Applied Psychology
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Course Introduction
Applied Psychology explores the practical implementation of psychological theories, principles, and research to address real-world problems across various settings, including workplaces, schools, health care, and community environments. This course covers major domains such as clinical, organizational, educational, health, and forensic psychology, emphasizing assessment techniques, intervention strategies, and program evaluation methods. Students will learn how to analyze human behavior, apply evidence-based solutions, and ethically navigate the complexities involved in applying psychological knowledge to promote well-being and improve outcomes for individuals and groups.
Recommended Textbook
Culture and Psychology 6th Edition by David Matsumoto
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Culture and Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following statements regarding language is correct?
A)Nonhuman animals have the ability to symbolize their physical and metaphysical world.
B)Some nonhuman animals can create sounds representing symbols (morphemes).
C)Some nonhuman animals can construct sentences.
D)Syntax and grammar are unique to humans.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is true about worldviews?
A)People have worldviews because of evolved,complex cognition.
B)Having a worldview is a psychological process specific only to certain cultures.
C)The content of worldviews is the same for every culture.
D)Behaviors have a direct influence on cultural worldviews.
Answer: A
Q3) Morality is a uniquely human product that apparently turns on in humans around nine months of age.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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3
Chapter 2: Cross-Cultural Research Methods
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Q1) In the past,response biases were viewed as methodological artifacts that needed to be controlled in order to get to "true" responses,but today,there is a growing view of them as an important part of cultural influence on data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) _____ is a statistical technique that allows researchers to create groups of items on a questionnaire with each group assessing a single underlying psychological construct (or trait).
A)Factor analysis
B)Regression analysis
C)Pretest analysis
D)Effect size analysis
Answer: A
Q3) During a cross-cultural study,if a scale was validated in one culture,it can be assumed that it is equally valid in any other culture.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Enculturation
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Q1) Identify a true statement about the study conducted by Yan and Gaier (1994)on causal attributions for college success and failure in Asian and American college undergraduate and graduate students.
A)Asian students believed that effort was more important for success than lack of effort was for failure.
B)Asian students experienced lower levels of parental support.
C)American students attributed academic achievement more often to ability.
D)American students considered effort equally important for success or failure.
Answer: C
Q2) According to Grusec & Davidov (2010),a(n)_____ focuses on parenting behaviors rather than general styles to better understand the socialization process.
A)independent approach
B)domain-specific approach
C)uninvolved parenting style
D)global parenting style
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Culture and Developmental Processes
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Q1) The findings from a number of cross-cultural studies have suggested that the _____ and _____ stages of Kohlberg's theory of morality may be universal.
A) preconventional;postconventional
B) preconventional;conventional
C) conventional;postconventional
D) postconventional;transgressional
Q2) In the context of differences in infant temperaments across cultures,parents in Western cultures value the harmony that is maintained through emotional restraint and emphasize and reinforce quiet behaviors.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the three stages of development of moral reasoning skills according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development (1976,1984)?
A) Prefigurative,cofigurative,and postfigurative morality
B) Classical,operant,and linear morality
C) Authoritative,permissive,and submissive morality
D) Preconventional,conventional,and postconventional morality
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Chapter 5: Culture, Self, and Identity
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Q1) Sampson (1988)referred to the sense of self in mainstream approaches as _____.
A)self-contained individualism
B)interdependent self
C)ensembled individualism
D)independent self
Q2) According to the terror management theory,one of the goals of cultural worldviews that people create for themselves is to _____.
A)raise human existence above nature
B)strive to control every element of our environment
C)underestimate the commonality of desirable traits
D)refrain from drawing meaning from life
Q3) _____ refers to the tendency to downplay one's virtue.
A)Self-effacement
B)Self-enhancement
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-concept
Q4) Cultural worldviews are belief systems about one's self and culture.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Culture and Personality
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Q1) In the context of the five-factor model,the subtraits of neuroticism are depression,self-consciousness,impulsiveness,and vulnerability.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following traits was included in the indigenous scale developed by Cheung and colleagues to measure personality in China?
A)Tempermentalness
B)Dominance
C)Defensiveness
D)Aggressiveness
Q3) In the context of control across cultures,people in _____ pretend as if they are not acting as an agent even though in reality they are doing so.
A)indirect control
B)direct control
C)proxy control
D)collective control
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Chapter 7: Culture and Gender
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Q1) _____ is a concept related to Mexican American gender role differentiation that is characterized by many traditional expectations of the male gender role,such as being unemotional,strong,authoritative,and aggressive.
A)Androgyny
B)Misogyny
C)Machiavellianism
D)Machismo
Q2) _____ refers to judgments about what gender roles in a particular culture ought to be.
A) Gender role socialization
B) Gender differentiation
C) Gender role ideology
D) Gender diversity
Q3) In terms of the definitions of sex and gender,a newborn has sex but no gender.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Culture is not a static entity;it is dynamic and ever changing.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Culture and Cognition
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Q1) Which of the following suggests that we remember things better if they are either the first or last item in a list of things to remember?
A)The order effect
B)The presentation effect
C)The indexing effect
D)The serial position effect
Q2) Hudson,in 1960,conducted a study that highlighted cultural differences in perception and found that:
A)even Bantu tribe members who had been educated in European schools saw the pictures as other tribe members.
B)differences in depth perception were neither related to education nor to exposure to European cultures.
C)Western people do not often use relevant size as a cue to depth in pictures.
D)Bantu tribe members did not use relative size as a cue to depth.
Q3) The process of categorization is universal to all humans,and some categories appear to be universal across cultures.
A)True
B)False
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10
Chapter 9: Culture and Emotion
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Q1) According to the neurocultural theory of emotional expression,facial expressions of emotion are under the dual influence of universal,biologically innate factors and culturally specific,learned display rules.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Emotions are rapid information processing systems that evolved to help humans:
A)adapt to various cultural changes over a period of time.
B)act with minimal conscious thinking or deliberation.
C)respond gradually by taking well-thought actions.
D)react with higher cognitive functioning instead of instinct.
Q3) According to the cultural display rules,when a person expresses an emotion less than actually felt,it is referred to as _____.
A)conservation
B)neutralization
C)masking
D)deamplification
Q4) Humans and nonhuman primates have completely different sets of emotions.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Culture, Language, and Communication
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Q1) In intercultural situations,decoders can never be as sure as they are in intracultural situations that they are interpreting signals and messages as originally intended by encoders.This is the result of _____.
A)cultural differences in the use of all nonverbal channels
B)the similarities in the ground rules of interaction between cultures
C)the lack of anxiety that is needed to decode critical messages
D)interactants being accustomed to receiving signals ambiguously
Q2) Americans feel that they need not understand other cultures.This is an example of
A)enculturation
B)hypercognition
C)monolingualism
D)utilitarianism
Q3) Semantics refers to:
A)the arrangement of words.
B)what words mean.
C)how words sound in a given social context.
D)the system of rules governing how words should sound.
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Chapter 11: Culture and Health
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Q1) As per the Alameda County study (Berkman and Syme,1979),individuals with the fewest social ties:
A)suffered the highest mortality rate.
B)aged slower than others.
C)reported better health.
D)maintained an active lifestyle.
Q2) Which of the following is a definition of health according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?
A)It is a state of integrating and experiencing meaning in life through one's connectedness with self,nature,and literature.
B)It is a state of being sound in body,mind,and spirit.
C)It is a state of being able to enjoy a positive outlook toward life.
D)It is a state of complete physical,mental,and social well-being,and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Q3) Mulatu and Berry (2001)argued that health perspectives do not differ between individuals from the dominant or mainstream culture and those of the nondominant social and ethnocultural group.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Culture and Psychological Disorders
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Q1) The _____ model of schizophrenia suggests that it may develop in individuals with a genetic and biological predisposition to the disorder following exposure to environmental stressors.
A)diathesis-stress
B)biopsychosocial
C)transactional
D)stress-vulnerability-coping
Q2) Which of the following is true of cultural concepts of distress (CCD)?
A)The concept of cultural explanation is not an element of cultural concept of distress.
B)The tenets of cultural concepts of distress are relevant for understanding all psychological disorders.
C)The tenets of cultural concepts of distress are relevant for understanding psychological disorders limited only to the Western world.
D)The concept of culture-bound syndromes is a broader and more comprehensive construct than the DSM-V's label of cultural concepts of distress.
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14
Chapter 13: Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Which of the following is the most likely reason for low mental health utilization rates for Asian Americans?
A)Feelings of shame and loss of face
B)Financial costs
C)Mistrust toward formal mental health services
D)Lack of availability of mental health services in the community
Q2) _____ encompasses therapeutic beliefs and practices that are rooted within a given culture.
A)Gender-specific therapy
B)Cultural psychological healing
C)Traditional psychosocial treatment
D)Indigenous healing
Q3) The recognition that psychotherapy is a distinctively _____ approach has led some psychologists to challenge the use of psychotherapy with individuals of _____ backgrounds.
A)Western;non-Western
B)collectivistic;individualistic
C)holistic;symptomatic
D)modern;conservative
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Culture and Social Behavior
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Q1) In the context of mate selection,Buss (1989)concluded that females value cues related to resource acquisition in potential mates more highly than males do,whereas males value _____ more highly than do females.
A)loyalty
B)reproductive capacity
C)social position
D)intelligence
Q2) Although prejudice can be either positive or negative in content,-isms,which are the prejudices that are held by one group of people about another are usually negative and derogatory.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of the findings of the study conducted by Allik and Realo (2004)on the relationship between individualism and social capital in United States and 42 cultures around the world?
A)Individualistic nations were associated with greater social capital.
B)Collectivistic nations were associated with greater social capital.
C)Individualistic nations did not trust people belonging to other nations.
D)Collectivistic nations trusted people belonging to other nations.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Culture and Organizations
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Q1) In the context of Hofstede's cultural dimensions,organizations and cultures high on _____ develop rules,mechanisms,and rituals that serve to maintain and strengthen the status relationships among their members.
A) power distance
B) individualism
C) masculinity-femininity
D) collectivism
Q2) According to the research conducted by Latané,Williams,and Harkins (1979)on group productivity in the United States,individual productivity tends to improve in larger groups.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the context of Hofstede's cultural dimensions,_____ refers to the degree to which different cultures encourage or maintain power and status differences between interactants.
A) power distance
B) power relation
C) individualism
D) collectivism
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