Applied Social Statistics Exam Review
Course Introduction
Applied Social Statistics introduces students to the practical application of statistical methods within the social sciences. The course covers essential topics such as descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, regression analysis, and the interpretation of quantitative data. Emphasis is placed on real-world data analysis using statistical software, enabling students to evaluate social phenomena, design research studies, and critically analyze statistical findings in areas such as sociology, political science, and public policy. By the end of the course, students will be able to apply statistical reasoning to complex social issues and effectively communicate their findings.
Recommended Textbook
Social Statistics for a Diverse Society 8th Edition by Chava Frankfort Nachmias
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12 Chapters
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Chapter 1: The What and the Why of Statistics
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Q1) Given the following research area,develop the set of activities on how the research process should be followed: Bullying is a national problem,particularly among children of various ethnic/racial backgrounds.
Answer: Answers will vary but must be able to identify the five steps in the research process (i.e.,asking the research question,formulating the hypotheses,collecting data,analyzing data,and evaluating the hypotheses).
Q2) A(n)______ is a tentative prediction about how empirical events or attributes will be related or patterned.
A)theory
B)estimate
C)law
D)hypothesis
Answer: D
Q3) Suppose that a researcher is interested in knowing whether there is a difference in the age at first marriage between women and men.The researcher hypothesizes that women tend to marry earlier than men.Which variable would be the independent variable?
Answer: Gender
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Chapter 2: The Organization and Graphic Presentation of Data
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Q1) Imagine one of your colleagues is constructing a histogram to graph results of the survey question "Which state do you live in?" What is the concern with your colleague's approach?
A)It is unlikely that the slices of the pie sum to 100%.
B)The colleague has used an inappropriate graphic device.
C)The colleague has not ensured that the frequencies at each time point sum to N.
D)The bars representing the categories are likely not as contiguous as they should be
Answer: B
Q2) Inspecting the title and checking the sources are basic principles of
A)studying for an exam.
B)reading a statistical table.
C)determining research question.
D)calculating a rate.
Answer: B
Q3) Which graphic device would be most appropriate to display information about "The sex ratio at birth - that is,the ratio to the number of males to the number of females - is 1.05 in the United States"?
Answer: A bar graph or pie chart
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the mean for the following distribution of scores: 7,7,9,10,12?
A)7.0
B)9.0
C)8.5
D)12
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following measures of central tendency is sensitive to extreme scores in a distribution?
A)Mean
B)Median
C)Mode
D)Percentile
Answer: A
Q3) Determine the mode for the following scores: 8,10,2,12,13,8.
A)10
B)2
C)8
D)5
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Measures of Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Calculate the value of variance for the following sub-sample: 2,7,4,4,1,2,2,3,1,2,4,5
Q2) Which measure of variability is used for interval-ratio variables and is the square root of the average of the squared deviations from the mean?
A)IQV
B)Interquartile range
C)Variance
D)Standard deviation
Q3) Calculate the value of the standard deviation for the following sub-sample: 2,7,4,4,1,2,2,3,1,2,4,5
Q4) Consider the following hypothetical scores: 21,25,37,38,39,42,44,45.Which value is closest to the variance?
A)9
B)19
C)24
D)77
Q5) Calculate the value of the interquartile range for the following sub-sample: 24,27,35,31,21,22,28,18,25,24,36,20.
Q6) Calculate the range for the following sub-sample: 2,7,4,4,1,2,2,3,1,2,4,5.
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Chapter 5: The Normal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of the area under the normal curve falls between ±1 standard deviations?
A)99.72
B)95.46
C)68.26
D)20.00
Q2) Considering the properties of the normal curve,if we know the mean and standard deviation,we are then able to calculate the ______ under the curve between any score and the mean.
A)range
B)area
C)mean
D)mode
Q3) The mean age at first marriage for respondents in a survey is 23.33,with a standard deviation of 6.13.Suppose that a person experienced their first marriage at age 23.If the area beyond the Z-score associated with age 23 is 0.24,what proportion of respondents experienced their first marriage after age 23?
Q4) Scores for an exam are normally distributed with a mean of 235 and a standard deviation of 52.What is the percentile rank of a raw score 287?
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Chapter 6: Sampling and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is sampling distribution a theoretical distribution?
Q2) Explain the central limit theorem.
Q3) ______ is necessary because researchers in the social sciences almost never have enough resources to collect information about the entire set of subjects of interest to them.
A)Central tendency
B)Variability
C)Sampling
D)Statistical analysis
Q4) In a population of 250 students,60% are Whites,20% are Latinos,15% are Blacks,and 5% others.In a proportionate stratified random sample of 120,
A)the number of Whites selected is 72.
B)the number of Blacks selected is 50.
C)the number of Latinos selected is 37.
D)the number of other racial and ethnicity background selected is 6.
Q5) How is probability sampling useful?
Q6) Define systematic random sampling approach.
Q7) If the mean and standard deviation of a population are 436 and 103 respectively,what is the standard error of the mean for a sample of size 8?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Estimation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ranges of values within which the population parameter may fall are called
A)interval estimates.
B)margin intervals.
C)point estimates.
D)standard levels.
Q2) What is the goal of most research?
A)To support the null hypothesis
B)To find the population parameter
C)To seek a sample
D)To determine the confidence interval
Q3) For which of the following statistic the confidence intervals are usually constructed?
A)N
B)Mode
C)Mean
D)Variance
Q4) A sample of 150 U.S.adults is composed of 100 women and 50 men.Estimate the confidence interval for the male population with 99% confidence.
Q5) Provide a substantive interpretation of the following 99% confidence interval: (.25,.41).
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Chapter 8: Testing Hypotheses
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Q1) When conducting a statistical hypothesis test,what is it that we are actually doing?
A)Determining whether the research hypothesis is true
B)Evaluating the direction of the research hypothesis
C)Falsifying the null hypothesis
D)Specifying a probability that H is equal to zero
Q2) Making assumptions and selecting the sampling distribution are steps involved in
A)statistical hypothesis testing.
B)calculating the test statistic.
C)interpreting the results.
D)determining the mean.
Q3) What three quantities do you need in order to calculate the independent samples t statistic?
Q4) Suppose you are interested in testing whether the mean earning of men in California differs significantly from the mean earning of men in New York.If the number of men from California in the sample is 123 and the number of men from New York in the sample is 88,how many degrees of freedom are there?
Q5) Calculate the degrees of freedom for a one-sample t test with 2,822 U.S.adults between the ages of 15 and 64 in the sample.
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Chapter 9: Bivariate Tables
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Q1) An additional variable considered in a bivariate relationship,usually with the aim of controlling for the effects of this variable,is referred to as a(n)______ variable.
A)independent
B)dependent
C)control
D)elaboration
Q2) A bivariate relationship is said to be a(n)
A)direct casual relationship if it cannot be accounted for by other theoretically relevant variables.
B)spurious relationship if both the independent and dependent variables are influenced by a casually prior control variable,and there is no casual link between them.
C)partial relationship if the variables are reexamined in a partial table.
D)intervening relationship if the control variables do not intervene between the independent and dependent variables.
Q3) A bivariate table can have any number of dimensions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define an intervening relationship.
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Chapter 10: The Chi-Square Test and Measures of Association
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Q1) Chi-square is a useful test for determining ______ significance but not for determining ______ significance.
A)substantive;statistical
B)statistical;substantive
C)observed;expected
D)expected;observed
Q2) What interpretation do we get if Kendall's Tau-b reaches a value of 1?
Q3) PRE measures of association
A)can range from 0.0 to 1.0.
B)of zero indicate that the two variables have a perfect relationship.
C)of one indicate that the two variables have a perfect relationship.
D)reflect the strength of the association between the two variables.
Q4) Gamma and Kendall's tau-b are measures of association which are suitable for nominal variables.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Suppose you obtain a chi-square statistic of 67.81.Are your results statistically significant if the critical value obtained from the distribution of chi-square is 3.84 with an alpha level of .05?
Page 12
Q6) Why is it sometimes important to condition one's result by another variable?
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Chapter 11: Analysis of Variance
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Q1) The F statistic is the ratio of between-group variance to within-group variance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Degrees of freedom:
A) \( d f_{b}=k-1 \) where k is the number of samples.
B) \( d f_{w}=N-k \) where N is the Population size and k is the number of samples.
C) \( d f_{b}=\frac{\text { SSB }}{\text { Meansquarebetween }} \) .
D) \( d f_{w}=\frac{\text { SSW }}{\text { Mean.square.within }} \) .
Q3) If the F critical is 4.94 while the F obtained is 3.97,when \( d f_{w} \) = 3, \( d f_{w} \) = 20 and alpha level = .01,do we accept or reject the null hypothesis?
Q4) In which academic field is ANOVA most commonly used?
A)Marine science
B)Social psychology
C)Forensic anthropology
D)Health research
Q5) List the four assumptions of ANOVA.
Q6) If SSB = 15.62 \( \left(d f_{b}=4\right) \) and SSW = 6.39 \( \left(d f_{w}=16\right) \) ,then calculate the F statistic.
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Chapter 12: Regression and Correlation
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Q1) The best fitting line is one where the
A)intercept of the regression equation,a,is closest to zero.
B)slope of the regression equation,b,is closest to zero.
C)residual sum of squares is closest to zero.
D)variance of Y is large.
Q2) Calculate the Y-intercept,a,of the regression equation using the following information:
Mean number of years of schooling: 17
Mean monthly income: $2,750
Slope,b,of the regression equation: $650
Q3) Consider the following linear regression prediction equation: Y = 12 + -1x.If x = 7.What is the predicted value of Y for this observation?
Q4) Consider the following linear regression prediction equation: Y = 12 + -1x.If the predicted value of Y for an observation is 5,calculate the residual for an observation where the observed value of Y is equal to 9.
Q5) Calculate the sum of squares regression using the following information:
Sum of squares total: 2340
Sum of squares residual: 1496
Q6) Compare ANOVA and regression.
Page 15
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