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This course explores the dynamic relationship between art and culture, examining how artistic expressions both shape and are shaped by the societies in which they emerge. Students will study a range of artistic forms including visual arts, performance, literature, and architecture from diverse historical periods and global perspectives. Through discussions and case studies, the course investigates how cultural values, beliefs, and social contexts influence artistic production and reception, as well as how art serves as a medium for cultural identity, communication, and transformation. By the end of the course, students will have a deeper understanding of arts role in reflecting and informing cultural experiences.
Recommended Textbook
Art History 5th Edition by Michael W. Cothren
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33 Chapters
2787 Verified Questions
2787 Flashcards
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97 Verified Questions
97 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stonehenge is connected to a nearby site built of wood called ________________.
A) Durrington Walls
B) Newgrange
C) Knowth
D) Lepenski Vir
Answer: A
Q2) Historians use the term BCE to mean before __________.
A) Roman art
B) art was made
C) the common era
D) the invention of writing
Answer: C
Q3) Which historical site challenges previous interpretations that the Neolithic worldview focused on representations of the female body, human fertility, and cults of the Mother Goddess?
A) Lepenski Vir
B) Çatalhöyük
C) Sesklo
D) Newgrange
Answer: B

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Q1) The lion hunting scene of Assurnasirpal II marks a shift in Mesopotamian art from a sense of timelessness toward greater _________.
A) political content
B) emotional drama
C) historical accuracy
D) interest in individuals
Answer: B
Q2) The first domestication of grains occurred in the area known as the __________.
A) Fertile Crescent
B) Hattusha
C) Zagros mountains
D) Persia
Answer: A
Q3) Sumerians used hard, rock __________ for identifying documents and establishing property ownership.
A) stele stones
B) crenellated forms
C) cylinder seals
D) lamassus seals
Answer: C
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108 Flashcards
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Q1) The archeologist who discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamun in 1922 was
A) Sir Arthur Evans
B) Heinrich Schliemann
C) Thomas Young
D) Howard Carter
Answer: D
Q2) The _________period saw dramatic changes in the conventions used in royal art.
A) Intermediate
B) Aswan
C) Kush
D) Amarna
Answer: D
Q3) The Egyptians believed that the seat of the soul was the __________.
A) heart
B) brain
C) internal organs
D) eyes
Answer: A
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Q1) The Statuette of a Male Figure was ___________.
A) made from clay
B) a multi-media work
C) life-size
D) similar to Egyptian faience
Q2) The Flotilla Fresco was once thought to represent__________.
A) the battle at Troy
B) a long distance voyage of a martial flavor
C) the siege of Pylos
D) Mycenaeans overtaking Knossos
Q3) The wall painting Girl Gathering Saffron Crocus Flowers demonstrates Aegean cultural practices related to ____________.
A) a woman's entry into adolescence
B) domestic role of women
C) the harvesting of food
D) marriage
Q4) What continuity exists in the art and architecture from the Old Palace period to the New Palace period?
Q5) During the Old Palace period, how did the Minoans dress the exterior of their buildings?
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Q1) In contrast to Greek art of the High Classical period, ________________became popular subject matter in the late 4?? century.
A) historical events
B) dramatic narratives
C) allegorical images
D) military battles
Q2) How does Hellenistic art differ from Classical work?
Q3) Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athenedoros from the island of __________ are thought to be the sculptors of Laocoön and His Sons .
A) Corinth
B) Thera
C) Crete
D) Rhodes
Q4) Pheidias represented the female goddesses in the East Pediment of the Parthenon as ____________.
A) warrior figures
B) much larger than the surrounding figures
C) fully nude
D) wearing drapery that reveals and conceals
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Q1) Artists decorating the Villa at Boscoreale used ___________to create a general impression of real space beyond the wall.
A) mosaic
B) drillwork
C) intuitive perspective
D) fresco
Q2) The artist of the Garden Vista at the Villa of Livia used __________ to make the distance less distinct.
A) architectural vistas
B) monochromatic backgrounds
C) intuitive perspective
D) atmospheric perspective
Q3) What made the Apollo from the Temple of Minerva at Veii such an artistic achievement?
Q4) Trace the development of Rome from the Empire, beginning 509 BCE through the 337 CE, until the death of Constantine.
Q5) What was the government structure of the Roman republic?
Q6) Why is Republican period portraiture considered veristic?
Q7) Trace the development of the Roman portrait bust from 509 BCE to 337 CE.
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Q1) Examples of Christian sculpture before the fourth century include all of the following EXCEPT ____________.
A) sarcophagi
B) small statues
C) reliefs
D) large-scale figures
Q2) What are at least two types of synagogue designs?
Q3) The first synagogue at Dura Europos was located in a(n) __________
A) temple with two bronze pillars
B) underground chamber
C) structure similar to a Roman basilica
D) house
Q4) What were the architectural elements of the basilica plan and the central church plan?
Q5) Why were central-plan structures used for baptisteries, as well as for martyr's churches and tombs?
A) Christians "died" in baptism and were reborn as believers.
B) The rotunda was logistically well-suited for the ritual of baptism.
C) There was no need for congregational space.
D) Early Christians adhered to existing Roman burial practices.
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Q1) What are the "three golden ages" of Byzantine art and when did each occur?
Q2) The mosaic decoration of St. Catherine's at Mount Sinai is concentrated in the _______________.
A) niche
B) narthex
C) ambulatory
D) sanctuary
Q3) What allows the dome of Hagia Sophia to appear to float mysteriously?
A) A ring of windows at the dome's base
B) The use of gold mosaic to cover the surface of the dome and pendentives
C) The obscured support piers
D) All of the above
Q4) Justinian sponsored the reconstruction of the monastery of _____________, which was a popular pilgrimage destination.
A) St. Catherine at Mount Sinai
B) Santa Sophia in Kiev
C) Hagios Georgios
D) St. Mark's in Venice
Q5) Why was Constantinople easy to defend?
Q6) What inspired the doge of Venice to commission the Cathedral of Saint Mark ?
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Q1) The word __________ means "submission to God's will."
A) Qur'an
B) Islam
C) Torah
D) Maqamat
Q2) Figurative imagery is most common in what type of Islamic art?
A) illuminated pages of the Qur'an
B) palaces and manuscripts
C) glass mosaics
D) architectural ornament
Q3) Which of the following is NOT included in the decorative program of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem?
A) mosaics depicting symmetrical vine scrolls and trees
B) inscriptions about the building
C) an ambulatory
D) a mihrab
Q4) Why is the madrasa-mausoleum-mosque in Cairo a public display of piety, personal wealth, and status?
Q5) What were tugras?
Q6) Why was Islamic art and architecture so diverse?
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Q1) The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho is built of stone blocks using __________ construction.
A) corbelled arch
B) post-and-lintel
C) barrel and groin vault
D) waddle-and-daub
Q2) Which of the following statements does NOT apply to BOTH Hindu and Buddhist temples in India?
A) The design is based on a mandala plan.
B) Narrative relief carvings are used to depict religious history and beliefs.
C) Followers believe that god(s) inhabit(s) the structure.
D) There is a symbolic axis mundi.
Q3) What are the distinguishing characteristics of the two Gupta Buddhist schools of artistic thought?
Q4) How does the nude male torso found at Harappa forecast essential attributes of later Indian sculpture?
A) its small intimate scale
B) the sensuous emphasis on the body
C) the use of nudity
D) the removable arts and head

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Sample Questions
Q1) How did the Chinese present philosophical ideals through the theme of landscape?
Q2) Discuss how Chinese and Korean art demonstrate an exchange of cultural, religious and artistic ideas with India and other foreign countries.
Q3) How did Shang priests communicate with the supernatural world?
Q4) Which device that appears frequently in Asian architecture supports the broad overhanging eaves of the Nanchan Temple ?
A) modules
B) brackets
C) cantilevers
D) post and lintel construction
Q5) What ancient bronze-casting technique was developed by the Chinese?
A) hand-forged
B) piece-mold
C) lost-wax
D) form-casting
Q6) How do Northern Song paintings record "eternal essence?"
Q7) How is Fan Kuan's work Travelers Among Mountains and Streams like a drama?
Q8) What is bracketing and how is it used?
Q9) What does Daoism teach?
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Sample Questions
Q1) What cultural transformations occurred during the Asuka period?
Q2) Which characteristic of Japanese art was already evident in haniwa figures of the Kofun period?
A) innovative glazing techniques
B) technical sophistication
C) a love of asymmetry
D) the preference for wooden sculpture
Q3) How does Zen Buddhist art differ from that of Esoteric and Pure Land Buddhism?
Q4) The earliest form of samurai armor is known as______________.
A) kamakura
B) soji
C) yoroi
D) giga
Q5) What are the teachings of Pure Land Buddhism?
Q6) How does the Hungry Tigress Jataka on the Tamamushi shrine reflect Chinese and Korean artistic influence?
A) the asymmetry of the design
B) the abstracted linear patterning
C) the repeated figure of Buddha
D) none of the above

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Q1) What are the Nazca geoglyphs and what might have been their use?
Q2) What characterized the Early Horizon period?
Q3) How is Andean culture distinguished from the artistic developments in other parts of the world?
A) the early production of textiles
B) the extensive of gold in secular and ritual objects
C) the early manufacture of functional ceramic vessels
D) the lack of monumental architecture
Q4) The different architectural style and art emphasizing military conquests seen at the city of __________ demonstrates the influence of Central Mexico on the Maya in the post-classic period.
A) Chichen Itza
B) Yaxchilan
C) Palenque
D) Tikal
Q5) Where is the Great Serpent Mound of the Mississippian culture located?
A) Louisiana
B) Ohio
C) Mississippi
D) Indiana
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Sample Questions
Q1) How are the buildings of Great Zimbabwe constructed, and why do we believe that they were NOT fortresses?
Q2) How did the burial chamber at Igbo-Ukwu reflect the power and authority of the deceased?
A) The individual was dressed elaborately, placed in a seated position, and surrounded by symbolic objects.
B) The individual was surrounded by bronze heads, probably depicting his ancestors.
C) The individual was in a gold sarcophagus.
D) The chamber was filled with ritual objects that ensured his comfort in the afterlife.
Q3) Why is the study of ancient African art so different?
Q4) A clear symbol of the oba's power and authority seen on memorial heads are the headdress and necklaces made of ________ beads.
A) coral
B) jade
C) ivory
D) gold
Q5) What is the extensive iconography of the Hip Pendant in (14-9)?
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Q1) What artifacts were contained in the burial ship at Sutton Hoo?
Q2) Vikings erected large memorial stones; __________ contained inscriptions and __________ were covered with figural decoration.
A) rune stones; picture stones
B) letter stones; drawing stones
C) alpha stones; omega stones
D) glyph stones; image stones
Q3) The picture stone ordered by Harald the Bluetooth depicts __________________.
A) a Viking ship
B) runes
C) Christ with outstretched arms
D) a battle
Q4) How did the Vikings affect the art world; what specific artistic trends did they set?
Q5) A cornerstone of Christian philosophy is the text of __________.
A) The City of God
B) The Realm of the Lord
C) The Gospel of Paul
D) The Word of Matthew
Q6) What time period is considered to be the Middle Ages?
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Q1) In the realm of secular architecture, the __________, known as the keep in England or the donjon in France, stood in the middle of a courtyard surrounded by walls.
A) Great Tower
B) campanile
C) base
D) stay
Q2) What did a pilgrimage do for the faithful?
Q3) What inspired the faithful to travel on pilgrimages?
Q4) The subject of__________ in the
A) knights with their swords drawn
B) bishops, monks and abbots in conversation with the king
C) angry farmers with equipment and simple cloths
D) the king traveling in a ship
Q5) Any Romanesque image of Mary seated on a throne and holding the baby Jesus on her lap is known as __________.
A) The Throne of Wisdom
B) Virgin of Compassion
C) Theotokos
D) Mater Dolorosa
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Q1) How does the equestrian scene from Holofernes' Army Crossing the Euphrates River in the Sainte-Chapelle demonstrate pictorial innovation in the stained glass medium?
A) the overlapping figures to create a colorful pattern
B) the use of bar tracery
C) by diluting the paint to create modeling washes
D) the use of foreshortening to create illusionistic space
Q2) The development of __________at Reims Cathedral made possible even larger areas of stained glass in relation to wall surface.
A) plate tracery
B) flying buttresses
C) bar tracery
D) a central division of the clerestory
Q3) Explain how the design and decoration of Gothic cathedrals reinforced Christian beliefs and practices.
Q4) Compare the role of painting in stained glass and illuminated manuscripts to express both religious and secular ideas of the Gothic period.
Q5) What improvements did Abbot Suger make to Saint-Denis?
Q6) What is Gothic mural painting?
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Q1) The _________________ of Duccio's representation of the Raising of Lazarus contrasts with Giotto's portrayal of the same subject.
A) simplification to only a few characters
B) expressive gestures and charged glances
C) monumentality of the figures
D) the majestic architecture
Q2) Which stylistic characteristic distinguishes fourteenth-century figure painting in Siena from that produced in Florence?
A) the use of modeling to suggest three-dimensional forms
B) the placement of figures in naturalistic and architectural settings
C) an emphasis on jewel-like coloring and elegantly posed forms
D) the use of tempera paint
Q3) For Petrarch and his contemporaries, the essential qualifications for a writer were an appreciation of the literature of __________ and __________.
A) Mesopotamia; Egypt
B) England; Rome
C) Greece; Rome
D) Persia; Constantinople
Q4) How did the Holy Roman Empire change during the fourteenth century?
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Q1) At the death of the sculptor, Jean de Marville, the sculptor __________ succeeded him as overseer for the decoration of the monastery at Champmol.
A) Claus Sluter
B) Hugo van der Goes
C) Limbourg Brothers
D) Jean Fouquet
Q2) How did the use of oil paint contribute to Flemish artists' ability to create varied surface textures in paintings?
A) It reflects light.
B) It dries slowly.
C) It is applied in thin layers.
D) All of the above.
Q3) In the Mérode Altarpiece , the __________ is placed inside a contemporary Flemish home.
A) Donor
B) Visitation
C) Christ's Baptism
D) Annunciation
Q4) Define the Flamboyant style. Cite specific examples.
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Q1) Reflecting its donor, the subject of Andrea Mantegna's murals in the Camera Picta of the Ducal Palace is _____________.
A) poetic allegories of moral virtues
B) trompe l'oeil
C) the return of Ludovico Gonzaga's son
D) themes of romantic love
Q2) At the Monastery of San Marco, __________ and his assistants frescoed paintings in the cells of the monks and their community rooms.
A) Fra Anselmo
B) Abbott Francis
C) Fra Angelico
D) Brother Lawrence
Q3) Discuss Ghiberti's commission for the Baptistery of Florence. What did he create for this commission? Was it a success? Address his style and technique for this project.
Q4) Explain the evolution of patronage in fifteenth-century Italy. Identify specific patrons and discuss their commissions.
Q5) Discuss the interpretations for Botticelli's Primavera
Q6) Discuss the context of the Foundling Hospital.
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Q1) Why was Michelangelo's Greek Cross plan for St. Peter's Basilica later changed to a longitudinal plan?
A) to resemble Old St. Peter's more closely
B) to reflect ancient Roman traditions
C) to accommodate changes in liturgical practice during the Counter-Reformation
D) none of the above
Q2) Cellini's fanciful ____________made for King Francis I demonstrates how Mannerist practices in painting were transferred into exquisite sculptures.
A) apple
B) saltcellar
C) facade
D) engraving
Q3) How is Venetian Renaissance art similar to and different from High Renaissance art in Florence and Rome?
Q4) Cellini made his most famous work in the French court at __________.
A) Fontainebleau
B) Avignon
C) Nice
D) Paris
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Q1) Which of the following was responsible for the spread of an Italianate tradition of Mannerism in painting and interior decoration throughout France and Northern Europe?
A) Jean Clouet
B) Francis I
C) the School of Fontainebleau
D) the Cour Carrée at the Louvre
Q2) What are the main features of Elizabethan houses?
Q3) How did the crafts emerge as fine arts early in the sixteenth century?
Q4) The work of ________________in the sixteenth century continued the German tradition of medieval mysticism and emotional spirituality to create extraordinarily moving paintings.
A) Stoss
B) Riemenschneider
C) Grünewald
D) Fontana
Q5) What was the Krug Family's contribution to metalwork?
Q6) What was the role of miniatures in sixteenth-century English art?
Q8) What kind of art was favored in the Tudor Court? Page 24
Q7) Discuss the similarities and differences in the work of Dürer and Bruegel.
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Q1) Genre scenes were popular in the Netherlands for their _______________.
A) idealized portrayal of the peasant lifestyle
B) symbolic references to moral virtues
C) biting political satire
D) detailed depictions of flowers and fruit
Q2) The Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens was offered commissions in _______________, in addition to local patrons.
A) England
B) France
C) Spain
D) all of the above
Q3) Gaulli's The Triumph of the Name of Jesus and the Fall of the Damned is on the ceiling of the __________.
A) Church of Il Gesù
B) Vatican
C) Palazzo Barberini
D) Palazzo Farnese
Q4) Why was Rubens so successful as an artist?
Q5) What is group portraiture and how did Dutch Baroque artists refine it?
Q6) How did Bernini unify the exterior of St. Peter's?
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Q1) The Jain religion traces its roots to a series of 24 saviors known as pathfinders, also called _______________.
A) tirthankaras
B) gopuras
C) mudras
D) mamluks
Q2) The emperor, __________, commissioned the Taj Mahal and is thought to have had a major part in overseeing its design and construction.
A) Akbar
B) Shah Jahan
C) Zahir
D) Afif
Q3) Works created by ____________demonstrates the influence of Mughal painting style on later Indian painters.
A) Rajput painters
B) the Kangra School
C) artists in the court of Akbar
D) none of the above
Q4) Discuss the Indian technique of painting on paper.
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Q1) How did conditions in Korea from the late nineteenth century into the twentieth century affect its artistic development?
Q2) The symbolism of Yin Hong's Hundreds of Birds Admiring the Peacocks to show homage to court officials recalls what philosophical tradition?
A) Buddhism
B) Daoism
C) Confucianism
D) none of the above
Q3) What was the impact of the Yuan dynasty on the arts? Build your discussion using specific examples.
Q4) What were the different formats commonly used for Chinese painting? Describe the characteristics and distinctive features of each.
Q5) In its balance and symmetry, the plan of __________ reflects ancient Chinese beliefs about the harmony of the universe.
A) Hong Kong City
B) Suzhou City
C) the Forbidden City
D) Shanghai City
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Q1) __________ was an esteemed Zen monk-artist of the Muromachi period who traveled in China.
A) Weh Lin
B) Shubun
C) Sesshu
D) Bunsei
Q2) The social and economic changes of the Edo period saw _________ become active patrons of the arts.
A) rural peasants
B) samurai
C) merchants
D) all of the above
Q3) In the Edo period, new schools of philosophy developed in Kyoto based on ______________, which promoted individualism and cultivated artistic creativity.
A) Jainism
B) Christianity
C) Zen Buddhism
D) Confucianism
Q4) What is "borrowed scenery"? Give an example.
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Q1) _______ paintings are meant to be destroyed by nightfall on the day in which they are made.
A) Water
B) Sand
C) Granite
D) Grass
Q2) What were the building traditions of the Incas?
Q3) Why did Northwest Coast people live in communal houses?
Q4) The Pueblo artist Maria Montoya Martinez is known for the distinctive _________ceramic style she developed with her husband in the early twentieth century .
A) stoneware
B) whiteware
C) roundware
D) blackware
Q5) What method did the Inca use to keep detailed accounts and historical records?
A) a written language based on pictographs
B) visual images recorded on stele and in manuscripts
C) knotted and colored cords called quipu
D) cylindrical purple and white shell beads called wampum
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Q1) How does body adornment function in Pacific cultures?
Q2) What restrictions apply to paintings sold by Aboriginal artists in the central and western Australian desert?
A) They do not provide explanations to the symbols used in their paintings.
B) They only depict stories that can be known by uninitiated audiences.
C) The artist of the image must remain anonymous.
D) Any profit from the sale of art is divided equally among the community's members.
Q3) How did missionaries play a role in the production of fiber arts?
Q4) Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the korambo, or spirit house, found in the Abelam culture of New Guinea?
A) The elaborate façade must be ritually repainted.
B) Secret initiation rites are performed inside.
C) Entering and exiting is the symbolic equivalent to death and rebirth.
D) A completion of the building's façade is celebrated with a six-month ceremony.
Q5) How are the Pacific cultures similar and different?
Q6) How do the arts function in Melanesia?
Q7) What are Moai?
Q8) What are some distinctions between Melanesian and Polynesian peoples?
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Q1) How is African art utilized by its leadership?
Q2) Africans make figures emphasizing health and well-being to encourage the birth and growth of __________.
A) children
B) crops
C) herds
D) buildings
Q3) Kuba funerary rites involve the performance of masquerade figures assuming roles associated with _______________.
A) male and female
B) living and dead
C) children and elders
D) earth and sky
Q4) Why do some contemporary African artists continue to use indigenous traditions?
Q5) The Dogon dama is a collective __________ ritual that is held every 12 to 13 years. A) courtship
B) wedding
C) initiation
D) funerary
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Q1) What are the main features of Rococo style in art and architecture?
Q2) Accomplished, educated women of the upper class often hosted __________, which were intimate, fashionable, and intellectual gatherings.
A) satires
B) tours
C) salons
D) academies
Q3) What does the term Rococo mean?
Q4) In what ways is Rococo architecture related to Baroque architecture?
Q5) Lithography impacted art in the nineteenth century in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
A) Artists were able to make prints without the expense or delay of an engraver.
B) Prints made art affordable to all levels of society.
C) It allowed artists to capture the subtleties of drawing.
D) It diminished the traditional status of painting.
Q6) What is the relationship between Neoclassical architecture and Renaissance architecture?
Q8) What are the sources for Jefferson's Monticello ? Page 33
Q7) What impact did the French Revolution have on art?
Q9) How did Wright glorify science?
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Q1) Van Gogh's insistence on his emotional state over fidelity to nature contributed to the development of which subsequent movement in modern art?
A) Symbolism
B) Japonisme
C) Expressionism
D) Art Nouveau
Q2) How is early photography related to Realism?
Q3) Nineteenth-century Russian artists shared the __________ interest in presenting unflinching looks at grim reality.
A) Realist
B) Symbolist
C) Art Nouveau
D) Impressionist
Q4) What was a disadvantage of a daguerreotype?
A) The image was blurred.
B) The image would fade over time.
C) The image could not easily be reproduced.
D) All of the above.
Q5) What is Symbolism?
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1900-1950
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Q1) The manner in which Picasso and Braque broke objects into parts initiated
A) collage
B) analytic cubism
C) automatism
D) expressionism
Q2) Alfred Stieglitz was the chief proponent of European Modern art in __________.
A) Mexico
B) Japan
C) America
D) Canada
Q3) The readymade was a concept of the artist __________, where he could transform any object into art simply by deciding to do so.
A) Brancusi
B) Boccioni
C) Léger
D) Duchamp
Q4) What did Bauhaus artists do with modern mass production?
Page 36
Q5) Why and how did Dada ask radical questions about the nature of art itself?
Q6) What are the different kinds of Surrealism?
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Q1) Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty is a permanent _______________, which is intended to reflect the "ongoing dialectic" of constructive and destructive forces in nature.
A) happening
B) wrap
C) earthwork
D) installation
Q2) The Guerrilla Girls raise awareness of race and gender discrimination by appropriating strategies of ____________.
A) first-wave feminist artists
B) Modernism
C) guerilla warfare
D) Postcolonial discourse
Q3) What traditional folk art form does Kara Walker use in her provocative installations exploring historical issues of race?
A) glassblowing
B) cut-paper silhouettes
C) quiltmaking
D) dollmaking
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