Archaeology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Archaeology is the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains, including artifacts, architecture, biofacts, and cultural landscapes. This course introduces students to key archaeological concepts, methods, and theories used to investigate past societies, from ancient civilizations to recent history. Through exploring case studies and undertaking practical exercises, students will gain insights into how archaeologists reconstruct daily life, environmental changes, technological advancements, and social transformations across time, fostering a deeper understanding of how the past shapes our present.
Recommended Textbook
Window on Humanity A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology 6th Edition by Conrad Kottak
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) __________ defines the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses.
A)Ethnology
B)Ethnography
C)Cultural resource management
D)Adaptation
E)Phenotype
Answer: D
Q2) The question, ___________, was important in the origins of American anthropology.
A)"How are the Neandertals related to us"
B)"Where did Native Americans come from"
C)"When and where did food production first begin"
D)"How much beer do people in Arizona drink today"
E)"Where do ideals of attractiveness come from"
Answer: B
Q3) Primatology is included in biological anthropology.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Cultural learning often occurs among nonhuman animals that live in groups.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Recent research on chimpanzee eating habits indicates that A)chimps are habitual hunters.
B)male chimps are exclusive herbivores.
C)chimpanzees occasionally cook meat at volcanically heated springs.
D)while chimps do hunt a little, they get most of their meat by stealing it from predators.
E)chimpanzee hunting is the main reason New World monkeys are almost extinct.
Answer: A
Q3) According to anthropologists, cultures eventually become fixed traditions and stop changing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Doing Anthropology
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Q1) In survey research, ____________ refers to the attributes that differ among members of a population.
A)unknowns
B)questionnaires
C)interviews
D)variables
E)random samples
Answer: D
Q2) Paleopathology is the study of disease and injury in skeletons.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) In survey research, sampling is
A)the collection of a representative subset of a larger population.
B)the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants.
C)participant observation.
D)the collection of life-histories of every member in a community.
E)the recording of the emic perspective.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Evolution, Genetics, and Human Variation
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Q1) __________ describes the process that allows the selection of certain traits of one sex because of advantages they confer in winning mates.
A)Mitosis
B)Genotype
C)Directional selection
D)Sexual selection
E)Independent assortment
Q2) An overabundance of vitamin D in the body causes rickets.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The allele Hb<sup>S</sup> that codes for the type of hemoglobin associated with sickle-cell anemia
A)is distributed evenly throughout all human populations.
B)less susceptible to malaria.
C)is always lethal when found in a human population.
D)has no effect on the viability of a population.
E)is never expressed in the phenotype when present in a homozygous state.
Q4) Discuss at least three characteristics of evolution that qualify it as a scientific theory.
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6
Chapter 5: The Primates
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Q1) The classification of organisms based on their relationships and resemblances is known as A)taxonomy. B)primatology.
C)chronology. D)homology. E)analogy.
Q2) Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms belonging to the same genus.
A)True B)False
Q3) Overlapping fields of vision improve depth perception. A)True B)False
Q4) Prehensile (grasping) tails are characteristic traits of A)Old World monkeys. B)New World monkeys.
C)pongids. D)prosimians. E)tarsiers.
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Chapter 6: Early Hominins
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Q1) The genus Homo did not appear until after all of the australopithecines had become extinct.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The earliest known stone tools belong to the Acheulian tradition.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The statement, __________, is not true.
A)"australopithecines mainly ate savanna vegetation."
B)"australopithecines exhibited greater sexual dimorphism than do modern humans."
C)"australopithecines lived between approximately 4.2 and 1 m.y.a."
D)"australopithecines started out as knuckle-walkers (A.anamensis) and ended up bipedal (A.boisei)."
E)"australopithecines became more robust through time".
Q4) Discuss the place of Ardipithecus and Australopithecus anamensis in hominin evolution, as well as the current dates associated with both species.
Q5) Identify and discuss the major features of australopithecine dentition.Discuss what these teeth reveal about australopithecine adaptation.
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Chapter 7: The Genus Homo
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Q1) Discuss the fossil and genetic evidence for the Out of Africa theory relating to anatomically modern humans.Analyze what this evidence indicates about the role of Neandertals in the evolution of modern humans.
Q2) Most of what is known today about archaic H.sapiens comes from South Asia.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Monte Verde, located in Chile, is one of the most important H.erectus sites.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Only two hominin species, H.sapiens neanderthalensis and H.sapiens sapiens, ever lived in the Americas.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Recent DNA analysis suggests that the Americas were settled by more than one haplogroup.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Provide evidence for an increased dependence on culture during hominin evolution.
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Chapter 8: The First Farmers
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Q1) Discuss the nature and tempo of the development of food production.Analyze whether the advent of food production was a true "revolution" or the result of a more gradual transition from foraging to strategies that increasingly relied on domesticated plants and animals.Cite specific archaeological evidence.
Q2) __________ was not domesticated in South America.
A)Llamas
B)Rice
C)Potatoes
D)Guinea pigs
E)Manioc
Q3) The first animals domesticated in the Middle East were A)horses and cattle.
B)pigs and sheep.
C)chickens and cattle.
D)goats and sheep.
E)chickens and pigs.
Q4) Compare and contrast the transition from foraging to food production in the Middle East and Mesoamerica.
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Chapter 9: The First Cities and States
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Q1) Explain why states collapse.Detail how archaeological explanations of the process of collapse changed over time.
Q2) In contrast to earlier models, current explanations of the origin and decline of states
A)suggest that all cultural change results from the diffusion of ideas between societies.
B)consider the effects of social and political variables in addition to environmental factors.
C)attempt to isolate the single variable that brought about cultural change.
D)accept the possibility that extraterrestrial forces may have played a role in the rise and fall of ancient civilizations.
E)emphasize the role of natural environmental factors.
Q3) The statement, __________, is not true.
A)"Jericho is located in Israel"
B)"Jericho has a series of shrines decorated with bull motifs"
C)"Jericho was first settled by the Natufians"
D)"After 9000 B.P., the inhabitants of Jericho buried their dead beneath their house floors"
E)"Jericho had a large tower and a city wall"
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Chapter 10: Language and Communication
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Q1) Define focal vocabularies, and explain why they exist.
Q2) The study of the forms in which sounds combine to form words and their meaningful parts is
A)phonology.
B)syntax.
C)morphology.
D)lexicon.
E)grammar.
Q3) Language is transmitted through enculturation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that
A)the degree of cultural complexity is related to the effectiveness of languages as systems of communication.
B)the languages people speak influence the way they think.
C)the Hopi do not use three verb tenses; thus, they have no concept of time.
D)culture determines what language is able to describe.
E)all humans are endowed with the ability to use language.
Q5) Describe how people communicate without speaking.
Q6) Define BEV, and compare it to SE.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Making a Living
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Q1) If rights to land are passed on through descent groups, the __________ adaptive strategy is most likely.
A)large-game hunting
B)nonindustrial food producing
C)reciprocal
D)foraging
E)redistribution
Q2) Shifting cultivation
A)typically involves the use of draft animals.
B)cannot support permanent villages.
C)requires irrigation.
D)requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years.
E)relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
Q3) Define an adaptive strategy.Identify the five adaptive strategies in Cohen's typology of societies.Discuss how Cohen links economy and social features.
Q4) Determine if reciprocity, redistribution, and the market principle are mutually exclusive in any given society.Give examples, including contemporary North America.
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Chapter 12: Political Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ was not traditionally used by the Inuit to handle disputes.
A)Blood feuds
B)Song contests
C)Killing an offender
D)Courts of law
E)Kin ties
Q2) In chiefdoms, individuals were ranked according to seniority, but everyone was believed to have descended from a common set of ancestors.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The elites of archaic states enjoyed restricted access to sumptuary goods.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The __________ society has village heads.
A)Qashqai
B)San
C)Kapauku
D)Yanomami
E)Basseri
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Chapter 13: Families, Kinship, and Marriage
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Q1) With patrilineal descent, a person takes her or his father's last name but recognizes descent through both parents.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In matrilineal societies
A)daughters become lifetime members of their mother's group, but sons belong to their father's group.
B)sons become lifetime members of their mother's group, but daughters belong to their father's group.
C)descent groups include only the children of the group's women.
D)descent groups include only the children of the group's men.
E)postmarriage residence tends to be patrilocal.
Q3) The Life at Home study based on middle-class people who either owned or were buying homes found that American life centered on the A)family room.
B)kitchen.
C)car.
D)bedroom.
E)living room.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Gender
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Q1) Gender stratification is
A)less pronounced among agriculturalists.
B)includes societies where women control all the strategic resources.
C)generally reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated.
D)allows women to become more powerful as the contribute more to the domestic sphere.
E)allows women to become more powerful as the contribute less to the domestic sphere.
Q2) __________ is not part of the patrilineal-patrilocal complex.
A)Patrilineality
B)Patrilocality
C)Warfare
D)Reduced gender stratification
E)Male supremacy
Q3) All anthropologists agree that a true matriarchy has never existed.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss whether or not certain sexual preferences are more natural than others.Use cross-cultural evidence to substantiate the argument.
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Chapter 15: Religion
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Q1) Contrast ritual behavior with ordinary behavior.Give examples of religious and secular rituals, and identify the main differences between such kinds of ritual.
Q2) Discuss two cases in which religion played an important role in social change.
Q3) The use of voodoo dolls is an example of
A)imitative magic.
B)contagious magic.
C)taboo.
D)animism.
E)superstition.
Q4) According to Tylor, religion evolved from polytheism to animism to monotheism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) __________ refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals.
A)Animism
B)Magic
C)Religion
D)A rite of passage
E)Pantheism
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Chapter 16: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) Many "imagined communities" were created by colonialism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The modern concept of "race" was modeled after an ancient theorem of the Great Chain of Being.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The burakumin constitute an isolated breeding population that is genetically distinct from the majority Japanese population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Segregation in the southern United States and apartheid in South Africa are examples of
A)situational discrimination.
B)genocide.
C)assimilation.
D)de jure discrimination.
E)de facto discrimination.
Q5) Define hypodescent, and determine if it exists in every human society.
Q6) Describe the notion of "imagined community."
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) A common problem for international development projects is that they
A)lack an intervention philosophy.
B)often assume the best way to increase production and income is through industrialization.
C)tend to use local cultural models and processes rather than the more advanced Western models.
D)frequently make unnecessary attempts to extend indigenous lifestyles that are already obsolete.
E)overemphasize the needs of local communities.
Q2) The __________ disease theory would attribute a person's illness to the consumption of hot or cold substances under the wrong conditions.
A)personalistic
B)naturalistic
C)biomedical
D)emotionalistic
E)tribal
Q3) Discuss ways in which anthropology is relevant to business.
Q4) Discuss the reasons why many anthropologists have turned from academic to applied work.
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Chapter 18: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) According to Weber, the three dimensions of social stratification are
A)means of production, mode of production, measure of production.
B)status, exchange, religion.
C)gender, ethnicity, race.
D)wealth, power, prestige.
E)age, gender, ethnicity.
Q2) The modern world system benefits all participating societies equally.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define the Industrial Revolution, and describe how the lives of ordinary working people changed as a result of this revolution.
Q4) The statement, __________, is not true.
A)"British colonialism lacked an intervention philosophy"
B)"British colonialism consisted of two main phases"
C)"British colonialism was legitimized by the racist notion of 'the white man's burden'"
D)"British colonialism began to disintegrate following World War II"
E)"British colonialism was driven by economic interests"
Q5) Define the world-system perspective, and explain why it is important in anthropology.
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Chapter 19: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) The greatest obstacle to slowing climate change is
A)curbing population growth.
B)providing enough food.
C)ensuring that each culture is considered in any plan to halt climate change.
D)stopping deforestation.
E)meeting energy demands.
Q2) __________ keeps the Earth's surface warm.
A)The atmosphere
B)Global warming
C)Ocean currents
D)The hothouse effect
E)The greenhouse effect
Q3) Autochthony most likely plays a role in
A)urban planning
B)mass media
C)finance
D)health care reform
E)immigration policies
Q4) Identify some of the arguments for and against the interpretation of mass media as a form of cultural imperialism.
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