Applied Research in Education
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Course Introduction
Applied Research in Education explores the methodologies and processes used in conducting research within educational settings. This course guides students through the design, implementation, and analysis of research projects that address real-world issues in education. Emphasizing both qualitative and quantitative approaches, students learn how to formulate research questions, develop data collection instruments, analyze findings, and apply results to improve educational practices. The course also covers ethical considerations and the critical evaluation of existing research to inform evidence-based decision-making in educational environments.
Recommended Textbook
Educational Research 5th Edition by John W. Creswell
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Process of Conducting Research Using
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
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Q1) What characteristic of quantitative research is evident in the parent involvement study by Deslandes and Bertrand (2005)?
A)The researchers do not refer to themselves.
B)The problem of parent involvement in education is an issue today
C)The implications suggest a different way of considering parent involvement.
D)The authors had first-hand experiences with parenting children
Answer: A
Q2) In compiling a research report for audiences,the researcher should:
A)Report only findings that will not contradict the audience's predictions
B)Report when participants have misused data
C)Report the practical use of the study results
D)Report the favorable and deemphasize unfavorable results
Answer: C
Q3) Describe three ways in which a research study might contribute to knowledge about an educational topic.
Answer: Possible answers include: It adds to knowledge; it adds to practice; it lifts up the voices of participants; it informs policy debates and decisions.
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Identifying a Research Problem
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Q1) A researcher seeks to study the factors that contribute to "binge" drinking on college campuses.Which of the following would be the best "problem" statement for this study?
A)The purpose of the study is to examine the factors that contribute to binge drinking on one Midwestern university campus.
B)What are the factors that contribute to binge drinking on a Midwestern college campus?
C)Binge drinking occurs on many college campuses,and it is a popular pastime at many social events.
D)When students binge drink at fraternity parties,they often humiliate and demean women attending the parties.
Answer: D
Q2) A research problem is
A)a problem that needs to be researched.
B)an issue or concern in education.
C)an important passage that begins a study.
D)the question being addressed in a study.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
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Q1) Take a topic of your choice and identify five steps that you would use to conduct a computer search of the ERIC database.These steps need not necessary be listed in order for them to be correct.
Answer: Potential answer for steps in this process include:Answer:Identifying terms to search Answer:Logging on the ERIC Web site page or going to the library and using the ERIC CD-ROM system Answer:Entering key terms on the search page Answer:Narrowing the search to journal articles and research studies Answer:Limiting the search to specific years Answer:Reviewing the search results Answer: Examining specific search abstracts for studies Answer:Locating studies in the library
Q2) In a literature map,the box,"My study" has arrows drawn from other boxes in the map.The intent of arrows from other boxes to the "My study" box is
A)to connect my proposed study to other studies in the map.
B)to give direction to the reader in understanding the map.
C)to show how my proposed study extends existing literature.
D)to indicate the direction of influence in my study.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or
Hypotheses
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Q1) What is the location or research site for the study?
Q2) In the following quantitative purpose statement,indicate the intervening variable:
A)College students
B)Self-esteem
C)Social interactions
D)High grades
Q3) What is the central phenomenon being studied?
Q4) In the mothers' trust in school principals study (Shelden et al.,2010),the authors advance in paragraph 14 the question: "What are the perspectives of mothers of children with disabilities on trust in school principals?" What is the central phenomenon being explored in this study that can be gleaned from this question?
Q5) List the dependent variable:
Q6) What is the purpose of the questions in this passage?
Q7) What is the dependent variable?
Q8) What are four elements are present?
Q9) Identify the dependent variables:
Q10) Identify the independent variables: Page 6
Q11) In your own words,construct the central question that this study addresses:
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Chapter 5: Collecting Quantitative Data
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Q1) For your study,you need to collect data one the practices of a teacher while conducting a classroom activity in a school.What type of instrument would be the best choice?
A)Interest inventory
B)Affective scale
C)Practice inventory
D)Behavioral checklist
Q2) In the question below,indicate the type of scale used by the author:
Q3) You are administering an instrument about weapon possession to high school students in a drama class.As you give instructions for completing the instrument,several students interrupt you and say that they will not complete the instrument.What should be your course of action?
A)Call their parents after school lets out.
B)Ask if they would consent to interviews.
C)Ask them to complete "safe" questions.
D)Allow them to not participate in the study.
Q4) A colleague asks you how to proceed from stating research hypotheses to obtaining scores in a quantitative study.You recognize this as the process of collecting quantitative data,and inform this colleague of four major steps.List the steps in order below:
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Chapter 6: Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
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Q1) Which of the following represents an example of a summed score in quantitative data analysis?
A)A score is calculated for each question on the instrument.
B)A score is calculated for several questions on the instrument.
C)A score is calculated summarizing differences in two scores.
D)A score is based on a summed score for all individuals.
Q2) Briefly define the mean.
Q3) Why it is important to check for effect size in addition to hypothesis testing?
Q4) Briefly define the standard deviation.
Q5) When inspecting data,we examine the database for scores that are
A)outside of the mean.
B)outside of the median.
C)outside of the accepted range.
D)outside of the standard deviation.
Q6) From the statements below,select the best guideline to use for selecting a statistical program for your quantitative data analysis.
A)The program is the recommendation of another student.
B)The program has an app available for a mobile device or tablet.
C)The program is produced as an open source software.
Page 9
D)The program has thorough documentation for procedures.
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Chapter 7: Collecting Qualitative Data
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Q1) Which of the following is the best example of a document collected by qualitative researchers?
A)A quality rating scale
B)A set of scores on a standardized test
C)A grade card of a student
D)A journal of experiences
Q2) A researcher shares her own struggles with "skipping school" as she interviews an at-risk high school student.What ethical issue is involved in this situation? Please explain.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a clarifying probe?
A)"Tell me more."
B)"What definition are you using?"
C)"Could you explain that idea?"
D)"You need to make more sense."
Q4) Indicate the situation in which you might engage in this observational practice in qualitative research.
Q5) Describe what "changing observational roles" means.Second,indicate the situation in which you might engage in this observational practice in qualitative research.
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Chapter 8: Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
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Q1) The following are forms for presenting findings visually in qualitative research EXCEPT?
A)A comparison table of teacher and student views
B)A graph showing the interconnection of themes
C)A demographic table indicating personal characteristics
D)A table that presents significant results in the study
Q2) List the five elements to include in the final section in which you interpret findings for a qualitative study?
Q3) A preliminary exploratory analysis of a qualitative database means that you are
A)searching for early code words to use in your analysis.
B)reading through it to obtain a general sense of the data.
C)checking to see if the transcriptionist typed it accurately.
D)exploring the data for a detailed description of codes.
Q4) Read through the following transcript passage.
a.First code word(s)_________________________
b.First code word(s)lines _____________________
c.Second code word(s)_______________________
d.Second code word(s)lines ___________________
Q5) What is a narrative discussion in qualitative research?
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Chapter 9: Reporting and Evaluating Research
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Q1) Research reported to policy makers is characterized by
A)a short executive summary.
B)a policy brief that presents implications.
C)time to report the results.
D)a personal disclaimer about the study.
Q2) Why it is important for researchers to write for their audiences?
A)They need to market their material.
B)The audiences know best how to research.
C)The journals are most selective today.
D)The audiences have certain expectations.
Q3) Researchers need to be sensitive to labels.Assume that you are studying children with learning disabilities,such as 4<sup>th</sup> grade students in Holling Elementary School.Write a sentence that captures how you would refer to these children in a way that is sensitive to labels.Complete this sentence:
Q4) How would you distinguish between a research report and a research proposal?
A)A proposal includes the methods or procedure.
B)A proposal is a plan for conducting a study.
C)A proposal suggests the need to defend the study.
D)A proposal tends to be written in past tense (e.g.,was).
Q5) What evidence from the passage are you basing your decision on? Be specific.
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Chapter 10: Experimental Designs
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Q1) Which of the following is the best indicator of higher quality in an experiment?
A)The researcher reported that the effect of the intervention was strong.
B)The researcher selects measures and instruments based on availability.
C)The intervention is given to all participants,even the control group on a "wait list" after the experiment concludes.
D)The researcher determines the number individuals to be in each group based on availability of participants.
Q2) Define what is meant by a threat to external validity.
Q3) What serves as the control in single subject research?
A)Matched participants serve as the control
B)The target behavior serves as the control
C)The comparison condition serves as the control
D)Each participant serves as his or her own control
Q4) In an experiment,this type of group receives an alternative form of the treatment so that they benefit from the study.
A)Experimental group
B)Control group
C)Comparison group
D)Alternate group
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Chapter 11: Correlational Designs
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Q1) What pattern of association would you expect to find if the scores were plotted for the variable,funding,and the variable,number of teachers?
Q2) Why are some cells left blank?
Q3) Which of the following steps is most important to remember when conducting a meta-analysis?
A)Code the studies based on criteria about the study and its basic characteristics.
B)Determine that at least two studies are available for the analysis.
C)Each study included should focus on a different issue or topic.
D)Each study included must report continuous rather than dichotomous outcome variables.
Q4) Examine Table 1 again,what variable has the lowest negative correlation?
Q5) What type of correlational design was being used in this study?
A)An explanation design
B)A prediction design
C)A prediction and explanation design
D)A correlated design
Q6) Examine Table 1,the correlation matrix of all of the variables in the study.What
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Chapter 12: Survey Designs
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Q1) "Have you ever awakened the morning after from drinking the night before and found that you could not remember the events the day before?"
A)The question is wordy.
B)The question asks two or more questions.
C)The question is negatively worded.
D)The question includes jargon.
E)The question includes overlapping responses.
F)The question contains a mismatch between the question and the answers.
Q2) A researcher is preparing a mailed questionnaire.Which of the following is the best strategy to improve response rates?
A)Have a plan to follow-up with nonrespondents
B)Conduct a wave analysis before sending the questionnaire.
C)Use a high value incentive to entice participants
D)Develop clear statistical procedures for analysis.
Q3) Of the alternative "types" of surveys,was the approach used more of a questionnaire or an interview?
Q4) Was this an example of longitudinal or cross-sectional research?
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Chapter 13: Grounded Theory Designs
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Q1) In paragraph 32 of this study we see a visual diagram of the cycle of developing a leadership identity.Describe the purpose of having a diagram such as this one in a grounded theory study.
Q2) Which one of the following is a key characteristic of the constructivist approach to grounded theory advanced by Charmaz?
A)The use of predetermined categories in axial coding
B)The development of strong conclusions about the data.
C)The use of active codes that capture life experiences
D)The use of diagrams or conceptual maps
Q3) A grounded theory researcher identifies a phrase mentioned by a participant in a study.This phrase is then used by the researcher as a category in the research study.This phrase is considered to be what type of code?
A)An open code
B)An axial code
C)An in vivo code
D)A category code
Q4) List two forms of evidence in this study that suggests the type of grounded theory design that you identified in the last question.
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Chapter 14: Ethnographic Designs
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Q1) An ethnographer decides to study the attitudes of teachers in a school toward the issue of autonomy in their classrooms.Of the following patterns that might be examined,which one best represents what the researcher hopes to learn?
A)How the teachers talk about autonomy
B)What the teachers believe about autonomy
C)Whether the teachers act autonomously
D)How the attitudes of teachers have changed
Q2) How would you adjust this ethnographic purpose statement to change the study to a grounded theory project?
Q3) A researcher decides to study individuals with learning disabilities in an elementary school with the intent of advocating for this group of children.The type of ethnographic design is
A)a case study.
B)a realist ethnography.
C)a critical ethnography.
D)an autoethnography.
Q4) What is the culture-sharing group that this researcher is exploring?
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Chapter 15: Narrative Research Designs
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Q1) A narrative researcher has collected stories from a research participant through five hours of conversations.These conversations are transcribed.In order to tell the story of this individual,the researcher now needs to analyze the transcriptions.From the options listed below,what is the researcher primarily looking for as she analyzes the text?
A)A theory of the individual's life experiences
B)The stories about how the culture of the individual works
C)The themes that emerge from the conversations
D)The key elements of the individual's story
Q2) In narrative research the story reaches a climax and then subsides.Answers emerge to questions and explanations exist for why the characters changed.What is this narrative element?
A)Characters
B)Actions
C)Problem
D)Resolution
Q3) Why would Chan study the experiences of one Chinese immigrant student in this narrative study?
Q4) List three of the criteria for evaluating a narrative research
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Chapter 16: Mixed Methods Designs
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Q1) In a convergent design,ethical issues may arise when the researcher
A)first converges the data.
B)begins to give unequal weight to one form of data.
C)involves other researchers in a study.
D)draws interpretations from unequal sample sizes.
Q2) Which of the following research questions best fits the convergent design?
A)Is the instrument we develop in the second phase (as a result of exploring in the first phase)a better instrument that those available to measure the variables?
B)How do the quantitative and qualitative databases compare and present consistent findings or diverge and show contradictory findings?
C)How does the qualitative follow up data help us to better understand the quantitative first phase results?
D)How can the social issue be better addressed using results from both quantitative and qualitative findings?"
Q3) List three of the criteria for evaluating a mixed methods study.
Q4) Also by examining the title,how do the authors foreshadow that both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected?
Q5) By examining this title,what was the type of mixed methods design used?
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Chapter 17: Action Research Designs
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Q1) The group most responsible for encouraging the use of action research has been
A)teachers who would like to grow and develop as professionals.
B)school principals and superintendent who support education reform.
C)researchers in universities and colleges who support practice.
D)students who seek to improve their skills and enhance their learning.
Q2) What is the practical problem that Heil hopes to solve in this action research study?
Q3) Peg is an elementary school teacher who has just completed an action research study and written a report.She is most likely to share the report
A)by submitting it to a scholarly journal for publication.
B)by preparing into a book for publication and wide dissemination.
C)by sending it to other teachers who can immediately use the results.
D)by sending it to university researchers for use in their practices.
Q4) Which of the following best characterizes the process of action researcher?
A)The process typically follows a linear pattern.
B)The process spirals back and forth among reflection,data collection,and action.
C)The process follows a causal sequence from problem to solution.
D)The process follows the actions of participants in the study.
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