Applied Educational Research
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Applied Educational Research explores the principles, methods, and practices of conducting research within educational settings. This course emphasizes the application of both quantitative and qualitative research techniques to address real-world problems in education. Students will learn how to design research studies, collect and analyze data, interpret findings, and apply results to improve educational outcomes. Through hands-on projects and case studies, participants will develop the skills necessary to evaluate existing research, conduct their own investigations, and effectively communicate research findings to diverse audiences.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Educational Research Second Edition by Craig A. Mertler
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Educational Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following research questions involves case study research?
A) What types of personal and school characteristics serve to motivate teachers?
B) What characteristics do teachers need to be viewed as compassionate by their students?
C) What is the nature of school's culture?
D) What meaning does the teachers' lounge have for the staff at Main Street Elementary School?
Answer: D
Q2) A researcher is interested in understanding the relationship between years of teaching service and the use of performance-based assessments. Which type of nonexperimental study would measure this relationship that involves two or more variables?
A) causal-comparative
B) experimental
C) correlational
D) quasi-experimental
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Overview of the Educational Research Process
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Q1) The text states, "Care must be taken to evaluate the existing literature against several criteria." Provide at least two of these criteria.
Answer: Answer would ideally include: The criteria include, but are not limited to, the following: the objectivity of the published research (and/or the extent to which an author has clearly identified and explained any potential bias), the specification of limitations inherent in the study, whether the research constitutes a primary (i.e., written by the individual who actually conducted the research) or secondary (i.e., someone's interpretation of another's research) source, whether the research is empirical or opinion based, and whether it has been subject to a process of peer review.
Q2) Surveys, checklists, interviews, and questionnaires are different types of observational data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) There can be overlap between categories of data collection.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: Identifying a Research Problem
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a research topic is too ______, it may not be possible to collect adequate data to answer the research questions or solve the research problem.
A) broad
B) narrow
C) objective
D) lengthy
Answer: B
Q2) Continuous variables are categorical in nature.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Ideally, how should educators approach their research studies?
A) organize thoughts and data before and after the study
B) take personal interest in the study
C) be the sole leaders of the educational research studies they conduct
D) not be too personally interested in their topics
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Ethics in Educational Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of a well-developed proposal is ______.
A) one measured with multiple data collection tools
B) one that includes more than one manipulated variable
C) one that includes multiple types of data
D) one that delineates the nature of each of the study's aspects
Q2) A research proposal receives a(n) ______ from IRB if participants will not be exposed to any noticeable risk.
A) partial review
B) exemption from review
C) expedited review
D) full-board review
Q3) Minors involved in any research study can provide only ______, because they are not of legal ______ age.
A) assent; consenting
B) consent; assenting
C) verbal permission; consenting
D) verbal permission; assenting
Q4) Participation in any study should always be voluntary.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Reviewing Related Research Literature
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Q1) An indication you have done a reasonably good job of reviewing literature on your topic includes ______.
A) having 5-10 resources
B) when you no longer see the same articles and the same authors cited across all the literature you are reviewing C) when you begin to recognize the major contributors in the field D) when you have searched the ERIC database
Q2) Using the word(s) "______" between keywords will result in a narrower search. A) as well as B) but C) and D) or
Q3) Google Scholar will return citations from a wide variety of document types, including ______.
A) court opinions
B) magazines
C) media releases
D) blogs
Q4) Discuss the benefits of conducting a literature review.
Q5) Discuss the pertinence of academic databases to the literature review.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Bogdan and Biklen (2007), there are ______ features or characteristics of qualitative research.
A) 10
B) 2
C) 20
D) 5
Q2) Ethnographic research topics are typically quite limited in scope.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In qualitative studies, the initial topic is typically quite broad in scope and likely will be narrowed during the study.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A ______ portrays an individual's entire life.
A) personal history
B) biographical history
C) life history
D) oral history
Q5) How is qualitative research descriptive?
Q6) Explain the differences among the commonly used qualitative research designs.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Quantitative Research Methods
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Q1) ______ designs involve two or more ______ variables, at least one of which is manipulated.
A) Single-variable; independent
B) Single-variable; dependent
C) Factorial; independent
D) Factorial; dependent
Q2) Which of the following is true of the approaches for conducting quantitative research?
A) They may use various narratives.
B) They may be experiential or nonexperiential.
C) They may be experimental or nonexperimental.
D) They protect nonhuman participants in studies.
Q3) The most complex form of single-subject research design is known as the A-B design.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Interviews are the most costly type of data collection in survey research.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe random selection and random assignment.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Mixed-Methods Research
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Q1) A thread is a component of a study that encompasses the basic process of conducting quantitative or qualitative research
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss one weakness of mixed-methods research.
Q3) If the phases of data collection are simultaneous, or occur relatively close in time, we refer to the study as a ______; if the phases of data collection are distinctly separated by substantial periods of time, we might refer to the study as a ______.
A) multiphase mixed-methods study; multiproject quantitative study
B) multiphase mixed-methods study; multiproject qualitative study
C) multiproject mixed-methods study; multiphase mixed-methods study
D) multiphase mixed-methods study; multiproject mixed-methods study
Q4) Determining the validity of mixed-methods research ______ the process of determining the validity of both quantitative and qualitative research.
A) further enhances
B) interrupts
C) trumps
D) parallels
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Action Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is it important to understand what action research is not?
Q2) Which of the following is a possible and common outcome of an action research study?
A) A publication is necessary.
B) An old problem is discovered.
C) A new problem is discovered.
D) No new understanding of the situation or problem is developed.
Q3) Broader dissemination of action research needs to be concerned with ______, meaning that the results of the study will extend beyond its scope to other settings and people.
A) perceptibility
B) functionality
C) mobility
D) generalizability
Q4) According to the text, the author's general model of action research includes all of the following, except ______.
A) the planning stage
B) the acting stage
C) the dissemination stage
D) the reflecting stage
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Chapter 10: Writing a Research Proposal
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do research proposals include?
A) statistical data
B) information about specific participants
C) research questions
D) potential publication options.
Q2) What are assumptions?
Q3) ______ are assertions made by the researcher and assumed to be true but for which no evidence exists.
A) Expectations
B) Assumptions
C) Facts
D) Views
Q4) In quantitative research proposals, the review of related literature may appear as part of the ______ section or ______.
A) introduction; instrumentation
B) introduction; methodology
C) methodology; as a section entirely on its own
D) introduction; as a section entirely on its own
Q5) Describe what happens in the framing of a study.
Q6) Describe the researcher's role section in a qualitative research proposal.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the five criteria for establishing the validity of qualitative research through concrete actions to be taken by the researcher.
Q2) Interview questions should be ______.
A) models of questioning
B) brief, clear, and simply worded
C) measurement tool(s)
D) for the development of action plans
Q3) Explain how researchers decide what type of sampling to use in qualitative studies.
Q4) Theoretical validity refers to ______.
A) the accuracy of the interpretations of participants' behaviors and words
B) the factual accuracy of the account provided in the research
C) the extent to which the researcher behaved objectively enough to report the data and findings in an unbiased manner, without making judgments of the collected data
D) the extent to which the study, and its final report, relates the phenomenon being studied to a broader theory
Q5) Discuss at least one strategy that will enhance the validity of research data and findings of qualitative studies.
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Chapter 12: Quantitative Data Collection
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are six nonrandom sampling techniques utilized in quantitative research.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following options best matches this statement: "All members of the population have an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample?"
A) random sampling
B) rationale sampling
C) scholarly sampling
D) none of these
Q3) A decision all researchers must make is exactly what defines an appropriate sample size in a quantitative study.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Standardized tests exist in a wide variety, ranging in type, purpose, and resulting data (i.e., scores).
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the rationale for the sample size in quantitative research.
Q6) Describe the weaknesses of quantitative data collection and analysis.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parameters are numerical indices and procedures that describe the sample and help the researcher make inferences about the population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Provide three categories of descriptive statistical analysis techniques.
Q3) Statistics apply to the ______, and parameters apply to the ______.
A) sample; population
B) population; sample
C) sample; subgroup
D) population; subgroup
Q4) The word data is ______.
A) always singular
B) always plural
C) often singular
D) often plural
Q5) Which of the following describes measures of central tendency?
A) They improve education, in general, by incorporating change.
B) They are determined by the participants' location.
C) They consist of a single score that represents what is typical among a group.
D) They emphasize people/sites that are accessible to the researcher.
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Chapter 14: Writing a Final Research Report
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Sample Questions
Q1) Quantitative reports are written in ______.
A) similar ways to qualitative studies
B) passive voice
C) active voice
D) negative voice
Q2) Introductory sections are typically written in ______ tense.
A) past
B) future
C) present
D) present or past
Q3) Many researchers have relied on the APA manual for providing formats used for ______.
A) determining appropriate research techniques
B) citing references
C) determining the appropriate length for papers
D) determining appropriate samples
Q4) Describe anonymity and confidentiality as they pertain to writing research reports.
Q5) Explain how following a style guide contributes to a final research report.
Q6) Discuss the importance of conventions.
Page 16
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