Applied Statistics in Behavioral Science Question
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Course Introduction
Applied Statistics in Behavioral Science introduces students to fundamental statistical concepts and methods used in the analysis of behavioral data. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance, with an emphasis on their practical application within psychology, sociology, and related fields. Students gain hands-on experience in selecting appropriate statistical techniques, interpreting results, and drawing meaningful conclusions to inform scientific inquiry and evidence-based decision-making in behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences 9th Edition by Gravetter
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define the concept of "sampling error." Note: your definition should include the concepts of sample,population,statistic,and parameter.
Answer: A parameter is a value that is obtained from a population of scores and is used to describe the population.A statistic is a value obtained from a sample and used to describe the sample.Typically,it is impossible to obtain measurements for an entire population,so researchers must rely on information from samples;that is,researchers use statistics to obtain information about unknown parameters.However,samples provide only limited information about their populations.Thus,sample statistics are usually not identical to their corresponding population parameters.The error or discrepancy between a statistic and the corresponding parameter is called sampling error.
Q2) A researcher is interested in the eating behavior of rats and selects a group of 25 rats to be tested in a research study.The group of 25 rats is an example of a ______.
A)sample
B)statistic
C)population
D)parameter
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a distribution of scores is shown in a bar graph,you know that the scores were measured on a(n)_________ scale of measurement.
A)nominal or ordinal
B)ordinal or interval
C)interval or ratio
D)discrete or continuous
Answer: A
Q2) A set of scores ranges from a high of X = 72 to a low of X = 28.If these scores were put in a grouped frequency distribution table,what would be the best choice for the interval width?
A)2 points
B)5 points
C)7 points
D)10 points
Answer: B
Q3) A space is left between adjacent bars in a bar graph.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a perfectly symmetrical distribution with a median of 30,what is the value of the mean?
A)30
B)Greater than 30
C)Less than 30
D)Cannot be determined from the information given
Answer: A
Q2) It is possible to have a distribution of scores where no individual has a score exactly equal to the mode.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) One sample with n = 4 scores has a mean of M = 12,and a second sample with n = 6 scores has a mean of M = 8.If the two samples are combined,what is the mean for the combined set of scores?
A)4.8
B)9.6
C)10.0
D)19.2
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the value of SS for the following set of scores? Scores: 0,1,4,5
A)17
B)18
C)42
D)Cannot answer without knowing whether it is a sample or a population
Q2) What are the values for SS and variance for the following sample of n = 3 scores?
Sample: 1,4,7
A)SS = 18 and variance = 6
B)SS = 18 and variance = 9
C)SS = 66 and variance = 22
D)SS = 66 and variance = 33
Q3) If the population variance is 4,then the standard deviation will be = 16.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Multiplying every score in a sample by 3 will not change the value of the standard deviation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compute SS,variance and standard deviation for the following population.Scores: 1,3,9,3
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Chapter 5: z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized
Distributions
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Q1) For a sample with a standard deviation of s = 10,a score with a deviation of +5 will have a z-score of z = 0.50.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For a population with µ = 40 and = 8,find the z-score corresponding to each of the following X values: 42,52,36,32
Q3) In a population of scores,X = 44 corresponds to z = +0.50 and X = 50 corresponds to z = +2.00.What are the values for the population mean and standard deviation?
A)µ = 42 and = 4
B)µ = 43 and = 2
C)µ = 40 and = 8
D)µ = 41 and = 6
Q4) For a population with a mean of = 60 and a standard deviation of = 8,a score of X = 56 corresponds to z = -0.50.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain what is measured by the sign of a z-score and what is measured by its numerical value.
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the probability of randomly selecting a z-score greater than z = -0.75 from a normal distribution?
A)0.7734
B)0.2266
C)0.2734
D)0.4532
Q2) A jar contains 10 red marbles and 20 blue marbles.If you take a random sample of two marbles from this jar,and the first marble is blue,then the probability that the second marble is blue is p = 19/29.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Scores on the SAT form a normal distribution with a mean of µ = 500 with = 100.If the state college only accepts students who score in the top 60% on the SAT,what is the minimum score needed to be accepted?
A)X = 475
B)X = 525
C)X = 440
D)X = 560
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8
Chapter 7: Probability and Samples: The Distribution of
Sample Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a normal population with µ = 40 and = 10 which of the following samples is least likely to be obtained?
A)M 38 for a sample of n = 4
B)M 36 for a sample of n = 4
C)M 38 for a sample of n = 100
D)M 36 for a sample of n = 100
Q2) For a particular population,a sample of n = 4 scores has a standard error of 6.For the same population,a sample of n = 16 scores would have a standard error of _____.
A)8
B)6
C)3
D)2
Q3) The mean for a sample of n = 9 scores has a standard error of 2 points.This sample was selected from a population with a standard deviation of = 18.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Q1) Which of the following accurately describes the effect of increasing the alpha level?
A)Increases the standard error and has no effect on the risk of a Type I error
B)Decreases the standard error and has no effect on the risk of a Type I error
C)Increases the risk of a Type I error and has no effect on the standard error
D)Decreases the risk of a Type I error and has no effect on the standard error
Q2) Which of the following is an accurate definition of a Type I error?
A)Rejecting a false null hypothesis
B)Rejecting a true null hypothesis
C)Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
D)Failing to reject a true null hypothesis
Q3) A researcher is conducting an experiment to evaluate a treatment that is expected to increase the scores for individuals in a population that is known to have a mean of =
80.The results will be examined using a one-tailed hypothesis test.Which of the following is the correct statement of the null hypothesis?
A) > 40
B) > 120
C) < 85
D) < 80
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Introduction to the t Statistic
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Q1) If the null hypothesis states that µ = 70 and a researcher obtains a sample with M = 73 and s² = 9,then Cohen's d = 0.33.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the sample variance and the estimated standard error for a sample of n = 9 scores with SS = 72?
A)s<sup>2</sup> = 9 and sM = 3
B)s<sup>2</sup> = 9 and sM = 1
C)s<sup>2</sup> = 3 and sM = 3
D)s<sup>2</sup> = 3 and sM = 1
Q3) A sample of n = 4 scores has SS = 60.What is the variance for this sample?
A)30
B)20
C)16
D)15
Q4) With = .05,what is the critical t value for a one-tailed test with n = 15?
A)t = 1.761
B)t = 1.753
C)t = 2.145
D)t = 2.131
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The t Test for Two Independent Samples
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Q1) An independent-measures study with n = 6 in each sample produces a sample mean difference of 4 points and a pooled variance of 12.What is the value for the t statistic?
A)1
B)2
C)4/ 2
D)4/ 8
Q2) Two samples,each with n = 9 scores,produce an independent-measures t statistic of t = 2.00.If the effect size is measured using r²,what is the value of r²?
A)4/16
B)4/20
C)2/16
D)2/18
Q3) Two samples,each with n = 8,produce an independent-measures t statistic of t = -2.15.Which of the following decisions is justified for a two-tailed test?
A)Reject H0 with = .05 but fail to reject with = .01
B)Reject H0 with both = .05 and = .01
C)Fail to reject H0 with both = .05 and = .01
D)Fail to reject H0 with = .05 but reject H0 with = .01
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Page 12
Chapter 11: The t Test for Two Related Samples
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Q1) Compared to an independent-measures design,a repeated-measures study is more likely to find a significant effect because it reduces the contribution of variance due to
A)time-related factors
B)order effects
C)the effect of the treatment
D)individual differences
Q2) What is the value of the estimated standard error for the following set of D-scores?
Scores: 2,2,10,2
A)3
B) 3
C)4
D)2
Q3) In a repeated measures study,the null hypothesis says that the mean for the sample of difference scores is equal to zero.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly explain the advantages and disadvantages of using a repeated-measures design as opposed to an independent-measures design.
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Analysis of Variance
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Q1) F-ratios are always greater than or equal to zero.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For an ANOVA comparing three treatment conditions,what is stated by the alternative hypothesis (H )?
A)There are no differences between any of the population means.
B)At least one of the three population means is different from another mean.
C)All three of the population means are different from each other.
D)None of the other choices is correct.
Q3) A researcher uses an independent-measures t test to evaluate the mean difference between two treatments and obtains t(12)= 4.00.If the researcher had used an ANOVA to evaluate the data,what F-ratio would be obtained?
A)F(1, 12) = 2.00
B)F(1, 12) = 16.00
C)F(1, 11) = 2.00
D)F(1, 11) = 16.00
Q4) \(\text { SSwithin }\) measures the size of the sample variances.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Repeated-Measures and Two-Factor Analysis of Variance
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Q1) How many separate groups of participants would be needed for an independent-measures,two-factor study with 3 levels of factor A and 4 levels of factor B?
A)3
B)4
C)7
D)12
Q2) A two-factor analysis of variance with 2 levels of factor A and 3 levels of factor B involves six separate hypothesis tests.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In a repeated-measures ANOVA,the variability within treatments is divided into two components.What are they?
A)Between-subjects variance and error variance
B)Between-subjects variance and between-treatments variance
C)Between-treatments variance and error variance
D)Total variability and error variance
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Chapter 14: Correlation and Regression
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Q1) The phi-coefficient is the correct correlation to use when both X and Y are dichotomous variables.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A set of X and Y scores has MX = 4,MY = 10,SS = 10,and SP = 5.The regression equation for these scores is Y = 0.5X + 8.
A)True B)False
Q3) The following X and Y scores produce SS? = 2 and SP = 8.What is regression equation for predicting Y? \[\begin{array} { l l } \mathrm { X } & \mathrm { Y } \\ \hline 1 & 2 \\
2 & 3 \\
3 & 10 \end{array}\]
A)Y = 0.25X + 4.5
B)Y = 0.25X - 4.5
C)Y = 4X + 3
D)Y = 4X - 3
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Page 16
Chapter 15: The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of
Fit and Independence
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Q1) Which of the following is a basic assumption for a chi-square hypothesis test?
A)The population distribution(s) must be normal.
B)All scores come from an interval or ratio scale.
C)The observations must be independent.
D)All of the other choices are assumptions for chi-square.
Q2) A chi-square test for independence is used to evaluate the relationship between two variables.If both variables are classified into 2 categories,then what is the df value for the chi-square statistic?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)Cannot determine the value of df from the information provided
Q3) A sample of n = 100 people is classified into four categories.If the results are evaluated with a chi-square test for goodness of fit,what is the df value for the chi-square statistic?
A)3
B)4
C)99
D)100
Page 17
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