Applied Statistics
Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Applied Statistics introduces students to the practical application of statistical methods for analyzing and interpreting data in a variety of real-world contexts. The course covers descriptive statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, regression analysis, and analysis of variance. Emphasis is placed on using modern statistical software to solve problems drawn from fields such as business, health sciences, engineering, and the social sciences. Students will learn to collect, organize, and analyze data, draw meaningful conclusions, and communicate their results effectively, preparing them to apply statistical reasoning in professional and academic settings.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics Excel 2010 Edition 3rd Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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532 Verified Questions
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of an Excel formula for taking the number 6 to the power of 2?
A) =6+2
B) =6^2
C) 6+2
D) 6^2
Answer: B
Q2) What is a sample?
Answer: A sample is a smaller subset of data taken from the larger population such as class of undergraduate students in the University.
Q3) What symbol is used for representing the mathematical operator "division" when using Excel?
A) = B) *
C) / D) -
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the correct function for calculating the midpoint?
A) MEAN(A1:A15)
B) MEDIAN(A1+A2+A3)/3
C) MODE(A1:A12)
D) MEDIAN(A1:A10)
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is the correct function for calculating the score occurring most often in a distribution?
A) MEAN(A1:A15)
B) MEDIAN(A1+A2+A3)/3
C) MODE (A1:A12)
D) MEDIAN(A1:A10)
Answer: C
Q3) When might you want to use the moving average tool?
Answer: A moving average might be used when you have a distribution that has outliers in order to obtain a more accurate representation.
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the formula for computing the variance, what does the letter "n" represent?
A) summation
B) sample size
C) mean value of the group
D) individual scores
Answer: B
Q2) Write out the two Excel formulas for computing the standard deviation and the variance.
Answer: VAR(A1:A12) STDEV(A1:A10)
Q3) What is the most general measure of variability?
A) standard deviation
B) range
C) mean
D) variance
Answer: B
Q4) What is the s² of the following set of scores? 20, 24, 26, 22, 18, 16, 18
Answer: The variance is 12.95
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two types of kurtosis? Explain each.
Q2) If you were interested in tracking your GPA during the time you are in graduate school, which of the following might you use?
A) Bar chart
B) Line graph
C) Pie chart
D) Histogram
Q3) What is another name for a cumulative frequency polygon?
A) Olive
B) Cumulative polygon
C) Ogive
D) Cumulative tally
Q4) If you wanted to examine the proportion of students in this class who are male compared to female, which of the following might you use?
A) Bar chart
B) Line graph
C) Pie chart
D) Histogram
Q5) What is the difference between skewness and kurtosis?
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the correlation between variables is .70, what percent of the variance is shared variance?
Q2) If you wanted to compute the correlation between two interval-level variables, which type of correlation should you use?
A) Point biserial
B) Phi
C) Spearman rank
D) Pearson
Q3) If the correlation between variables is .60, what is the coefficient of alienation?
Q4) When data points group together in a cluster from the lower left-hand side of the xy axis to the upper right-hand side, what is this?
A) Negative slope
B) Positive slope
C) Negative intercept
D) Positive intercept
Q5) Write the formula for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
Q6) If the coefficient of determination between two variables is .49, how strong is the relationship? Why?
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you correlate scores from your test with some other valid measure that assesses the same set of abilities, what type of validity evidence are you collecting?
A) Criterion validity
B) Content validity
C) Construct validity
D) Internal consistency
Q2) What type of validity is concerned with the adequate representation of test items?
A) Content validity
B) Predictive validity
C) Concurrent validity
D) Construct validity
Q3) What is the key to establishing criterion validity?
A) Number of criteria
B) Quality of the criterion
C) Type of correlation
D) Predictive ability
Q4) How does error affect reliability? Write the general equation for reliability that demonstrates this concept.
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) When might you use a one-tailed test, and when would you want to use a two-tailed test?
Q2) What does a hypothesis help you determine?
A) Techniques to be used
B) Research question
C) Average score
D) Sampling error
Q3) What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is specified?
A) Directional hypothesis
B) Nondirectional hypothesis
C) Research hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Q4) What does "generalizability" mean?
A) Results may be applied to the populations studied
B) Results may apply only to the sample studied
C) Sampling error is high
D) Sample does not represent the population
Q5) What is a hypothesis?
Q6) Explain what is meant by the fishing trip approach to doing research.
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of standard score has M = 0 and SD = 1?
A) IQ score
B) T score
C) x score
D) z score
Q2) If you want to calculate a z score for a test where your raw score was 24, what other information must you know?
A) Shape of the distribution
B) Mean, median, and mode
C) Mean and standard deviation
D) Standard deviation only
Q3) What do standard scores allow researchers to do that raw scores cannot?
Q4) In a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the probability that a score will be 115 or higher?
A) 16%
B) 34%
C) 50%
D) 84%
Q5) Write the formula for calculating a z score.
Page 10
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Under the normal curve, if the obtained value falls to the left of the critical value, under what percent of the normal curve did it fall?
Q2) What is the test statistic that is calculated by the statistical procedure known as?
A) Critical value
B) Significance level
C) Obtained value
D) p value
Q3) Under the normal curve, if the obtained value falls to the right of the critical value, under what percent of the normal curve did it fall?
Q4) What Greek letter is associated with Type I error?
A) \(\alpha\)
B) \(\beta\)
C) \(\Sigma\)
D) \(\eta\)
Q5) What is the definition for significance level?
Q6) If you conclude that your findings yield a 1-in-20 chance that differences were not due to the hypothesized reason, what is the corresponding p value?
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely
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Sample Questions
Q1) If n > 30, what should the distribution be?
Q2) When you reject the null hypothesis when it is really true, then you have made a?
A) Incorrect decision
B) Correct decision
C) Type II error
D) Type I error
Q3) What Greek letter represents the population average in a Z Test equation?
A) \(\alpha\)
B) \(V\)
C) \(\eta\)
D) \(\mu\)
Q4) Excel can apply the Z tests to data arranged in rows or in columns, but the statistical packages present the results typically by.
A) Rows
B) Columns
Q5) When analyzing data types what type of chance should each individual have for being selected?
Q6) If the n is less than 30, what should the distribution be?
Q7) What can be said about data points and Z Tests?
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Chapter 11: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) What Excel function requires that you enter the t value, degrees of freedom, and the number of tails?
A) TTEST
B) TEST2
C) TDIST
D) TDIST2
Q2) What is the test statistic calculated by the statistical procedure selected known as?
A) Critical value
B) Significance level
C) Obtained value
D) p value
Q3) In order to be 99% confident you have not committed a Type I error, at what level should you set your p value?
A) .01
B) .10
C) .05
D) .15
Q4) Explain the difference between a test of dependent and independent means.
Q5) What does t stat represent?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does t critical one-tail represent?
Q2) If the obtained value is less than the critical value, what should you do?
A) Reject the null hypothesis
B) Accept the null hypothesis
C) Reduce the p value
D) Decrease your sample
Q3) To examine one group of subjects under two different conditions, which statistical technique should you select?
A) Regression
B) t test for dependent samples
C) Analysis of variance
D) t test for independent samples
Q4) In the following, what are the degrees of freedom: t???? = 2.001, p < .05?
A) 29
B) 30
C) 31
D) 32
Q5) When using the Amazing Analysis ToolPak to compute t value for dependent samples, which test should you select?
Page 14
Q6) What does P(T<=t) two-tail represent?
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many? Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the MS within value?
Q2) Which of the following is the formula for computing the F statistic?
A) F = MS between/MS within
B) F = SS between/SS within
C) F = SS within/SS between
D) F = MS within/MS between
Q3) When your research question calls for you to examine the differences in group means among three or more groups, which of the following would be the appropriate procedure?
A) Pearson correlation
B) t test for dependent samples
C) t test for independent samples
D) Analysis of variance
Q4) Which of the following is the same as t² when examining the difference between two groups?
A) F
B) t
C) Cohen's d
D) F²
Q5) How are the F statistic and t statistic related?
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) ANOVA with replication is also known as?
A) Repeated measures
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q2) Create a 3 × 2 factorial design ANOVA.
Q3) What type of design includes an ANOVA where one factor is repeated and the other is not?
A) Repeated design
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q4) When you are interested in finding out if students' achievement level changes over time as a result of a reading intervention, what type of ANOVA would you use?
A) Repeated measures
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q5) What does a factorial 3 × 2 design represent? Give an example.
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing
Relationships Using the Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the considerations/requirements one must follow in order to know that a test of the correlation coefficient is the appropriate statistic?
Q2) What is the most important characteristic of a correlation coefficient?
A) Sign
B) Absolute value
C) One-tailed
D) Two-tailed
Q3) If you are examining the relationship between variables (not the difference between groups) and only two variables are being used, what is the appropriate test statistic?
Q4) Which of the following is another use for correlation coefficients?
A) Testing mean differences
B) Testing causal relationships
C) Estimating reliability
D) Estimating power
Q5) The correlation coefficient is a measure of which of the following?
A) Mean differences
B) Causation
C) Prediction
D) Association
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the standard error of estimate? What does it allow us to examine?
Q2) In regression, what is the criterion variable also known as?
A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Predictor variable
D) Correlated variable
Q3) Write the equation for linear regression. What do the symbols represent?
Q4) What must be used to examine an outcome that is predicted from two independent variables?
Q5) Which of the following symbols is associated with the slope in the regression equation?
A) X
B) Y
C) a
D) b
Q6) How is the symbol Y? interpreted?
A) Y intercept
B) Y predictor
C) Y prime
D) Y score Page 19
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Page 20
Chapter
Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) A one-sample chi-square is also known as which of these?
A) Goodness of fit test
B) Test of independence
C) Wilcoxon rank
D) Mann-Whitney
Q2) What is the formula for calculating a one-sample chi-square?
Q3) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare two independent samples?
A) Mann-Whitney
B) Wilcoxon rank
C) Spearman rank
D) Kolmogorov-Smirnov
Q4) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if scores from a sample came from a specified population?
A) Mann-Whitney
B) Fisher's exact
C) Kolmogorov-Smirnov
D) Spearman rank
Page 21
Q5) Explain when you would want to use a one-sample chi-square?
Q6) How is a nonparametric test different from a parametric test?
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Chapter 18: Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which regression analysis has more than one predictor variable?
A) multiple
B) covariance
C) repeated measures
D) factor
Q2) Which ANOVA uses more than one dependent variable?
A) repeated measures
B) path analysis
C) covariance
D) multivariate
Q3) Which of the following allows you to equalize initial differences between groups?
A) analysis of variance
B) analysis of covariance
C) structural equation modeling
D) factor analysis
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