Applied Statistics in the Behavioral Sciences
Review Questions
Course Introduction
Applied Statistics in the Behavioral Sciences explores the fundamental statistical methods and analyses used in psychological, social, and behavioral research. This course covers descriptive statistics, probability, hypothesis testing, analysis of variance, correlation, and regression techniques, providing students with practical skills for interpreting data and critically evaluating research findings. Emphasis is placed on applying statistical reasoning to real-world behavioral science problems, using statistical software for data analysis, and effectively communicating statistical results in scientific contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences 9th Edition by Gravetter
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What kind of measurement scale is necessary to conclude that one score is twice as big as another?
A)Ordinal
B)Interval
C)Ratio
D)Interval or ratio
Answer: C
Q2) A recent study reports that students who just finished playing a prosocial video game were more likely to help others than students who had played a neutral or antisocial game.For this study,what is the independent variable?
A)The students who were given the prosocial game
B)The students who were given the neutral or antisocial game
C)The kind of game given to the students
D)The helping behavior of the students
Answer: C
Q3) For the following scores, (X + 1)² = 81.Scores: 1,3,0,1
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a frequency distribution is presented in a polygon,then the scores were measured on an interval or a ratio scale.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) What term is used to describe the shape of a distribution in which the scores pile up on the left-hand side of the graph and taper off to the right?
A)Symmetrical
B)Positively skewed
C)Negatively skewed
D)Normal
Answer: B
Q3) A professor records the number of students who are absent each day for the semester.Because this is a discrete variable,a bar graph should be used to show the frequency distribution.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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4
Chapter 3: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) One sample has n = 4 scores and M = 10.A second sample has n = 8 scores and M = 4.If the two samples are combined,what is the mean for the combined sample?
A)72/12 = 6
B)14/5 = 2.8
C)14/12 = 1.167
D)Cannot be determined with the information given Answer: A
Q2) A set of N = 4 scores has a mean of µ = 11.If 8 points are subtracted from one of the scores,what is the new value for the population mean?
A)13
B)11
C)10
D)9 Answer: D
Q3) For a 100-point exam,a score of X = 65 is definitely above the median.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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5
Chapter 4: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the range for the following set of scores? Scores: 5,7,9,15
A)4 points
B)5 points
C)10 or 11 points
D)15 points
Q2) A population of N = 6 scores has X = 12 and X² = 54.What is the value of SS for this population?
A)5
B)9
C)30
D)54
Q3) A sample with a variance of 25 has a standard deviation equal to 5 points.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For a population with µ = 70 and = 5,about 95% of the individuals will have scores between X = 65 and X = 75.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Calculate the variance and the standard deviation for the following sample data.Scores: 1,0,3,1,2,4,0,1
6
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Chapter 5: z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized
Distributions
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Q1) For a population with = 34,a score of X = 31 corresponds to z = -1.00.The standard deviation for the population is = 6.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For a distribution of scores,X = 40 corresponds to a z-score of z = -1.00,and X = 42 corresponds to a z-score of z = -0.50.What are the values for the mean and standard deviation for the distribution? (Hint: sketch a distribution and locate each of the z-score positions.)
Q3) If an entire population of N = 20 scores is transformed into z-scores,the set of 20 z-scores will have X = 0.
A)True
B)False
Q4) On an exam with = 6,Tom's score of X = 54 corresponds to z = -1.00.The mean for the exam must be µ = 60.
A)True
B)False
Q5) For a population with µ = 40 and = 8,find the z-score corresponding to each of the following X values: 42,52,36,32
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample
Questions
Q1) John drives to work each morning,and the trip takes an average of µ = 38 minutes.The distribution of driving times is approximately normal with a standard deviation of = 5 minutes.For a randomly selected morning,what is the probability that John's drive to work will take between 36 and 40 minutes?
A)0.0793
B)0.1526
C)0.1554
D)0.3108
Q2) Which of the following accurately describes the proportions in the tails of a normal distribution?
A)Proportions in the right-hand tail are positive, and proportions in the left-hand tail are negative.
B)Proportions in the right-hand tail are negative, and proportions in the left-hand tail are positive.
C)Proportions in both tails are positive.
D)Proportions in both tails are negative.
Q3) The proportion in the tail of a normal distribution can never be more than 0.50.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Probability and Samples: The Distribution of Sample Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a normal population with µ = 40 and = 10 which of the following samples is least likely to be obtained?
A)M 38 for a sample of n = 4
B)M 36 for a sample of n = 4
C)M 38 for a sample of n = 100
D)M 36 for a sample of n = 100
Q2) Two samples probably will have different means even if they are both the same size and they are both selected from the same population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If random samples,each with n = 4 scores,are selected from a normal population with µ = 80 and = 36,what is the standard error for the distribution of sample means?
A)4
B)9
C)18
D)36
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some researchers claim that herbal supplements such as ginseng or ginkgo biloba enhance human memory.To test this claim,a researcher selects a sample of n = 25 college students.Each student is given a ginkgo biloba supplement daily for six weeks and then all the participants are given a standardized memory test.For the population,scores on the test are normally distributed with = 70 and = 15.The sample of n = 25 students had a mean score of M = 75.
a.Are the data sufficient to say that the herb has a significant effect on memory? Use a two-tailed test with = .05.
b.Compute Cohen's d for this study.
Q2) A two-tailed hypothesis test is being used to evaluate a treatment effect with = .05.If the sample data produce a z-score of z = -2.24,what is the correct decision?
A)Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the treatment has no effect
B)Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the treatment has an effect
C)Fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the treatment has no effect
D)Fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the treatment has an effect
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the t Statistic
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Q1) For a one-tailed test with = .05 and a sample of n = 9,the critical value for the t statistic is t = 1.860.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A research report states "t(8)= 2.00,p > .05." For this test,r² = 2/10.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is not needed to compute a t statistic?
A)A hypothesized value for the population mean
B)The value of the population variance or standard deviation
C)The value of the sample mean
D)The value of the sample variance or standard deviation
Q4) Two samples are selected from a population,and a treatment is administered to the samples.If both samples have the same mean and the same variance,you are more likely to find a significant treatment effect with a sample of n = 100 than with a sample of n = 4.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The t Test for Two Independent Samples
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Q1) For an independent-measures t statistic,what is the effect of increasing the number of scores in the samples?
A)Increase the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and increase measures of effect size
B)Increase the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and decrease measures of effect size
C)Increase the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and have little or no effect on measures of effect size
D)Decrease the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and have little or no effect on measures of effect size
Q2) An independent-measures study with n = 20 scores in each treatment will produce an independent-measures t statistic with df = 19.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When pooling variances,the resulting value will be closer to the variance for the sample with the smaller number of scores.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The t Test for Two Related Samples
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Q1) A repeated-measures study and matched-subjects study both produce t statistics with df = 20.The repeated-measures study used more participants than the matched-subjects study.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following describes the effect of increasing sample size in a repeated-measures design?
A)Measures of effect size and the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis both increase.
B)Measure of effect size increase, but the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis decreases.
C)There is little or no effect on measures of effect size, but the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis increases.
D)There is little or no effect on measures of effect size, but the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis decreases.
Q3) Briefly explain the advantages and disadvantages of using a repeated-measures design as opposed to an independent-measures design.
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13
Chapter 12: Introduction to Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) F-ratios are always greater than or equal to zero.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The larger the differences among the sample means,the larger the numerator of the F-ratio will be.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher conducts an ANOVA to evaluate the mean difference between two treatments using the data from an independent-measures study and obtains F = 4.00.If the researcher had used an independent-measures t test,then t would be t = 2.00.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In analysis of variance,what is measured by the MS values?
A)Sample variance
B)Population variance
C)The average distance from one mean to another
D)The total variability for the set of N scores
Q5) Describe the circumstances in which post hoc tests are used,and explain why these tests are necessary.
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Chapter 13: Repeated-Measures and Two-Factor Analysis of Variance
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Q1) A two-factor,independent-measures research study with 2 levels of factor A and 3 levels of factor B with n = 10 participants in each treatment condition would require a total of 60 participants.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the relationship among the separate F-ratios in a two-factor ANOVA?
A)They may have different df values, but they all have the same denominator.
B)They all have the same df values and they all have the same denominator.
C)They may have different df values and may have different denominators.
D)They all have the same df values, but they may have different denominators.
Q3) A two-factor analysis of variance produces an F-ratio for factor A that has df = 3,36.This analysis is comparing three different levels of factor A.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the correct denominator for the repeated-measures F-ratio?
A)MSerror
B)MSwithin
C)MSbetween subjects
D)MSbetween treatments
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Correlation and Regression
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Questions
Q1) For a two-tailed hypothesis test evaluating a Pearson correlation,what is stated by the null hypothesis?
A)There is a non-zero correlation for the general population.
B)The population correlation is zero.
C)There is a non-zero correlation for the sample.
D)The sample correlation is zero.
Q2) A researcher obtains SS = 20,SS = 5,and SP = 7 for a set of n = 25 pairs of scores.The Pearson correlation for these scores is r = 7/10 = 0.70.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For a regression equation with a positive slope,if the X value is above the mean for the X scores,then the predicted Y value will be above the mean for the Y scores.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The line defined by the equation Y = -3X + 6 slopes up to the right.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compute the Pearson correlation for the following data.
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Chapter 15: The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit
and Independence
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Q1) The observed frequencies for a chi-square test can be fractions or decimal values.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The expected frequencies for a chi-square test are always whole numbers (no fractions or decimals).
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is always true for a chi-square test for goodness of fit or a test for independence?
A) fe = n
B) fe = fo
C)Both fe = n and fe = fo
D)Neither fe = n nor fe = fo
Q4) For a fixed level of significance,how is the critical value for chi-square related to degrees of freedom?
A)The critical value increases as df increases.
B)The critical value decreases as df increases.
C)The critical value increases as sample size increases.
D)The critical value decreases as sample size increases.
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