the Heroes of Homer
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Q1) Minoans coated the rough surface of their rubble walls with a fine white lime plaster that required rapid execution and great skill.Which painting method was used with this type of fabrication?
A) watercolor
B) fresco secco
C) true fresco
D) tempera
Q2) When was the potter's wheel introduced,and how did it influence the shape of pottery?
Q3) Describe the differences between Minoan and Mycenaean palace architecture.
Q4) How do the frescoes found on the island of Santorini (ancient Thera)shape our understanding of Minoan fresco painting?
Q5) Discuss the impact of trade between Egypt and Knossos.How did this trade affect the art of the Aegean? Use examples to support your essay.
Q6) What impact did the volcanic eruption on the island of Santorini (ancient Thera)have on the chronology of Minoan art works?
Q7) Compare and contrast Cycladic sculpture and Minoan sculpture.Consider context and society when relevant.Use examples to support your essay.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Gods,Heros,and Athletes
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Q1) Explain the difference between the early Greek Archaic kouros figure and its Egyptian prototype.
Q2) Describe the white-ground vase painting technique and explain its uses.
Q3) The earliest known Greek temple with sculptural decoration is ______________.
A) Temple of Hera, Paestum
B) Temple A, Prinias
C) Temple of Artemis, Corfu
D) Temple of Athena, Paestum
Q4) Describe the fusion of Ionic and Doric elements in the Parthenon.
Q5) Composite monsters were popular in other ancient cultures;however,which of the following was a purely Greek invention?
A) sphinx
B) centaur
C) griffon
D) siren
Q6) A dipylon vase would most likely be found in which of the following?
A) an Egyptian tomb
B) an Athenian cemetery of the Geometric period
C) the royal burial at Ur
D) an Athenian cemetery of the Classical period
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Chapter 6: Italy Before the Romans
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Q1) The banquet setting seen in the Tomb of the Leopards takes place in which of the following settings?
A) a palace dining room
B) a private house
C) the open air
D) the council chambers of the king
Q2) Describe Etruscan necropoli and their location.
Q3) Unlike Greek temples,Etruscan temples were not meant to be seen as sculptural masses.Which of the following architectural elements would this?
A) Columns completely encircled the structure
B) The entrance was centered at the front of the structure
C) The front and rear of the structure were indistinguishable
D) Narrowed staircases were found on all four sides of the structure
Q4) What is tufa,and what effect did it have on the construction of Etruscan tombs?
Q5) What kinds of objects have been found in Etruscan tombs?
Q6) How do these works reflect late Etruscan society?
Q7) How does the Porta Marzia (Gate of Mars)reflect Etruscan architectural practices?
Q8) Contrast these works.What do they say about Etruscan art?
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Chapter 7: The Roman Empire
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Q1) The Arch of Titus shows the military triumphs of Titus,returning after the successful conclusion of the Jewish Wars in 70 CE.Which of the following was also included in the sculptural program for the Arch of Titus?
A) celebration of imperial virtues
B) celebration of the ancestry of Titus
C) celebration of the birthplace of Titus
D) celebration of the reign of Nero
Q2) Compare and contrast the Greek Parthenon with the Roman Pantheon.How does each represent its period and culture?
Q3) Which of the following describes the Temple of "Fortuna Virilis" (Temple of Portunus),Rome?
A) pseudo-peripteral
B) peripteral
C) marble façade
D) placed on a stylobate
Q4) Evaluate the role of Augustus as a patron of the arts.Use examples to support your essay.
Q5) What are characteristics of concrete and what effect did it have upon building design?
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Chapter 8: Late Antiquity
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Q1) What features did Early Christian architects take from Roman builders,and what new techniques did they develop? Discuss specific features from at least three buildings.
Q2) Contrast these images.What features reflect the influence of the classical style?
Q3) How does the theme of the "Good Shepherd" reflect the heritage of the pre-Christian world?
Q4) Which of the following attributes was used to depict Christ after Christianity was officially recognized by Roman authorities?
A) laurel leaf crown
B) Imperial purple
C) chariot
D) Imperial armor
Q5) How does the statue of Christ seated reflect both Imperial and Christian iconography?
Q6) What is the significance of Dura Europos?
Q7) Describe the features of these mosaics that make them examples of the Early Christian style.
Q8) How did the Early Christian style change art?
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Chapter 9: Byzantium
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Q1) In the semi-dome of the apse,the architectural focus of the cathedral of Monreale is another allusion to William's right to rule.Which of the following figures would support that allusion?
A) the enthroned Theotokos
B) the archangels
C) the Twelve Apostles
D) the Pantokrator
Q2) Explain the statement,"the Vladimir Madonna is a masterpiece of its kind."
Q3) Compare the Rabbula Gospels with the Paris Psalter.Consider the time frame of each work.How does each one reflect its environment? What innovations and changes did each initiate? What influences shaped each work? How did they,in turn,influence subsequent works?
Q4) The interior mosaic program for St.Mark's has explanatory labels written in both Greek and Latin.What accounts for this?
A) It accommodates the needs of Venice's diverse population.
B) It reflects the political ambitions of the bishop of Venice.
C) It reflects Venice's position as a link between East and West.
D) It accommodates the needs of the Patriarch of Constantinople.
Q5) What is St.Catherine's,Mount Sinai?
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Chapter 10: The Islamic World
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Q1) The structural foundation of the Great Mosque of Damascus owes much to the architecture of the Greco-Roman East.Which structural feature accounts for this?
A) Roman forum
B) Roman precinct walls
C) Roman bath
D) Roman arch
Q2) Compare and contrast the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem with the Mosque of Selim II in Edirne.What are the differences? How do you account for them? Include in your essay the political overtones as well Western artistic influences.Use examples to support your essay.
Q3) The mihrab is a semicircular niche set in the qibla wall;its specific purpose is still being debated.Some scholars have suggested the mihrab is referencing Muhammad.Which of the following best supports this suggestion?
A) It honored the place Muhammad stood when leading communal worship.
B) It honored the place Muhammad received divine inspiration.
C) It honored the place Muhammad ascended into Paradise.
D) It honored the place Muhammad wrote his revelations.
Q4) How did the Mongols impact Islamic art?
Q5) Describe the cultural contributions made by Islam to Western Europe.
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Chapter 11: Early Medieval Europe
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Q1) Which group of barbarian invaders became firmly established in regions known today as France,Switzerland,the Netherlands,and parts of Germany?
A) Visigoths
B) Huns
C) Lombards
D) Franks
Q2) Early 11<sup>th</sup> Century England was briefly part of what empire?
A) Merovingian
B) Carolingian
C) Danish
D) Celtic
Q3) The Ebbo Gospels represent a new Carolingian vernacular.Which of the following describes the new Carolingian style?
A) translated a classical prototype
B) translated a Byzantine prototype
C) translated a Hiberno-Saxon prototype
D) translated a Merovingian prototype
Q4) What is the significance of the term "holy" when applied to Roman Emperor?
Q5) Contrast the Lindau Gospels book cover and the Gero Crucifix.
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Chapter 12: The Age of Pilgrimages
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Q1) Tall towers are integrated into the west front of which of the following?
A) Pisa Cathedral
B) St.-Étienne, Caen
C) St.-Sernin, Toulouse
D) Sant'Ambrogio, Milan
Q2) What role did the tribune play in church architecture?
Q3) On the right face of the trumeau is a prophet,displaying his scroll containing his prophetic vision.He is placed immediately below the depiction of Christ the Judge.This is another instance of the pairing of the Old and New Testament themes.This iconographic tradition was established during which of the following periods?
A) Early Christian
B) Early Byzantine
C) Carolingian
D) Hiberno-Saxon
Q4) What did the Pilgrim's Guide to Santiago de Compostela detail?
Q5) Describe a pilgrimage church.
Q6) Define the term Romanesque.How was it applied to the period?
Q7) Briefly describe the impact pilgrimage routes had on Romanesque Europe.
Q8) How did groin vaults change the weight shift in structures?
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Chapter 13: The Age of Great Cathedrals
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Q1) Explain the structural elements and what did they allow Gothic builders to do.
Q2) How does the Cloth Guild Hall of Bruges reflect economic power?
Q3) Contrast the differences between Early Gothic and High Gothic architecture in France using specific buildings to illustrate your discussion.
Q4) What is lux nova?
Q5) The Royal Portal of Chartres was carved in which style?
A) Late Romanesque
B) Early Gothic
C) High Gothic
D) Late Gothic
Q6) In Jean Pucelle's Belleville Breviary,the artist has placed Saul seated on a throne with the receding coffers of a barrel vault above the head of David.He has created a stage set.Which of the following could account for this stage setting?
A) a visit to the Mosan region of Germany
B) a visit to England
C) a visit to Italy
D) a visit to Bruges
Q7) Who was St.Dionysius (Denis)?
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Q8) How does the statue of Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux symbolize the Gothic period?
Chapter 14: Italy,1200 to 1400
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Q1) He restored the naturalistic approach to painting as practiced in Antiquity.He inaugurated a method of pictorial expression based on observation.He revealed nature and its visible order.This describes which of the following artists?
A) Duccio
B) Pietro Cavallini
C) Cimabue
D) Giotto
Q2) Explain the impact of the Black Death on Italy.How did it affect the visual arts? Use examples to support your essay.
Q3) Explain the sources and characteristics of the International Style.Use examples to support your essay.
Q4) Describe the work of Ambrogio Lorenzetti;consider the social and political environment.How did this artist reveal that environment? Use examples to support your essay.
Q5) Briefly describe the economic status of Italy during the 14<sup>th</sup> century.
Q6) Contrast the rivalry between Siena and Florence.How did the political climate affect the visual arts of both cities? Use examples to support your essay.
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