Applied Psychological Research
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Applied Psychological Research examines the principles and methodologies used to investigate psychological concepts in real-world settings. This course covers the design, implementation, and analysis of empirical research with an emphasis on application to social, organizational, clinical, and educational problems. Students will learn to formulate research questions, choose appropriate methodologies, collect and analyze data, and interpret results within ethical frameworks. The course aims to develop critical thinking and practical research skills essential for understanding and addressing complex psychological issues in diverse contexts.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods In Psychology 9th Edition by John J Shaughnessy
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) The development of psychophysical methods and reaction time experiments at the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> century was important to emerging field of psychology because these methods
A)paved the way for psychology to become a quantifiable,laboratory-based science.
B)were instrumental in the development of behaviorism in the 20<sup>th</sup> century.
C)linked psychology with spiritualism in the public's mind.
D)allowed researchers to gain understanding about mental telepathy and clairvoyance.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following statements is false?
A)No single research methodology can answer all of psychology's questions.
B)Researchers gain a more complete understanding of behavior by emphasizing one particular method when investigating their research question.
C)Any one method or measure of behavior is likely flawed or incomplete.
D)A multimethod approach to a research question allows researchers to overcome the flaws associated with any one particular methoD.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: The Scientifi C Method
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Q1) When researchers observe a correlation between two variables,such as between the amount of time spent studying and test scores,they know that
A)the first variable causes the second variable.
B)the second variable causes the first variable.
C)both (A)and (B)
D)neither (A)nor (B)
Answer: D
Q2) A researcher is interested in testing the effectiveness of a new approach to leading discussion groups in his classes.He assigns all the females in one of his classes to use the new discussion method and all the males to use the old discussion method.The researcher will not be able to interpret the results because his study is flawed due to
A)his having limited the boundary of generalizing his results.
B)the fact that he tested only one of his classes.
C)his failure to manipulate an independent variable.
D)the confounding of gender and discussion methoD.
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research
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Q1) When the exact words from a source are used in a manuscript,which of the following is required?
A)the source must be properly identified
B)the page number from the source
C)quotation marks
D)all of these
Answer: D
Q2) Describe how the APA ethical standards for research with animals involve both the use and the care of animals.
Answer: The APA ethical standards include requirements for how animals may be used in research.The standards specify conditions under which animals may be subjected to pain or stress and the procedures for surgery.The APA standards also include requirements for the care of animals in research.Researchers are responsible to ensure appropriate consideration of the comfort,health,and humane treatment of their animals.Thus,APA ethical standards address the appropriate living quarters for animals and the training of personnel who are responsible for the care of the animals.
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Chapter 4: Observation
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Q1) A researcher studying interpersonal communication measured the time that couples made eye contact during a conversation.Which descriptive statistics will most commonly be used describe the researcher's duration measurements?
A)mode and range
B)median and quartile dispersion
C)mean and standard deviation
D)proportion and percentage
Q2) Describe three problems and limitations that can occur when archival records are used in research,and how these problems affect researchers' conclusions about evidence from archival records?
Q3) In psychological research,investigators sample individuals' behavior at different times or in different situations.The goal of sampling behavior is to
A)obtain a representative sample of behavior.
B)infer causes of people's behavior.
C)insure the highest possible interobserver reliability.
D)obtain as many observations as possible.
Q4) Define observer bias and describe the best way to reduce this problem in a research study.
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Chapter 5: Survey Research
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Q1) Which of the following factors is likely to increase the reliability of a test or of a questionnaire?
A)distractions in the testing situation
B)variability on the factor being tested among those individuals being tested
C)ambiguous instructions for completing the test
D)fewer items on a test
Q2) When the distribution of characteristics in a sample is systematically different from that of the target population,the sample is called a
A)distorted sample.
B)selected sample.
C)skewed sample.
D)biased sample.
Q3) A sampling frame in survey research could be considered a(n)__________ of the population.
A)representative sample
B)biased sample
C)operational definition
D)probability sample
Q4) What correlation coefficient value indicates the "Friend" measure is reliable?
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Chapter 6: Independent Groups Designs
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Q1) A statistically significant outcome is an outcome that
A)has a large likelihood of occurring if the null hypothesis is true.
B)has a small likelihood of occurring if the null hypothesis is true.
C)occurs in 5 out of every 100 experiments (p = .05).
D)has neither Type I nor Type II errors.
Q2) Which of the following is not an advantage of using measures of effect size?
A)Measures of effect size provide information about the strength of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.
B)Measures of effect size can be used to make quantitative comparisons of the different outcomes found in a series of experiments involving the same independent variable.
C)Measures of effect size can provide an estimate of the overall effect size for an independent variable by averaging effect sizes across a series of experiments.
D)Measures of effect size provide the best information about whether the effect of the independent variable is statistically significant.
Q3) Identify the two major reasons why psychologists conduct experiments.
Q4) Identify and briefly define the three primary types of control that are used in experiments.
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Chapter 7: Repeated Measures Designs
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Q1) What distinguishes the complete repeated measures design from the incomplete repeated measures design?
Q2) In an independent groups design,a separate group of people serves as the control group.In the repeated measures design,
A)there is no control.
B)all participants participate in one condition of the experiment.
C)participants serve as their own controls.
D)test-retest reliability is the main goal of the research.
Q3) A researcher plans to conduct a complete repeated measures design in which the independent variable is manipulated using four conditions that vary the level of violence depicted in a photograph (none,low,medium,high).There are 10 photographs in each of the four conditions.Each participant will rate each photo once and therefore make a total of 40 ratings.If the researcher wishes to have 80 ratings for each photo,how many participants should the researcher recruit?
A)2
B)10
C)40
D)80
Q4) What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
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Chapter 8: Complex Designs
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Q1) In order to explain the interaction effect present in these data,describe two simple main effects.
Q2) A potential solution to the problem of drawing causal inferences based on the natural groups design is to use a complex design involving a natural groups design for an individual differences variable along with a manipulated independent variable.An important key to this potential solution is to
A)obtain a main effect of the individual differences variable but not of the manipulated independent variable
B)obtain a main effect of the manipulated independent variable but not of the individual differences variable.
C)obtain main effects of both the individual differences variable and the manipulated independent variable.
D)obtain an interaction effect of the individual differences variable and the manipulated independent variable.
Q3) How many participants would be needed in each condition if both variables were manipulated using random groups designs?
Q4) Draw a graph that displays mean results consistent with the researcher's hypothesis.
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Chapter 9: Single-Case Designs and Small-N Research
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Q1) An extensive case study of an individual's visual system reveals several important findings.The ability of the researcher to generalize these findings to other individuals can be described as
A)impossible-the findings cannot be generalized because a case study was used.
B)somewhat limited because people's visual systems are likely to vary somewhat.
C)very limited because people's visual systems vary so greatly.
D)not limited at all because the visual system of all organisms is the same.
Q2) A clinical psychologist seeks to increase the amount of time a child is able to work on a task.In order to make an interpretation about the effect of treatment using an ABAB design,the least problematic initial baseline period would show A)an unstable pattern of behavior.
B)discontinuity from the beginning to the end of the baseline observations.
C)an increasing trend in the amount of time the child spends working on the task.
D)a decreasing trend in the amount of time the child spends working on the task.
Q3) Describe the common features that are present in both ABAB and multiple-baseline experimental designs.
Q4) Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of the case study method.
Q5) Do you think the psychologist's conclusions are correct? Why or why not?
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation
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Q1) Strong evidence of a treatment effect in a time series with nonequivalent control group design is indicated by
A)discontinuity in neither the treatment group nor the comparison group.
B)discontinuity in both the treatment group and the comparison group.
C)discontinuity in the comparison group but not in the treatment group.
D)discontinuity in the treatment group but not in the comparison group.
Q2) When individuals' performance on a posttest differs from their initial testing not because of a treatment but because of familiarity with the measure,a __________ threat to internal validity is likely.
A)regression
B)instrumentation
C)testing
D)contamination
Q3) Program evaluation is a hybrid discipline whose professional activity
A)relies almost exclusively on the experimental method.
B)has as its basic goal providing feedback to providers of human service activities.
C)is confined almost entirely to the discipline of psychology.
D)focuses primarily on conducting basic research.
Q4) What type of research design was used for this study?
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Chapter 11: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I
Describing Data,confi Dence Intervals, Correlation
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Q1) A student conducts a research project to test the effect of an independent variable with two conditions.The value for Cohen's d for her data is .25.Based on this,she concludes that the independent variable had _________ effect on the dependent variable.
A)zero
B)a small
C)a medium
D)a large
Q2) Why is a confidence interval also called a "margin of error"?
Q3) Having calculated a 95% confidence interval for a difference between two means,we may conclude that the odds are 95/100 that the
A)true population mean difference falls in the interval.
B)difference between the sample mean is the same as the difference between the population means.
C)obtained interval contains the true population mean difference.
D)population mean difference is less than 95.
Q4) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the three measures of central tendency: mean,median,mode.
Q5) Explain the phrase,"Correlation does not imply causation."
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Chapter 12: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II Tests of
Statisticalsignifi Cance and the Analysis Story
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Q1) Null hypothesis significance testing uses the laws of probability to estimate the likelihood of an outcome assuming that
A)the null hypothesis is false.
B)an effect is present.
C)only chance factors caused the outcome.
D)the independent variable workeD.
Q2) When a result is "statistically significant," why should we not immediately claim that our results are "important" (either scientifically or practically)?
Q3) The results of an omnibus F-test for a complex design experiment allow the researcher to
A)know exactly which means significantly differ from one another.
B)interpret the outcome of the experiment without knowing the descriptive statistics for the cells of the design.
C)know the strength of the relationships between the independent and dependent variables.
D)know whether the interaction effects and main effects were statistically significant.
Q4) What does NHST tell us when our results are "statistically significant"?
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Chapter 13: Communication in Psychology
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Q1) The primary way that scientists insure "quality control" of published research is through
A)extensive research methods training of scientists.
B)peer review.
C)rigorous statistical analyses.
D)careful copy-editing.
Q2) The best way to write a method section of a research report is to include information that
A)is mainly general in nature.
B)identifies every detail of the study.
C)is essential to comprehend and replicate the study.
D)demonstrates how the study is similar to previous research.
Q3) The most common type of graph in psychology journals is the A)histogram.
B)frequency polygon.
C)line graph.
D)pie chart.
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