Course Introduction
Applied Linguistics
Textbook Exam Questions
Applied Linguistics explores the practical application of linguistic theories and methods to real-world problems related to language and communication. This course examines how language is used in various social, educational, and professional contexts, focusing on areas such as language acquisition, language teaching, assessment, translation, and language policy. Students will engage with current research and case studies to develop a comprehensive understanding of how linguistic knowledge can address issues such as language learning difficulties, multilingualism, language planning, and language use in media and technology.
Recommended Textbook
Language Development 4th Edition by Erika Hoff
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10 Chapters
551 Verified Questions
551 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Language Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The study of continuity and discontinuity in language development:
A) refers to the study of how children have delays in the sequence of language development milestones.
B) takes into account the relationship of childese to parents' or caregivers' language.
C) refers to the relationship of vocabulary development to continuous language development.
D) takes into account changes in the quality of a child's language use.
Answer: D
Q2) Constructivism grew out of: (WWW)
A) a response to behaviorism.
B) Piaget's views on cognitive and language development.
C) nativist' views on child language acquisition.
D) empiricists views on nature vs. nurture.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Biological Bases of Language Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) One area of evidence for language as a universal human characteristic is the fact that:
A) young children learn language from their caretakers.
B) adults use motherese with their offspring.
C) some animal species acquire language.
D) all human beings, barring impairment, are capable of language learning.
Answer: D
Q2) Aphasia is ____________________.
A) a total loss of ability to speak
B) evidence of language learning capacity
C) an impairment of language due to brain injury
D) mild language loss due to bilateral connections
Answer: A
Q3) Studies of the genetics of language impairment indicate that
A) elements of language development are genetically determined.
B) speech development is determined by a complex set of genetic and molecular biological features.
C) the ease and speed of language development have a strong genetic foundation.
D) All of these answers.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Communicative Development: Foundations and Functions of Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) The one form of language that is influenced by the active instruction of caregivers is
A) pragmatics
B) communicative competence
C) linguistic competence
D) sociolinguistic competence
Answer: D
Q2) Research on pragmatic development suggests that:
A) the first communicative functions expressed by children are similar to adult's language.
B) communicative functions develop in the first few years just as language develops.
C) children use single-word utterances to express language functions.
D) children use gestures and sounds together when communicating.
Answer: B
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5
Chapter 4: Phonological Development: Learning the Sounds of Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) The major difference between the cognitive-problem solving view and biological-based accounts of language learning is that
A) cognitive-solving views take into account the fact that infants and children have different rates and patterns of development.
B) biological-based accounts consider factors that cause infants and children to have different rates and patterns of development.
C) cognitive-solving views take into account the fact that infants and children develop similarly across individual differences.
D) None of these answers are true.
Q2) Aspects of sound that differentiate one sound from another are called:
A) phones
B) allophones
C) phonemes
D) distinctive features
Q3) Summarize the research on human language and human perception, and describe how infants' behavior is observed in the data collection process for this research.
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6
Chapter 5: Lexical Development: Learning Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fast-mapping refers to the process of:
A) applying knowledge of a referent to a word extension.
B) correctly inferring a referent, but needing to apply it to a number of extensions.
C) overextension.
D) underextension.
Q2) Describe the research on how children acquire their first words. Include a discussion of evidence on referential word use.
Q3) Explain how lexical principles, pragmatic principles and the general learning process influence early language development.
Q4) If all of a child's early words are context-bound, then this suggests:
A) evidence of a limitation in the child within the prelexical stage.
B) a cognitive delay in the child's development.
C) evidence of a limitation in the child within the nominal stage.
D) a cognitive and language delay in the child.
Q5) Discuss the importance of the research questions and the research findings on word extension.
Q6) Describe two hypotheses about the underlying factors to the word spurt and compare them for adequacy of explanation.
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Chapter 6: The Development of Syntax and Morphology:
Learning the Structure of Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) A linguist delineates rule patterns for formulating sentences. These rules are called: A) lexical rules.
B) descriptive rules.
C) phonological rules.
D) prescriptive rules.
Q2) Researchers agree that 2-year old children have an understanding of A) nouns and verbs.
B) an abstract noun and verb category.
C) an abstract noun category, but they disagree on how the children understand verbs.
D) an abstract verb category, but they disagree on how the children understand nouns.
Q3) Evidence that children develop an underlying system of rules for grammar is:
A) demonstrated by their use of noun - verb phrases in two word utterances.
B) found in their rote memory of multiword utterances.
C) seen in use of word combinations, errors made in applying rules and in experiments on using new word combinations.
D) indicated by the variety of word combinations they use.
Q4) Describe the stages of grammatical development in early multiword utterances.
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Chapter 7: Language, Culture, and Cognition in Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify and briefly describe the main points in the text regarding the cultural influences on language development.
Q2) The amount of time that caregivers in various cultures talk to children influences:
A) the speed at which they fully learn language.
B) cultural differences, but not how the child learns language.
C) how researchers make conclusions regarding child language learning.
D) how much children talk to each other.
Q3) Psychologists hold the view that:
A) language determines how babies and children develop cognitively.
B) cognitive development determines how children acquire language.
C) babies have thoughts independent of language.
D) None of these statements are true.
Q4) Examining cultural differences suggests that:
A) language socialization is not related to teaching cultural values.
B) Japanese mothers use language to teach values in direct ways.
C) language is used to teach cultural values.
D) American mothers use language to teach values in indirect ways.
Q5) Describe findings in research on the encoding of spatial relations in language and in thought.
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Chapter 8: Childhood Bilingualism
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Sample Questions
Q1) In India, children are exposed to more than one language in:
A) school.
B) their home.
C) the community.
D) All of these answers are true.
Q2) Describe research on factors that encourage second language acquisition. Discuss recent studies on the relationship of age to learning second languages.
Q3) Studies on how bilingual babies make phonemic distinctions indicate that:
A) at six and ten months of age, bilingual and monolingual children can distinguish two languages according to differing vowels sounds.
B) at ten months of age, monolingual babies cannot distinguish two languages according to differing vowel sounds that they could distinguish at six months of age.
C) monolingual babies and bilingual babies process phonemic units at different rates.
D) All of these statements are true.
Q4) Describe social, cultural, political and economic issues that impact bilingual language development programs.
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Chapter 9: Language in School Years
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anglin (1993) found that:
A) children's phonological knowledge grows as quickly as their vocabulary knowledge .
B) vocabulary grows faster when children are presented root words and their definitions.
C) children increased their vocabulary knowledge by 9,000 words between third and fifth grades.
D) inflectional morphology presents barriers to children's ability to acquire new vocabulary through experience.
Q2) In his studies on language change, Labov (1970) suggested that:
A) peer influence on dialect is related to age and exposure to new social groups.
B) change in dialects relates to a number of factors, including prestige, marriage status, social and economic conditions.
C) dialectical changes are consistent and predictable in children over the age of five.
D) sociopolitical circumstances are not an influence in dialect change among adolescents.
Q3) Describe how children acquire accents and make changes in dialect.
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Chapter 10: Language Development in Special Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) An aspect of language that is affected in children who have blindness is: A) humor
B) past tense
C) verbs that imply place and manner
D) topic initiation.
Q2) Studies that compare babbling by infants who are deaf to infants who are hearing indicate that deaf babies:
A) do not babble.
B) babble, but the tonal quality and loudness varies from hearing babies.
C) babble past the age that children normally acquire their first words.
D) babble just like hearing babies until the age of uttering first words.
Q3) Analyze the implications of research on language development in deaf children, with or without having a cochlear implant.
Q4) Compare and contrast language development in individuals who are lower functioning and those who are higher functioning with autism.
Q5) Describe how children with Williams Syndrome develop language. Discuss how this is different from individuals with Down syndrome.
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