Applied Research Methods in Education
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Course Introduction
Applied Research Methods in Education explores the principles, strategies, and techniques used to conduct research in educational settings. The course introduces students to both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, including designing research questions, selecting appropriate data collection tools, analyzing data, and interpreting results. Students will develop skills in evaluating existing educational research, planning their own research projects, and understanding ethical considerations in educational studies. Emphasis is placed on applying research methods to real-world educational problems to inform practice and policy decisions.
Recommended Textbook
Educational Research Competencies for Analysis and Applications Global Edition 11th Edition by
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Educational Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Max is a trainer with the "Information Technology Consulting Firm." The CEO of a large business hired Max's firm to do a long-term training for her company. Max wants to gain a sense of how the training is going so he can make any necessary changes over the next few months. Max is illustrating which of the following?
A) Basic research
B) Qualitative methods
C) Formative evaluation
D) Summative evaluation
Answer: C
Q2) Action research is used to
A) find and solve educators' problems.
B) control independent variables.
C) promote generalization of research findings.
D) examine historical educational trends.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Selecting and Defining a Research Topic
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Q1) Candace is conducting a research study and is having trouble with her variable 'self-concept' she decides to define self-concept as one's beliefs about one's capabilities in a given domain. She will measure it using a common Likert-type scale. Candace is engaging in which of the following research tasks?
A) Generating hypothesis
B) Operationalizing variables
C) Defining a sample
D) Interpreting findings
Answer: B
Q2) Of the following, which is a quantitative research problem?
A) The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of first year principals. B) This study describes the decision making process of school board members during redistricting.
C) The goals of this study are to report what nurse practitioner-teachers should do to prepare today's nurses.
D) This study tests the effects of a new alternative education program on students' self-esteem.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
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Q1) Candace is completing a review of research on early childhood reading interventions that have adequate efficacy data. Of the following, which represents the most important question that Candace should pose as she evaluates her sources?
A) Were their findings significant?
B) Did they adequately review the literature?
C) Where were their findings published?
D) Who was the author that conducted the study?
Answer: D
Q2) Rudo is interested in researching leadership styles of elementary principals in rural districts. Which of the following keywords would be best for him to use in a database search?
A) Rural schools
B) Principals' style
C) Elementary schools
D) Principals' leadership style
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Preparing and Evaluating a Research Plan
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Q1) Farhat is interested in the reading practices of Turkish families. He needs to prepare a research plan for the Ministry of Education to be able to conduct the study. Which of the following is NOT likely part of his shared plan?
A) A description of his instrumentation for the study
B) A time schedule for how the study will progress
C) A discussion of his sampling procedure
D) An analysis of the data he has collected
Q2) Given Gabriel is sharing his dissertation proposal and Franklin is reporting on his final dissertation, which of the following is an accurate statement of the content of their work?
A) Franklin's report, but not Gabriel's proposal references existing research.
B) Gabriel's proposal but not Franklin's report includes a time line.
C) Franklin's report but not Gabriel's proposal includes a method section.
D) Gabriel's proposal but not Franklin's report includes conclusions.
Q3) The following are purposes your text provides for research plans, EXCEPT
A) It helps the researcher anticipate problems.
B) It helps you to think through all aspects of the study.
C) It provides an opportunity to obtain valuable feedback.
D) It is often required to gain entry into research sites.
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6
Chapter 5: Selecting a Sample
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Q1) In simple random sampling, after the researcher has determined the desired sample size, the next step is to
A) identify the population.
B) define the population.
C) list all members of the population.
D) select an arbitrary number from the table of random numbers.
Q2) When employing random purposive sampling, the initial sample is selected
A) randomly.
B) by criterion.
C) purposively.
D) systematically.
Q3) Which of the following are two general indicators that determine adequacy of a qualitative sample size?
A) Representativeness and redundancy
B) Generalizability and representativeness
C) Redundancy and clarity
D) Responsiveness and generalizability
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Chapter 6: Selecting Measurement Instruments
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Q1) When considering a particular test, the most important consideration is
A) ease of administration.
B) cost of the administration.
C) reliability.
D) validity.
Q2) Sal recently took an instrument that asked him to rate his opinions about the effectiveness of different instructional practices as 'Strongly Agree', 'Agree', 'Uncertain', 'Disagree', 'Strongly Disagree'. This instrument is using a
A) Semantic Differential Scale.
B) Guttman Scale.
C) Likert Scale.
D) Thurstone Scale.
Q3) On the test report Sheri received from the standardized achievement test, it included scores for reading, math, vocabulary, and listening. This indicates that the test represented a(n)
A) affective test.
B) multitrait test.
C) test battery.
D) subtest.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Survey Research
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Q1) Money and time are both limited at the charter school. Jill, the director, sent out a survey of parents' perceptions of purchasing priorities for the school. She had a group of parents respond to the questionnaire as a pilot. She had them rate their priorities on a rating scale with the points "necessary", "very important", "purchase if money is available", "not necessary", "don't purchase". She was disappointed to find that the pilot parents rated everything as necessary. This will not help her make purchasing decisions. Of the following, what is the best strategy for Jill?
A) Send it out as it is. The larger general population of parents will have more variance than the small pilot.
B) Revise the instrument to include open-response items to get richer data.
C) Revise the instrument so parents must rank items to purchase relative to each other.
D) Conduct in-person interviews with the same items.
Q2) The advantages of a telephone survey data collection include
A) less expense.
B) less training.
C) ability to obtain depth in data.
D) quick data collection.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Correlational Research
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Q1) A strong negative correlation coefficient indicates that A) two variables are not related.
B) two variables are inversely related.
C) there has been measurement error.
D) there has been calculation error
Q2) Joe uses age, family size, and income to predict scores on a survey of happiness. The results were statistically significant with a coefficient of determination of 64%. He collects a new sample and examines the regression equation. In Joe's second sample, the common variance will likely __________ due to __________.
A) decrease, attenuation
B) increase, replication
C) decrease, shrinkage
D) increase, regression.
Q3) Jack administered an achievement test with an internal consistency reliability of .65. Jack should interpret this result as
A) high internal consistency reliability.
B) moderate internal consistency reliability.
C) acceptable internal consistency reliability.
D) low internal consistency reliability.
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Chapter 9: Causal-Comparative Research
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Q1) Jon is interested in the benefits of community service for student self-esteem. He administers a self-esteem measure at the beginning of the school year and then assigns students to one of three types of community service activities. After the service is complete he again measures their self-esteem to see differences. When he analyzes his data, Jon will use which of the following tests to examine differences between groups?
A) Pearson r
B) ANOVA
C) Dependent T-test
D) Independent T-test
Q2) Causal comparative and experimental research both
A) examine differences between groups.
B) manipulate the independent variable(s) in the study.
C) assign participants to conditions.
D) have the same ethical considerations when considering independent variables.
Q3) Which is most typical of an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?
A) Achievement
B) Gender
C) Intelligence
D) Attitude
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Chapter 10: Experimental Research
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Q1) Grace conducts research on race and achievement in mathematics. She designs a study to investigate whether a new intervention she designed increases African-American students' math achievement scores. She randomly assigns college-bound African-American students to the intervention or to a control condition. Grace gives a mathematics achievement test in September to both groups. Through the academic year the treatment condition receives the intervention. She uses end of year achievement tests to see whether there are differences between conditions. Which of the following best represents the design of Grace's study?
A) One-group posttest-only
B) One-group pretest-posttest
C) Pretest-posttest control group
D) Two by two factorial
Q2) Marcy is concerned that her findings may be due to an extraneous uncontrolled variable and not her treatment. Marcy is most concerned with A) internal consistency reliability.
B) inter-rater reliability.
C) external validity.
D) internal validity.
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Chapter 11: Single-Subject Experimental Research
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Q1) Karen is replicating a study she did for her thesis. She uses the same classroom and the same intervention with a new student. Karen is displaying which type of replication?
A) Thematic
B) Direct
C) Clinical
D) Generalized
Q2) Which of the following symbolizes the non-treatment phase in a single-subject design?
A) A
B) B
C) S
D) T
Q3) Aaron has decided to use the audio recording modeling strategy from a single-subject study with his client who also has struggles with initial word sounds. The type of replication that Aaron illustrates in this case is
A) direct replication.
B) transfer replication.
C) systematic replication.
D) clinical replication.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Narrative Research
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Q1) As a narrative researcher you have established a relationship with Saud to better understand the experiences of a father from Saudi Arabia with children growing up in the US. What is your next step?
A) Develop initial narrative research questions.
B) Describe the researcher's role.
C) Describe data collection methods.
D) Complete the writing of the narrative account.
Q2) Nancy studies moving and social relationships in adolescents. Which of the following is likely a topic for her narrative research study?
A) The relationship between number of moves and high school GPA
B) The average number of moves in lower SES children
C) The effects of moving on number of intimate friends in high school seniors
D) The experiences of a student with multiple moves
Q3) Which of the following is NOT considered a type of narrative research?
A) Personal accounts
B) Autoethnography
C) Participant observations
D) Life writing
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Chapter 13: Ethnographic Research
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Q1) Vasha is a member of a relatively large number of African Americans in Appalachia. Her ancestors escaped the slave states and set roots in southern West Virginia. She is studying the role that informal education in the home plays in this cultural group. Her work will be a reflective self-examination as she is a member of the culture that she is studying. Which of the following types of ethnographies is Vasha likely conducting?
A) Realist ethnography
B) Authoethnography
C) Feminist ethnography
D) Confessional ethnography
Q2) Danika recently presented her dissertation study at a national conference. The focus of her research was standardized testing. If she conducted ethnographic research which were likely primary data sources for her study?
A) A district's scores on the tests administered
B) A matrix showing correspondence between curriculum and the test
C) Observations of curriculum coordinators
D) Interviews parents whose students did not fair well on the test
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Chapter 14: Case Study Research
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Q1) Nate conducted a study with the purpose of describing the role of teachers' collective efficacy in work climate. He examined four schools in the Philadelphia City School District. Nate's case study can best be described as which of the following?
A) Multi-site case study
B) Unique-site case study
C) Cross-site case study
D) Matrix case study
Q2) George is employing a case study methodology to examine the role of principals in increasing inter-staff communication. As he starts to work with his case study participants, he realizes two of the three are unwilling to talk to him about the principal. Which of the following strategies might George have employed to combat this situation?
A) Pilot testing
B) Screening
C) Sifting
D) Fact checking
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16
Chapter 15: Mixed Methods Research
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Q1) Roy collected test data and open-ended questionnaire data when studying Native American students rates of college enrollment. One of Roy's purposes in conducting the study is to bring attention to disparities in college entrance for Native Americans. Roy's approach best illustrates which mixed methods design?
A) Convergent parallel
B) Explanatory sequential
C) Exploratory sequential
D) Social justice
Q2) QUAL \(\to\) quan represents which of the mixed methods designs?
A) Convergent parallel
B) Experimental
C) Exploratory sequential
D) Explanatory sequential
Q3) The most best way to differentiate between a basic and advanced design is
A) the addition of another phase.
B) the number of qualitative methods
C) the use of an overarching framework.
D) the weight given to phases of data collection.
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17
Chapter 16: Action Research
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Q1) Taylor is conducting an action research study of the acceptance of second language learners in her school by other students. According to typical practice and your text, the types of data sources Taylor will collect for her action research study will most likely include
A) national standardized Reading test scores administered by the district.
B) observations of student interactions during school hours.
C) surveys of parents' preferences for the nature of English language instruction.
D) interviews of administrators' opinions about second language learning.
Q2) Alex, a middle school teacher, questions whether the practice of pulling children out of the regular classroom for enhanced English instruction is contributing to this rejection and decides to do an action research project to address the issue. Alex's issue is appropriate for an action research study because
A) the study will provide insight into the national curriculum for second language learners.
B) the study involves something that is within Alex's area of focus.
C) community members will advocate for the study.
D) isolated instruction in English is common practice in schools.
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Chapter 17: Descriptive Statistics
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Q1) The median of the following distribution 1,2,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,8,9 is:
A) 2.
B) 4.
C) 5.
D) 6.
Q2) Given the following set of scores: 6,7,5,12,11,9,9,7,6,10,6. The score that represents the standard deviation is
A) 1.8
B) 2.3
C) 2.6
D) 3.0
Q3) A standard score is a measure of A) variability.
B) central tendency.
C) relative position.
D) correlation.
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Chapter 18: Inferential Statistics
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Q1) Garrett wants to see if there are gender differences in the restaurant preferences of high school students in his town. His data is nominal in nature. Which of the following tests is he likely to employ?
A) t test for nonindependent samples
B) t test for independent samples
C) Chi-square
D) ANOVA
Q2) Anan conducted an experimental study in which students were randomly assigned to either 10 minutes of read aloud, 10 minutes of silent reading, 10 minutes of writing, or 10 minutes of free time. She concluded that there were significant differences among groups with the read aloud group outperforming others on a standardized reading assessment. However, there were not actual differences among groups. Anan conclusion represents
A) a Type I error.
B) a Type II error.
C) both a Type I and a Type II error.
D) a correct decision.
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Chapter 19: Qualitative Data Collection
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Q1) Ankur is conducting a qualitative research study that explores the context of youth competitive soccer. Of the following, which is likely the most prevalent source from which he will collect data?
A) Times of speed drills completed in practice
B) Individual player's statistics for the season
C) Observations of players and others at games
D) Surveys of community members opinions
Q2) Which of the following is generally true when comparing focus group interviews with individual interviews?
A) Focus group interviews often take more time than individual interviews
B) Focus group interviews are conducted without structured questions
C) All participants must reach agreement for quality data from focus groups
D) Transcribing focus group interviews is often easier than individual interviews
Q3) Which of the following is NOT considered a qualitative research data source?
A) Photographs
B) Journals
C) Informal conversations
D) Survey instruments
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Chapter 20: Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation
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Q1) Of the following, which is an important question for data interpretation?
A) Why did I collect this much data?
B) What is important in these data?
C) How can I classify these data?
D) How can I manage these data?
Q2) Regarding data analysis conducted via computer, your text suggests that A) computer analysis is more valid than doing the analysis by hand.
B) computer software should be used only to code your data.
C) computer software can be used to assist with data analysis.
D) computer analysis is more reliable than doing the analysis by hand.
Q3) Of the following, according to your text and other cited sources, which is a question that a qualitative researcher might pose to guide data analysis and interpretation?
A) Have I quantified my variables?
B) Have I tied my research question to existing theory?
C) Have I collected the data I wanted?
D) Have I controlled for external validity concerns?
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22
Chapter 21: Preparing a Research Report
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Q1) Karen presented her dissertation proposal to her committee. She is investigating how learners' study after viewing learning video tapes for a distance education course. One of her committee members is confused as to how she will select who she will observe and interview. Of the following, which is the most likely location for Karen to provide this information?
A) Preliminary Pages
B) Introduction
C) Participants
D) Procedure
Q2) A copy of the instrument used for data collection is often found in the _______________ of a thesis or dissertation.
A) material section
B) procedure section
C) appendix
D) introduction
Q3) The format of a research report includes
A) style.
B) spelling.
C) organization.
D) punctuation.
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Chapter 22: Evaluating a Research Report
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Q1) The question of whether data are time constrained is most relevant to which of the following types of research?
A) Experimental
B) Causal-comparative
C) Mixed methods
D) Single-subject
Q2) Which is NOT a concern for inclusion in an abstract?
A) Are the procedures described?
B) Is the problem restated?
C) Is the design used identified?
D) Are they hypothesis clearly stated?
Q3) Janet is interested in response to intervention in a sixth-grade child with autism. She employs a case study methodology. Of the following, which is something that is critical for her to include in her research report?
A) Tables of the quantitative research results.
B) A rationale for selecting this case for study.
C) A description of how Janet is passionate about the study.
D) The psychometric properties of the instruments used.
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