Art and Culture
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Art and Culture is an interdisciplinary course that explores the complex relationship between artistic expression and cultural contexts across history and societies. The course examines how visual arts, literature, music, and performance both reflect and shape cultural identities, values, and social change. Through the study of diverse artworks, movements, and cultural traditions, students will develop critical skills to analyze and interpret the ways in which art both influences and is influenced by the surrounding social and historical environment. Engaging in discussions, case studies, and creative projects, students will gain a deeper appreciation of the vital role art plays in the development of cultures around the world.
Recommended Textbook
Art A Brief History 6th Edition by Marilyn Stokstad
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21 Chapters
674 Verified Questions
674 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Prehistoric Art in Europe
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe Stonehenge and discuss the theories that have surfaced regarding its meaning.
Answer: Essay responses should include these points:
Stonehenge is created from large post-and-lintel stones in a series of henges.
The site went through eight different phases of construction and activity.
The site started as a cemetery of cremation burials.
The complex was erroneously associated with the rituals of Celtic druids.
Some have argued that it was an observatory to track cosmic events or a calendar for regulating agricultural schedules.
Stonehenge was the site of ceremonies linked to death and burial, and this complex can only be understood in relation to nearby prehistoric sites.
Q2) Even though archeologists and art historians are unsure of the meaning of Lion-Human,which of the following statements is true?
A)Early humans were excellent hunters.
B)Early humans reconstructed what they observed in nature.
C)Early humans had complex rituals involving masks.
D)Early humans were very creative and imaginative.
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Art of the Ancient Near East
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31 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A guardian figure found on Assyrian gateways is called A)an anthromorph.
B)a sphinx.
C)a lamassu.
D)a taotie.
Answer: C
Q2) As seen in the Ishtar Gate,the notched towers can also be described as A)crenellated.
B)undercut.
C)glazed.
D)buttressed.
Answer: A
Q3) The Stele of Naram-Sin commemorates A)a military victory.
B)the dedication of Naram-Sin's palace.
C)the first law code.
D)the grave of Naram-Sin.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Art of Ancient Egypt
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who designed the funerary complex and stepped pyramid of Djoser?
A)Djoser
B)Imhotep
C)Menkaure
D)Menes
Answer: B
Q2) What was unusual about Egypt during the reign of Akhenaten?
A)It was monotheistic.
B)Slavery was abolished.
C)Images of gods were outlawed.
D)It was ruled by the Hyksos.
Answer: A
Q3) Where was the bust of Nefertiti discovered?
A)on the prow of a ship
B)in her tomb
C)in a sculptor's studio
D)in the palace of neighboring Nubia
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Early Asian Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are symbolic Buddhist hand gestures called?
A)urnas
B)mudras
C)laksnanas
D)chakras
Q2) Which of the following is an East Asian reliquary tower built with successively smaller,repeated stories?
A)mausoleum
B)mastaba
C)pagoda
D)torana
Q3) Which of the following is a type of hard,glossy varnish?
A)lacquer
B)glaze
C)seal
D)enamelwork
Q4) Discuss how the purpose and design of Horiyu-Ji reveals the influence of China.
Q5) Explain the symbolism of the Eternal Shiva from the Cave-Temple at Elephanta.
Q6) Describe the architectural elements and symbolism of the Great Stupa at Sanchi.
Q7) Describe the Silk Road and its use and effect in China and the West.
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Chapter 5: Art of Ancient Greece and the Aegean World
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Sample Questions
Q1) How were Geometric funerary vases used?
A)to pour libations
B)as grave markers
C)to carry wine to the funeral
D)to keep the ashes of the deceased
Q2) Which ancient Greek is noted for developing a "canon" of proportion,which he illustrated in the Spear Bearer?
A)Phidias
B)Polykleitos
C)Pericles
D)Praxiteles
Q3) Noblemen from which cultural group wore Torcs?
A)Celts
B)Greeks
C)Neo-Babylonians
D)Persians
Q4) Give an example and describe the style of Minoan wall painting.What can we conclude about the Minoan people?
Q5) How does the altar from Pergamon highlight the characteristics of Hellenistic art?
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Chapter 6: Etruscan and Roman Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) When discussing temple architecture,the word podium is used to refer to A)a raised platform on which a small temple is built.
B)an altar within the early Etruscan temples.
C)the Vitruvian convention of repetitious arcades.
D)the use of engaged columns to support temple construction.
Q2) The Ara Pacis Augustae or Altar of Augustan Peace brings together what two cultural and stylistic traditions?
A)Greek and Roman
B)Etruscan and Egyptian
C)Etruscan and Roman
D)Babylonian and Greek
Q3) Citing examples,discuss what the Roman Empire valued based on the commemorative nature of the architecture.
Q4) In the temple that might have been dedicated to Portunus,which of the following shows a Greek influence?
A)the Ionic order columns
B)the engaged columns
C)the raised platform or podium
D)the stairs leading up to the porch
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Chapter 7: Jewish, early Christian, and Byzantine Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss Andrey Rublyov's art and style as an example of Byzantine art.What are its characteristics? How does it relate to the naturalism and idealization of the ancient Greeks?
Q2) Which of the following is a name for the first four books of the Christian New Testament?
A)the Gospels
B)the Torah
C)the Psalms
D)the Qur'an
Q3) Which is the central space of a longitudinal church?
A)a nave
B)an apse
C)a transept
D)a narthex
Q4) In Byzantine architecture,which is the preferred way to support a dome?
A)with squinches
B)with pendentives
C)with a colonnade
D)with a drum
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Chapter 8: Islamic Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where was the great royal center of book production under the Persian Timurid dynasty?
A)Herat
B)Byzantium
C)Grenada
D)Rome
Q2) Which of the following is a linear design based on geometric patterns and scrolling vines?
A)kufic script
B)tugras
C)arabesque
D)mandorla
Q3) Discuss the style and function of the illuminated manuscripts produced by the Persians and provide an example.
Q4) What is name for the recess,or niche,in the mosque wall closest to Mecca?
A)mihrab
B)iwan
C)qibla
D)madrasa
Q5) Relate the Islamic idea of paradise to the Alhambra's Court of the Lions.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Later Asian Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which became the most prominent religion in India during the period ofc.650-1526?
A)Islam
B)Hinduism
C)Buddhism
D)Christianity
Q2) Which was the new system of thought that developed during the Song dynasty?
A)Daoism
B)Buddhism
C)Neo-Confucianism
D)Hinduism
Q3) Which of the following is the knob-like architectural decoration found at the top point of a spire where earthly and cosmic worlds are thought to join?
A)axis-mundi
B)finial
C)shikara
D)mandapa
Q4) Describe the Japanese aesthetic sensibility that has created such admiration for simple objects such as a teabowl.What characteristics should a proper teabowl have?
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Chapter 10: Early Medieval and Romanesque Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who made the oldest signed self-portrait by a woman in Western Europe?
A)the Abbess Hitda
B)the nun Guda
C)the nun Ende
D)Saint Walpurga
Q2) As seen at Saint-Lazare,Autun,how is a Last Judgment scene typically laid out?
A)The damned are not depicted.
B)The damned are on the viewer's left.
C)The damned are on Christ's left.
D)The damned are beneath Christ's feet.
Q3) Which is the place where the nave and the transept intersect?
A)bailey
B)buttress
C)crossing
D)tympanum
Q4) Which is the central supporting post in a Romanesque church portal?
A)archivolt
B)trumeau
C)jamb
D)tympanum
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Chapter 11: Gothic Art
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where did the pope and his court move in 1309?
A)Rome
B)Constantinople
C)Avignon
D)Athens
Q2) Where were the two important centers of Italian Gothic painting located?
A)Rome and Naples
B)Venice and Ravenna
C)Milan and Bologna
D)Siena and Florence
Q3) In manuscripts during the Gothic age,illuminators used columns of medallions and colors,both of which were derived from
A)stained-glass windows.
B)cloisonné metalwork.
C)portal sculpture.
D)Italian frescos.
Q4) Discuss the composition,movement,and technique of Nicola Pisano's baptistery pulpit relief sculpture,Annunciation,Nativity,and Adoration of the Shepherds.
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Chapter 12: Early Renaissance Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is a decoration made by scratching through plaster or glaze?
A)sgraffito
B)engraving
C)rustication
D)intaglio
Q2) Describe how Martin Schongauer created an emotionally charged engraving.Give examples of technique and compare this technique with that of a woodcut.
Q3) Explain the composition of Lorenzo Ghiberti's Jacob and Esau panel from the "Gates of Paradise." Describe the narrative as it is told through relief.
Q4) What is the term for art that has been created using a gouge to make high-relief areas for the image?
A)intaglio
B)lithograph
C)engraving
D)woodcut
Q5) Discuss the different ways that Masaccio increases the illusion of space in The Tribute Money and the ways that he breaks from the International Gothic style.
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14
Chapter 13: Art of the High Renaissance and Reformation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast Lucas Cranach's Nymph of the Spring and Titian's "Venus" of Urbino.
Q2) What generally happened to art in churches that became Protestant?
A)It was altered to fit the new doctrine.
B)It was sold to Catholic churches.
C)It was destroyed and the walls whitewashed.
D)It was forcibly sold back to artists and patrons.
Q3) How did El Greco begin his career?
A)as a Byzantine icon painter
B)as a stonecutter
C)as a copyist of Bosch's work
D)as a goldsmith
Q4) In Christian architecture,which of the following is a building over a grave that was traditionally circular in plan?
A)martyrium
B)hemicycle
C)mausoleum
D)cenotaph
Q5) How does Hieronymus Bosch's painting Garden of Earthly Delights defy the traditions of the Renaissance?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Seventeenth-Century Art in Europe
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why was the figure of the Virgin Mary often shown standing on a crescent moon?
A)It signified the New World.
B)It symbolized her ability to cure the plague.
C)It represented the woman of the Apocalypse.
D)It showed her piety.
Q2) Which of the following artists inspired Peter Paul Rubens' technique in The Raising of the Cross?
A)Michelangelo
B)Caravaggio
C)Diego Velázquez
D)Annibale Carracci
Q3) How is Vermeer's Woman Holding a Balance both a genre painting and an allegorical vanitas painting?
Q4) The French Academy was based upon the art of which style?
A)Mannerist art
B)Baroque art
C)Renaissance art
D)Classical art
Q5) How does Bernini's Cornaro Chapel reveal the characteristics of Baroque art?
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Chapter 15: Art of the Americas
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the Pueblo people of the Southwest known for?
A)pottery
B)paintings
C)printmaking
D)sculpture
Q2) What do the headdresses seen on a Moche earspool resemble?
A)cactus
B)feathers
C)crescent-shaped knife
D)poppy flower
Q3) Which ancient Americans made the most accurate calendar?
A)Olmec
B)Aztec
C)Nazca
D)Maya
Q4) Discuss the purpose of Inca tunics and the message,meaning,and symbolism in the Inca's use of pattern and color on cloth.
Q5) Compare the Colossal Head created by Olmec artists and Portrait Head of Pakal the Great by the Maya.
Q6) How was the Chilkat Blanket used? Discuss the formal qualities and style.
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Chapter 16: African Art
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Sample Questions
Q1) What did the tall Conical Tower at Great Zimbabwe represent?
A)a pyramid,symbol of stability
B)connection between the natural and supernatural worlds
C)a good harvest and prosperity
D)the king's power
Q2) How does a hierarchy of materials or subject differ in African cultures compared to Western cultures? How do African cultures differ from Western cultures in their assessment of "fine art" as opposed to "craft"?
Q3) In Benin sculpture,such as that of the iyoba,what represents Olokun,the Lord of the Great Waters?
A)a Portuguese soldier
B)a mudfish
C)a panther
D)coral-beads
Q4) What makes art historians believe that Ife heads were not true portraits?
A)They show abstract rather than naturalistic figures.
B)They represent individuals of the same age and are idealized.
C)They have found written records that provide names.
D)They show aesthetically pleasing features.
Q5) Explain the myth of "primitive" art and how it applies to African art.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: European and American Art, 1715-1840
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Sample Questions
Q1) Interestingly,who hung a copy of Fuseli's The Nightmare in his office?
A)Napoleon Bonaparte
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Thomas Jefferson
D)Winston Churchill
Q2) David's Oath of the Horatii became an emblem of
A)the French Revolution.
B)the monarchy.
C)Napoleon.
D)Paris Commune of 1871.
Q3) What does the moon in An Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump by Joseph Wright symbolize?
A)the bird's fate
B)the patron's last name
C)the Lunar Society
D)the goddess Artemis
Q4) Describe the composition and style of Jean-Honoré Fragonard's The Swing.
Q5) What made the Raft of the "Medusa" so controversial? Consider both style and subject matter.
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Chapter 18: European and American Art, 1840-1910
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does "camera obscura" mean?
A)lost machine
B)mysterious picture
C)dark chamber
D)missing image
Q2) According to the author,who was "the most uncompromising American Realist" of the second half of the nineteenth century?
A)Winslow Homer
B)Thomas Eakins
C)Henry O.Tanner
D)Mary Cassatt
Q3) Who took portraits of famous British scholars and wanted to make photography an art form in its own right?
A)Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
B)William Henry Fox Talbot
C)Julia Margaret Cameron
D)Alexander Gardner
Q4) Compare and contrast the architectural style of the Opéra and the Wainwright Building.
Q5) What was japonisme and how did it influence Western art? Give an example.
Page 20
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1900-1945
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Q1) Which of the following describes the design aesthetic of Gerrit Rietveld?
A)biomorphic,curving shapes
B)random,subconscious and free association
C)use of historical styles
D)rectangular planes of color
Q2) Who coined the name "mobile"?
A)Marcel Duchamp
B)Alexander Calder
C)Georgia O'Keeffe
D)Pablo Picasso
Q3) What happening in Frida Kahlo's life as she was painting The Two Fridas?
A)her marriage to Diego Rivera
B)her divorce from Diego Rivera
C)her stormy engagement
D)Diego Rivera's death
Q4) Discuss the political and iconographical significance of Diego Rivera's mural in the Palacio de Bellas Artes,Man,Controller of the Universe.
Q5) Describe the development and influence of Cubism.Include a comment regarding the working relationship of Picasso and Braque.
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Chapter 20: Art Since 1945
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Sample Questions
Q1) By design,the walls of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial are pointing toward
A)the White House and the Capitol.
B)the National Academy of Sciences and the National Gallery.
C)the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.
D)the State Department and the Justice Department.
Q2) What does the writing suggest in Wenda Gu's United Nations-Babel of the Millennium?
A)the importance of all life on earth
B)electronic communication
C)uniting of cultures
D)limitations of human knowledge
Q3) Which of the following describes the work of Jean Tinguely?
A)polished steel inspired by the formalism of Analytic Cubism
B)a construction of discarded packing boxes,spindles,and other wooden refuse
C)a kinetic sculpture that destroys itself
D)monumentally scaled objects from popular culture
Q4) Discuss the International Style of Architecture and its expression in the Seagram Building in New York.Include its use of materials and ideas of aesthetics.
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Introduction
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Q1) What do coins generally symbolize in a still life?
A)involvement in trade
B)wealth of the owner
C)wealth of the artist
D)involvement in politics
Q2) During which era did artists begin to be designated as "masters"?
A)Baroque
B)Ancient Rome
C)Renaissance
D)Middle Ages
Q3) Which of the following media did Hendrick Goltzius base his engravings on?
A)architecture
B)drawing
C)sculpture
D)painting
Q4) The English word "technique" comes from
A)Latin.
B)Greek.
C)Egyptian.
D)French.
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