Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences introduces students to the fundamental concepts and techniques of statistical analysis as used in psychology, sociology, and related fields. The course covers descriptive and inferential statistics, including measures of central tendency, variability, sampling distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and analysis of variance. Emphasis is placed on practical application, interpreting statistical results, and understanding how statistical procedures inform research design and decision-making in the behavioral sciences. Students gain experience with statistical software and develop skills to critically evaluate data and research findings within the context of behavioral research.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition by James Jaccard
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2466 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
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Sample Questions
Q1) The determination of whether a variable is measured on a(n)_____ level is usually a straightforward matter in the behavioral sciences.
A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio
Answer: A
Q2) Melissa just read the back of her hand sanitizer which says it kills 99.99% of all germs.What is the probability that it will not kill a particular germ?
A)1.00
B).10
C).01
D)0
Answer: C
Q3) Intelligence is an example of a continuous variable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A frequency polygon is similar to a frequency histogram and uses the same ordinate and abscissa.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Given the scores 50,50,60,70,80,90,92,92,what is the cumulative relative frequency for a score of 90?
A).125
B).83
C).25
D).75
Answer: D
Q3) The y-axis is called the____________________.
Answer: Ordinate
Q4) Cumulative frequencies and cumulative relative frequencies are conceptualized with respect to the lower real limit of a score.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) If we were to randomly select one score from a set of scores,the value of that score would most likely be equal to the mode as opposed to any other value.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Most of the inferential statistics used by behavioral scientists make use of the _____ as a measure of central tendency.
A)mean
B)median
C)mode
D)all are used with equal frequency
Answer: A
Q3) The _____ is the highest score minus the lowest score.
A)variance
B)standard deviation
C)interquartile range
D)range
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Percentiles,percentile Ranks,standard
Scores,and the Normal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) A z score converts the raw score to a form that takes into consideration its standing relative to the _____ and _____ of the entire distribution of scores.
A)median;standard deviation
B)mean;standard deviation
C)mean;variance
D)median;interquartile range
Q2) What are some of the important properties of standard scores?
Q3) An instructor has given his final exam,and scores are approximately normally distributed.Nancy scores a 90 and Ronald scores a 75.The characteristics of the distribution are as follows: = 85,s<sup>2</sup> = 36.What is Nancy's z score?
A).14
B)-.14
C).83
D)-.83
Q4) What is a z score?
Q5) The median is the same as the____________________.
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Q6) Jill took an English test and is -1 standard units below the class mean.What was her raw score on the test?
Chapter 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following r values indicates the weakest relationship between two variables?
A).45
B)-.30
C).03
D)-.45
Q2) Linear relationships can differ in terms of the values of their intercepts as well as in the values of their slopes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An outlier may influence the _____ of a correlation coefficient.
A)magnitude
B)sign
C)both magnitude and sign
Q4) When two variables are not perfectly correlated,the statistical technique of regression can be used to identify a line that will fit the data points perfectly.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the least squares criterion?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers in health and advertising are interested in looking at how alternative forms of alcohol advertising are related to actual alcohol use among youth.Imagine you have conducted a study looking at the relationship between owning an item that advertises alcohol (such as a hat,t-shirt or cup with an alcohol logo on it)and having tried alcohol among a group of 12-year-olds.You observe 500 cases total.Of those 500 cases,100 have tried alcohol.For the 100 cases who have tried alcohol,32 own an item that advertises alcohol.You wish to address the following research question: Is the observation that 32 out of 100 youths who have tried alcohol own an advertising item sufficient evidence to say that these two factors are related? Convert the value of 68 to a z score.
Q2) If p (A | B)= 0,then it follows that A and B must be
A)mutually exclusive
B)independent
C)factorial
D)both a and b
Q3) A joint probability can be represented as p(A,B),where p(A,B)stands for the probability of both event A and event B occurring.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Estimation and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statistics can we use to create sampling distributions?
A)mean
B)median
C)variance
D)all of these
Q2) In what sense are behavioral scientists concerned with infinite sized populations?
Q3) Statisticians have determined that the sample variance is an unbiased estimator of the population variance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The fact that a sample statistic may not equal the value of its corresponding population parameter is said to be the result of:
A)sampling error
B)systematic error
C)random error
D)parametric error
Q5) What is sampling error?
Q6) What two factors influence the size of the standard error of the mean?
Q7) What is the central limit theorem?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the assumptions of the one-sample t test?
Q2) In general,a directional test will always be more powerful than a corresponding nondirectional test if the actual population mean and the hypothesized population mean differ in the specified direction.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The values that define the boundaries of the _____ are called the _____.
A)confidence interval;confidence limits
B)confidence limits;confidence intervals
C)confidence interval;alphas
D)none of these
Q4) Which of the following symbols represents the power of a statistical test?
A)a
B)b
C)1 - a
D)1 - b
Q5) If a researcher reports confidence intervals in a research report rather than results of traditional hypothesis,this researcher is utilizing the ____________________.strategy.
Q6) Briefly describe the steps involved in the hypothesis testing process. Page 10
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Chapter 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical
Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
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Q1) A _____ variable is one that is related to the independent variable (the presumed influence)and that affects the dependent variable (the presumed effect),rendering a relational inference between the independent variable and the dependent variable ambiguous.
A)disturbance
B)confounding
C)suppressor
D)control
Q2) A Monte Carlo study is a computer simulation study in which the statistician uses the computer to generate scores for hypothetical populations that he or she knows violates a distributional assumption in some way.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The major disadvantage of holding a variable constant is that it may restrict the _____ of the _____.
A)meaning;random selection
B)generalizability;results
C)validity;variables
D)size;sample
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Chapter 10: Independent Groups T-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Unexplained variance or error variance reflects the influence of:
A)treatment effects
B)confounding variables
C)control variables
D)disturbance variables
Q2) Given that your calculated t is 5.09 and there was a total of 62 subjects the strength of the relationship is_________.
Q3) Suppose a researcher is reporting the results of an independent groups t test.If he obtained a statistically significant t value of 2.5 with 15 subjects in each group using an alpha level of .05,how would he report this in a psychological journal?
A)t (14)= 2.5,p < .05
B)t (14)= 2.5,p > .05
C)t (28)= 2.5,p < .05
D)t (29)= 2.5,p < .05
Q4) The degrees of freedom for the independent groups t test are equal to n<sub>1</sub> - n<sub>2</sub> + 2.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Unexplained error or variance may be due to_________.
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Chapter 11: Correlated Groups T-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the robustness of the correlated groups t test.
Q2) A correlated groups t test will usually (but not always)be _____ than a corresponding independent groups t test.
A)less powerful
B)less conservative
C)more powerful
D)more conservative
Q3) It is typically the case that the estimated standard error for the correlated groups t test is larger than the estimated standard error for the independent groups t test.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The interpretation of eta-squared for the correlated groups t test is the same as that for the independent groups t test.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The dependent variable must be ____________________in nature if a correlated groups t-test is used.
Q6) What are the assumptions of the correlated groups t test?
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Chapter 12: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a repeated measures design,the components comprising the total variability in the dependent variable include:
A)sum of squares IV
B)sum of squares across subjects
C)sum of squares error
D)all of these
Q2) In a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with four levels of the IV,if you obtained a statistically significant F ratio,you would need to conduct the Tukey HSD test.How many pairs of comparisons would you need to make?
A)2
B)3
C)4
D)6
Q3) When reporting an F ratio,it is conventional to present the degrees of freedom IV followed by the degrees of freedom error.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The F test is NOT roust to violations of the ____________________ assumption.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) If we found a correlation of +.32,the calculation of the strength of the relationship (h<sup>2</sup>)would indicate that we observed a _____ relationship between the two variables.
A)weak
B)moderate
C)strong
D)insufficient information to determine
Q2) The variable being predicted,Y,is formally known as the dependent or criterion variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) We can test the null hypothesis that ñ = 0 by transforming the sample correlation coefficient into a statistic that has a sampling distribution that closely approximates the _____ distribution with _____ degrees of freedom.
A)F;N - 1
B)F;N - 2
C)t;N - 1
D)t;N - 2
Q4) What is a sampling distribution of the correlation coefficient?
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Chi-Square Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The chi-square test is a parametric statistical test.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When the marginal frequencies are random for one variable and fixed for the other,the analytical procedure is referred to as the ____________________.
Q3) Which of the following is an appropriate and viable approach to statistically analyzing the nature of the relationship for a statistically significant chi-square test?
A)Goodman's procedure
B)Fisher's exact test
C)modified Bonferroni procedure
D)Cramer's statistic
Q4) A 2x5 contingency table indicates that the column variable has two levels and the row variable has 5 levels.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the goodness-of-fit test?
Q6) How is the strength of the relationship between two variables in a contingency table evaluated?
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Chapter 15: Nonparametric Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Following a significant Mann-Whitney U test,the strength of the relationship between two variables may be measured using ____.
A)Glass rank biserial correlation coefficient
B)matched-pairs rank biserial correlation coefficient
C)epsilon-squared
D)Dunn's procedure
Q2) The Kruskal-Wallis test is the nonparametric counterpart of one-way between subjects analysis of variance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Rank tests are able to handle a large number (up to 100)of ties in a data set.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The sum of the ranks for a given group,R<sub>j</sub>,is known as the R statistic.
A)True B)False
Q5) The nature of the relationship cannot be addressed in nonparametric tests. A)True B)False
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Chapter 16: Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the case of highly different sample sizes across groups,the robustness of the F test to non-normality and variance heterogeneity often _____,sometimes considerably so.
A)diminishes
B)increases
C)fluctuates
D)none of these
Q2) If a factorial ANOVA is computed and a statistically significant main effect is determined for a factor that has two levels,the nature of the relationship should be determined by ____.
A)inspecting the sample means
B)calculating eta<sup>2</sup>
C)calculating a t score
D)applying the Tukey HSD test
Q3) Two-way factorial designs allow us to study:
A)main effects
B)interaction effects
C)a and b
Q4) Under what conditions is the two-way between-subjects analysis of variance used?
Q5) Discuss the robustness of the F tests in two-way analysis of variance.
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Chapter 17: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) Multiple regression involves two or more
A)criterion variables.
B)predictor variables.
C)dependent variables.
Q2) Generally speaking,parametric methods are not conducive to analyzing qualitative variables.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The inference of the relationship is indexed by eta-squared for all statistical test.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If group means are the focus of an analysis where the independent variable is qualitative and the dependent variable is quantitative,which of the following are further considerations which must be given before the type of test is chosen?
A)The number of values of the dependent variable.
B)The level of measurement of the dependent variable.
C)The extent of violation of distributional assumptions.
D)all of these
Page 20
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