Applied Statistics
Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Applied Statistics focuses on the practical implementation of statistical methods to analyze real-world data and make informed decisions. The course covers foundational concepts such as descriptive statistics, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, regression analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Emphasizing the use of statistical software, students learn data collection techniques, data visualization, and interpretation of results in various contexts, including business, health, social sciences, and engineering. Through case studies and hands-on projects, students develop the skills to apply statistical reasoning and methodologies to solve practical problems and critically evaluate data-driven claims.
Recommended Textbook
Answering Questions With Statistics 1st Edition by Robert F. Szafran
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16 Chapters
665 Verified Questions
665 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a requirement for demonstrating causality?
A) covariation
B) necessity
C) nonspuriousness
D) temporal sequence
Multiple-Choice Questions from Student Quizzes
Answer: B
Q2) For the following pair of variables, which is the more likely DEPENDENT variable: current residence and place of birth?
A) current residence
B) place of birth
Answer: A
Q3) The variable "age at last birthday" (attributes: 0 to 19, 20 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 79, 80 to 99, 100 or older) has what level of measurement?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Data Sets
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following will work as an SPSS variable name?
A) %return
B) return%
C) 1000DollarInvestment
D) investment$1000
Answer: D
Q2) When are value labels useful and when are they unnecessary?
Answer: Value labels are useful when there is no obvious relationship between the numeric code used for an attribute and what the code represents (for example, that females are represented by the code of 1 on the variable SEX). Value codes are unnecessary when it is obvious from the numeric code what it represents (for example, that persons with one child are represented by the code of 1 on the variable numberOfChildren
Q3) Since they play no part in statistical analysis, of what use are variable labels and value labels?
Answer: They tell/remind persons using the data file or the output what the variable names and attribute codes represent
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4
Chapter 3: Frequency Tables and Univariate Charts
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Sample Questions
Q1) What kinds of questions are answered with frequencies from a frequency table?
Answer: questions about the actual number of cases in each category of the variable; also questions about the actual number of cases with missing data
Q2) What is the lowest level of measurement for which you can legitimately use a bar chart?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Answer: A
Q3) "A statistic which draws a conclusion about a population based on data from a sample" is a definition of a(n)
A) descriptive statistic
B) inferential statistic
C) multivariate statistic
D) univariate statistic
Answer: B
Q4) What kinds of questions are answered with valid percents from a frequency table?
Answer: questions about the percent of non-missing cases in each category of the variable
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Chapter 4: Central Tendency and Dispersion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What univariate statistics are usually used to describe the distribution of cases on an ordinal variable?
Q2) What is the lowest level of measurement for which it is permissible to calculate a variance?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Q3) Exactly half the class got a 70 on an exam and exactly half got a 90 on the exam. The median is
A) 71
B) 80
C) 89
D) 70 and 90
Q4) For interval/ratio data that is very positively skewed (that is, there are a few cases with extremely high values), the value of the mean will be _____ the value of the median.
A) greater than
B) less than
C) the same as
Q5) Name five different univariate descriptive statistics.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Creating New Variables
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are computing a new variable called CRIMEALL. It is the average of four variables already in your data set: CRIMESA, CRIMESB, CRIMESC, and CRIMESD. Write the numeric expression (formula) for a compute command that averages these four variables but only if at least three of the CRIME variables being averaged have valid values.
Q2) To limit an analysis to just a subset of the cases in a data set which meet a particular condition, you would use which SPSS procedure?
A) Compute
B) Recode
C) Select Cases
D) Split File
Q3) Which of the following Select If conditions would limit the analysis to persons with less than 12 years of schooling who have 3 or more children?
A) SCHOOLING < 12 and CHILDREN > 3
B) SCHOOLING < 12 or CHILDREN > 3
C) SCHOOLING < 12 and CHILDREN >=3
D) SCHOOLING < 12 or CHILDREN >= 3
Q4) Why are z-scores useful?
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Comparing Group Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) You want to see the size and direction of the gender gap in education for each geographic region. Which SPSS procedure should you run?
A) Descriptives
B) Explore
C) Frequencies
D) Means
Q2) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
A) What is the mean GPA of female students with less than a 950 SAT score?
B) Which subgroup has the greatest variability on GPA? (Specify the SAT category and the gender of the subgroup.) _______________
C) Is there a main effect for SAT? (yes/no)
D) State the numerical evidence that supports your conclusion about a main effect for SAT.
Q3) What is an interaction effect?
Q4) What kinds of questions can you answer using the Means procedure?
Q5) What does layering independent variables do?
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Chapter 7: Crosstab Tables
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Sample Questions
Q1) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
A) What percent of Catholics believe abortion should not be available if the pregnancy is a result of rape? [Hint: you must calculate the answer.] __________
B) What is the median response of Protestants to the question of whether abortion should be available if a pregnancy is a result of rape? __________
C) What is the total number of cases included in this crosstabs? __________
D) If you wanted to assess the effect of the independent variable (Religious Affiliation) on the dependent variable (Whether abortion should be available), should you use row percents, column percents, or total percents? _______________
Q2) In a clustered bar chart, why should the cases be clustered by categories of the independent variable?
Q3) How can comparing percents indicate the independent variable's effect on the dependent variable?
Q4) How can you use column percents to identify the median?
Q5) What is the difference between a column percent and a row percent?
Q6) What kinds of questions can you answer using a crosstab table?
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Nominal and Ordinal Measures of Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which measures of association indicate the direction of a relationship?
A) nominal, ordinal, and interval/ratio measures of association
B) only ordinal and interval/ratio measures of association
C) only interval/ratio measures of association
D) no measures of association indicate the strength of a relationship
Q2) If two variables are negatively related, cases that have high scores on one variable will tend to have _____ scores on the other variable.
A) high
B) low
C) missing
Q3) If Jim and Mary form a concordant pair on the variables height and weight, then
A) one of them is both taller and heavier than the other
B) one of them is taller but the other is heavier
C) they are both the same height and both the same weight
Q4) For describing a relationship between two variables, what information does a measure of association provide that an examination of percents, medians, or modes in a crosstab does not?
Q5) What is the difference between a concordant pair of cases and a discordant pair of cases?
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Chapter 9: Pearsons Correlation and Bivariate Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) What information does a multiple correlation coefficient provide?
Q2) What information does an unstandardized coefficient provide?
Q3) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
A) What is the value of Pearson's correlation for the relationship between SIBLINGS and MAEDUC? __________
B) Which pair of variables has the weakest correlation in the table? __________ and
Q4) Which of the following is most appropriate for measuring the relationship between an ordinal variable and an interval/ratio variable?
A) Cramer's V
B) Kendall's tau-b
C) Pearson's r
D) uncertainty coefficient
Q5) If R<sup>2</sup> for a regression equation is .25, what is the value of the coefficient of determination? __________
Q6) How does a scatterplot indicate the direction of the relationship between two variables?
Q7) What kinds of questions can you answer using bivariate regression?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
The dependent variable is fallGPA (student's GPA after the fall semester). The independent variables are sizeHS (the size of their high school graduating class) and SAT (their best SAT score).
A) What is the value of the multiple correlation (that is, the correlation between the dependent variable and the set of independent variables)?
B) What is the value of the coefficient of determination?
C) Of the two independent variables, which has the stronger net effect on the dependent variable?
D) Write out the regression equation. (You may use Y and X's in the regression equation or, in place of the Y and X's, you may use variable names.)
Q2) According to the following regression equation: INCOME = 9000 + 2500(EDUC) 100(AGE) 5000(FEMALE), an increase of one year in education results in how much of a change in income? (State both the amount of change and the direction.)
Q3) What information does a standardized coefficient provide?
Q4) What is multicollinearity and why is it a problem?
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Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions and Normal Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The difference between a sample result and a census result is the
A) confidence line
B) margin of error
C) methodological artifact
D) sampling error
Q2) Which of the following statements is correct?
A) As the variation in the population decreases, the standard error decreases.
B) Researchers prefer to have a small standard error.
C) Both "a" and "b" are correct.
D) None of the above is correct.
Q3) Which of the following sampling procedures will support inferential statistics?
A) convenience sampling
B) purposive sampling
C) quota sampling
D) simple random sampling
Q4) _____ are characteristics of populations; _____ are characteristics of samples.
A) parameters statistics
B) pointers values
C) statistics parameters
D) values pointers
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Chapter 12: Hypothesis Testing and One-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the two-tailed significance level is .080, what is the one-tailed significance level?
Q2) Write a research hypothesis and its companion null hypothesis that could be tested with a one sample t test.
Q3) You are doing a one-sample t test. You have 1200 valid cases. How many degrees of freedom will you have?
A) 600
B) 1,199
C) 1,200
D) 1,201
Q4) How small must the significance level be in order to reject the null hypothesis?
A) less than .05
B) .05 or less
C) .05 or more
D) more than .05
Q5) When is a one-sample t test used?
Q6) Here is a research hypothesis: "In the population, the average age is greater than 30." Write the null hypothesis.
Q7) What are the four steps in hypothesis testing?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Paired and Independent-Samples T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Paired-samples t tests compare means for how many variables for how many groups of cases?
Q2) If the significance of Levene's test is greater than .05, are "equal variances assumed" or "equal variances not assumed" for the independent-samples t test?
Q3) What is the largest risk of making a Type I error that social scientists will usually take?
A) 5% chance
B) 68% chance
C) 95% chance
D) 99.7% chance
Q4) Your paired-samples t test research hypothesis is that, on average, persons wish they had fewer children (KIDSBEST) than they actually have (CHILDREN). The following results are consistent with the _____ and you proceed to _____.
A) null hypothesis Step 3 (check significance level)
B) null hypothesis Step 4 (state conclusion)
C) research hypothesis Step 3 (check significance level)
D) research hypothesis Step 4 (state conclusion)
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the interaction effect shown in this plot.
Q2) Your research hypothesis is "In the population, the average number of days female unauthorized immigrants stay in the U.S. is longer than the average number of days male unauthorized immigrants stay in the U.S." What type of hypothesis test should be used?
A) one-sample t test
B) paired-samples t test
C) independent-samples t test
D) one-way ANOVA
E) two-way ANOVA
Q3) When is an independent-samples t test used to compare group means and when is a one-way ANOVA used?
Q4) What is a main effect?
Q5) What kinds of questions can you answer using a two-way analysis of variance?
Q6) Does the one-way ANOVA research hypothesis claim that in the population, every group's mean differs from every other group's mean? Explain.
Q7) What kinds of questions can you answer using a one-way analysis of variance?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Chi-Square
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fill in the expected frequencies for each of the cells in the following table.
\[\begin{array} { | l | c | c |c }
\hline { } & { \text { ABLEGAL } } \\
\hline \text { SEX } & \text { yes } & \text { no } \\
\hline \text { male } & &&30 \\
\hline \text { female } & & &70\\
\hline &70&30&100
\end{array}\]
Q2) What does a positive cell residual tell you? A negative cell residual? A zero cell residual?
Q3) You want to know if there is a significant difference in the average incomes of persons living in New York, Los Angeles, and Honolulu. Which would be an appropriate procedure to use?
A) Chi-Square Test
B) One Sample T Test
C) One-Way ANOVA
D) Paired-Samples T Test
Q4) What kinds of questions can you answer using a chi-square hypothesis test?
Q5) What should you do next if chi-square is significant?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Hypothesis Testing With Measures of
Association and Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant difference in the average amount given to charity by Americans, Germans, Japanese, and Swedes?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Chi-square
C) Linear Regression
D) One-way ANOVA
Q2) Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Do the countries of North America, South America, Europe, and Oceania significantly differ in average national life expectancy?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Independent-Sample T Test
C) One-way ANOVA
D) Two-way ANOVA
Q3) What kinds of questions can you answer using tests of significance for regression coefficients?
Q4) What kinds of questions can you answer using tests of significance for measures of association?
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