Applied Statistics in the Behavioral Sciences
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the application of statistical methods within the behavioral sciences, including psychology, sociology, and related fields. Students will develop foundational skills in descriptive and inferential statistics, learning how to analyze, interpret, and present behavioral data. Topics include probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, analysis of variance, and nonparametric techniques, with an emphasis on real-world research examples and ethical considerations in data analysis. Through hands-on projects and use of statistical software, students gain practical experience in applying statistical techniques to behavioral science research questions.
Recommended Textbook Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition by James Jaccard
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a researcher is studying how many hours a week a student devotes to playing video games.Playing video games is an example of a _______.
A)variable
B)hypothesis
C)prose
D)none of these
Answer: B
Q2) When Doctors are studying the effects of Ritalin on the number of words recalled the dependent variable is considered ____________________.
Answer: number of words recalled
Q3) Variables measured on a nominal level are called qualitative variables.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Inferential statistics uses population parameters to estimate sample statistics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Frequency histograms and frequency polygons can be constructed for grouped as well as ungrouped scores.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Frequency polygons are the same think as a bar graph.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) One should always report at least 10 groups in a grouped frequency distribution. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) If the range of scores in a distribution were equal to 48 and you placed the scores within ten groups,what interval size should be used?
A)4.8
B)5.0
C)10
D)4.0
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Percentiles percentile Ranks standard Scores
and the Normal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sum of a set of standard scores for a distribution will _____ equal 0. A)always
B)never
C)sometimes
D)cannot be determined
Q2) The scores below represent the test scores for a 10 point pop quiz in this class.
a.Fill out the entire frequency distribution and please answer the questions below.
b.What is the median or the 50<sup>th</sup> percentile?
c.What score represents the 80<sup>th</sup> percentile?
Q3) Which of the following does a percentile rank and a standard score have in common?
A)both reflect the relative position of a score in a set of scores
B)both reflect only an ordinal measure of relative standing
C)both reflect the mean and standard deviation of the entire group of scores
D)all of these
Q4) The median is the same as the____________________.
Q5) What is a standard score?
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Chapter 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the correlation between two variables is nonzero,the value of the sum of z score products is influenced not only by the size of the correlation,but also by the sample size (N).
A)True
B)False
Q2) When scores on Y are predicted from scores on X using a regression equation,the amount of error for a given individual can be represented by the discrepancy between that person's:
A)actual and predicted Y scores
B)actual and predicted X scores
C)a and b
D)neither a nor b
Q3) The magnitude of a correlation coefficient is determined by examining the absolute of the correlation coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A correlation of .50 always represents a large correlation.
A)True
B)False
6
Q5) The range of the correlation coefficient is from -1.00 to
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) If we were to randomly select one score from a set of scores,the value of that score would most likely be equal to the mode as opposed to any other value.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The sum of squared deviations from the mean will always be greater than the sum of squared deviations around any other index of central tendency.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If the variance of a distribution is 100 the SD is____________________.
Q4) The best answer to the question,"What value indicates a large standard deviation?" is:
A)any value greater than 10.00
B)any value greater than 100.00
C)it depends on the variability
D)it depends on what is being measured
Q5) The measure of central tendency that is used with qualitative data is____________________.
Q6) A ____________________is more peaked and has less variability.
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Chapter 7: Estimation and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The difference between the sample variance and the variance estimate is that the variance estimate _____:
A)underestimates the population variance
B)is computed with N-1 in the denominator
C)is computed with the degrees of freedom in the denominator
D)both b and c
Q2) A(n)____ of a population parameter is one whose average over all possible random samples of a given size equals the value of the parameter.
A)estimator
B)unbiased estimator
C)biased estimator
Q3) One result of the central limit theorem is that the _____ of a sampling distribution of the mean is always equal to the _____.
A)mean;sample mean
B)standard error;population variance
C)standard error;population mean
D)mean;population mean
Q4) Define the standard error of the mean.
Q5) What is a sampling distribution of the mean?
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
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Sample Questions
Q1) A t value is analogous to a z score except that it represents the number of estimated standard errors a sample mean is from ì.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following "t statements" is the proper way to present data in an manuscript using APA format?
A)t = 3.93,df = 29,p<.05
B)t(29)= 3.93,p<.05.
C)t(df=29)= 3.93,p<.05,SD = 5.71
D)t = 3.93,df = 29,p<.05,SD = 5.71
Q3) The power of a statistical test can be increased by _____.
A)increasing á level
B)increasing sample size
C)all of these
Q4) As a rough guide,investigators generally attempt to achieve statistical power in the range of .05 to .95,depending on the nature of the proposition being investigated.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Distinguish between a Type I error and a Type II error.
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The probability of an event,A,is formally defined as the number of observations favoring event A divided by the:
A)total number of possible observations
B)total number of possible events
C)proportion of observations
D)proportion of events
Q2) The sum of the frequencies in the corresponding row or column of a contingency table are referred to as marginal frequencies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The method of sampling--with versus without replacement--never has an effect on the probability of observing some event.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the relationship between the binomial distribution and the normal distribution?
Q5) The ____________________ is the statistical hypothesis that states that any differences observed are merely due to chance.
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Chapter 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical
Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) The technique of placing comparable subjects in all experimental groups in an attempt to control tor confounding variables is called ____.
A)assignment randomization
B)Holding a variable constant
C)matching
D)blocking
Q2) A cross-sectional design is the same as a longitudinal but the latter takes longer.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Based on the Applications to the Analysis of Social Problems section of Chapter 9,historical variables that are confounded with age refer to A)cohort effects.
B)age effects.
C)historical effects.
D)longitudinal effects.
Q4) Dr.Chin is studying the effect of lysine on memory.He gives one group lysine and the other subjects a placebo.He is using a____________________.
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Chapter 10: Independent Groups T -Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sum of squares total represents the total amount of variability that exists in the data.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is an estimated pooled variance?
A)the weighted average of the variances estimates
B)the variance of the difference between the sample means
C)the sum of the two variances estimates
D)the variance of the populations from which the samples were drawn
Q3) 1.00 minus eta-squared represents the proportion of variability in the dependent variable that is not associated with the independent variable--that is,the proportion of sample variability that is due to disturbance variables.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Whereas the sum of squares total reflects the total amount of variability in the dependent variable,the sum of squares error reflects the amount of variability that remains before the effects of the dependent variable have been removed.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Correlated Groups T-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The major difference between the correlated groups t test and the independent groups t test is that the former is used when the independent variable is manipulated and the latter is used when the independent variable is observed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If the sample size is less than 15,the correlated groups t test may show inflated Type I errors for data that are markedly skewed.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is meant by the sensitivity of a statistical test?
Q4) The formula for computing eta-squared from t and its degrees of freedom for the correlated groups t test is the same as that for the independent groups t test.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Only the independent groups t-test assumes the dependent variable is quantitative in nature at an interval scale.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The function of the sum of squares subjects is to remove variability due to _____ from the dependent variable so that a more sensitive test of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables can be performed.
A)treatment effects
B)individual differences
C)group differences
D)none of these
Q2) The F test is robust to violations of the ____________________ assumption.
Q3) In the one-way repeated measures ANOVA summary table,the _____ source reflects variability in the dependent variable that is due to individual differences.The purpose of partitioning this source of variability is to _____.
A)IV;test your null hypothesis
B)Across subjects;use it as the denominator in the F ratio
C)Error;use it as the denominator in the F ratio
D)Across subjects;exclude it from the denominator in the F ratio
Q4) What does the mean square subjects contribute to the F test?
Q5) How is the total variability in the dependent variable partitioned in a repeated measures design?
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Q6) The F test is NOT roust to violations of the ____________________ assumption.
Chapter 14: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sampling distribution of the population correlation coefficient is ____ when the population coefficient is equal to 0.
A)positively skewed
B)negatively skewed
C)symmetrical and approximately normal
D)bimodal
Q2) How is the nature of the relationship between two variables evaluated in a correlational analysis?
Q3) The measure of the strength of the relationship found using the Pearson correlation is _______.
A)r<sup>2</sup>
B)eta<sup>2</sup>
C)SS<sub>ERROR</sub>/ SS<sub>TOTAL</sub>
D)a and b
Q4) If a relationship is observed between two variables in a set of sample data,this means that a relationship exists between the variables in the corresponding population.
A)True
B)False
15
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Chapter 15: Chi-Square Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fourfold point correlation coefficient and Cramér's statistic can range from -1.00 to 1.00.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When the marginal frequencies of both variables under study are random,the test is known as the chi-square test of:
A)heterogeneity
B)dependence
C)independence
D)homogeneity
Q3) Probably the most common index of the strength of the relationship between two variables in a contingency table is a measure known as the fourfold point correlation coefficient (as it is called when applied to the relationship between variables with two levels each)or Cramér's statistic (as it is called when one or both variables have more than two levels).
A)True
B)False
Q4) How is the strength of the relationship between two variables in a contingency table evaluated?
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Chapter 16: Nonparametric Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Mann-Whitney U test are the parametriccounterparts of the independent groups t test.
A)True B)False
Q2) Regardless of whether the Wilcoxon rank sum test or the Mann-Whitney U test is used,the strength of the relationship between the two variables cannot be determined. A)True B)False
Q3) The ____________________ involves converting scores to ranks,then analyzing the rank scores using standard parametric tests.
Q4) Spearman rank-order correlation,more simply known as Spearman correlation,is a nonparametric counterpart of Pearson correlation. A)True B)False
Q5) What is the rank transformation approach?
Q6) In all the nonparametric tests presented in the chapter,scores must be in the form of
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Chapter 17: Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a two-way ANOVA,the _____ is further partitioned into three components,SS<sub>A</sub>,SS<sub>B</sub>,and SS<sub>AxB</sub>.
A)SS<sub>WITHIN</sub>
B)SS<sub>TOTAL</sub>
C)SS<sub>BETWEEN</sub>
D)SS<sub>ERROR</sub>
Q2) A between-groups factorial ANOVA differs from a between-groups one-way ANOVA in which of the following ways?
A)two or more dependent variables are used.
B)a factorial ANOVA may produce a negative F score.
C)two or more independent variables are used.
D)both a and b.
Q3) If a factorial ANOVA is conducted and a statistically significant main effect is determined for a factor that has three or more levels,the nature of the relationship should be determined by ____.
A)inspecting the sample means
B)calculating eta<sup>2</sup>
C)calculating a between-groups ANOVA for the significant factor
D)applying the Tukey HSD test
Page 18
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Chapter 18: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the study above the independent variable is_____.
A)the perceived sounds
B)the use of a ipod
C)recall for perceived sounds
D)all of these
E)none of these
Q2) If a dependent variable turns out to be highly skewed,then it might be decided to focus on a _____ rather than a _____ to analyze the relationship between two variables.
A)mean;median
B)median;mean
C)mean;mode
D)mode;Pearson correlation
Q3) Statistics that allow you to evaluate your data and generalize to the population are called_____.
A)inferential statistics
B)descriptive statistics
C)reliable
D)statistical power
E)None of these
Page 19
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