Applied Cognitive Psychology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Applied Cognitive Psychology explores the principles of cognitive psychology in real-world contexts, focusing on how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems in everyday settings. The course examines theories of attention, memory, language, decision-making, and problem-solving, while emphasizing their implications in fields such as education, healthcare, law, business, and technology. Students will analyze contemporary research and case studies to understand how cognitive psychology can inform the design of effective interventions, improve human performance, and address challenges such as eyewitness reliability, usability in technology, and learning strategies.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) The scene of a human sitting at a computer terminal, responding to stimuli flashed on the computer screen, would most likely be described as depicting a(n)_________ experiment.
A) information processing
B) analytic introspection
C) operant conditioning
D) behaviorist
Answer: A
Q2) The main point of the Donders' reaction time experiments was to
A) show that reaction times can be measured accurately.
B) measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.
C) determine differences in the way people react to stimuli.
D) show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.
Answer: B
Q3) Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of A) behaviorism.
B) Donderism.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) operant conditioning.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) The temporal lobe is
A) the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received.
B) important for language, memory, hearing, and vision.
C) important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning.
D) where signals are received from the auditory system.
Answer: D
Q2) Action potentials occur in the
A) cell body.
B) synapse.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) axon.
Answer: D
Q3) Shinkareva et al.(2008)conducted research that revealed
A) the existence of feature detectors.
B) the distinction between form and meaning in language.
C) a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object one was viewing.
D) strong support for specificity coding.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Perception
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?
A) Vertical orientation
B) Horizontal orientation
C) Angled orientation
D) Having one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side"
Answer: C
Q2) A difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is
A) heuristics usually take longer to carry out than algorithms.
B) algorithms are usually less systematic than heuristics.
C) heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do.
D) algorithms provide "best-guess" solutions to problems more so than heuristics.
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is not a geon?
A) Cylinder
B) Pyramid
C) Cone
D) Circle
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 4: Attention
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Q1) Eye tracker studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements
A) usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second.
B) were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene.
C) were determined primarily by the task.
D) continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene.
Q2) The automatic process exhibited in the standard Stroop effect is
A) naming colors.
B) reading words.
C) naming distractors.
D) shadowing messages.
Q3) A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that A) weak signals can cause activation.
B) it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
C) all signals cause activation.
D) no signals cause activation.
Q4) Describe Moray's "words in the unattended ear" experiment.Why does this research pose a problem for Broadbent's filter model? Specifically, what does this research say about its classification as an early selection model?
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Q1) The word-length effect reveals that
A) STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages.
B) longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words.
C) working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information.
D) the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.
Q2) Joey is participating in an experiment on memory.He is asked to read a sentence and then hold the last word in his memory while he reads the next sentence.The experimenter measures the maximum number of sentences Joey can read while doing this memory task.Joey is doing the task.
A) reading span
B) digit span
C) delayed response
D) mental rotation
Q3) A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with A) STM
B) LTM
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Q1) Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M.who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures.H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
A) LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired.
B) impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other.
C) a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM.
D) STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
Q2) Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line.Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)
A) auditory code in short-term memory.
B) auditory code in long-term memory.
C) iconic code in short-term memory.
D) iconic code in long-term memory.
Q3) Define the propaganda effect. Explain the effect in terms of non-declarative memory as well as in terms of priming. Give two potential "real-world" examples of this effect.
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8
Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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Q1) From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in A) procedural memory.
B) long-term memory storage.
C) working memory.
D) long-term memory acquisition.
Q2) Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of A) an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons.
B) enhanced firing in the neurons.
C) larger electrical impulses in the synapse.
D) the growth of new dendrites in neurons.
Q3) Your text makes the statement that "memories are stored at the synapses." Develop a discussion to explain the evidence that learning and memory are represented in the brain by physiological changes at the neuronal level.
Q4) Your text explains what memory research tells us about studying.Name and describe the five techniques for improving learning and memory given in the text's discussion, and what experimental result supports each technique.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Q1) The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder
A) is largely a blessing because no event would be erased.
B) is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.
C) helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base.
D) none of the above
Q2) Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos
a. the person has seen before.
b. of familiar places.
c. they took themselves.
d. the person has never seen before.
Q3) An important application of memory research has been in understanding the nature of eyewitness testimony.Citing the research in your text, explain why people make errors in eyewitness testimony.
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Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Q1) The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do)is
A) family resemblance.
B) prototypicality.
C) graded membership.
D) instance theory.
Q2) One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
A) semantic network
B) hierarchical
C) spreading activation
D) connectionist
Q3) Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.
A) no
B) weak
C) moderate
D) strong
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11
Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Q1) Carly is an interior design student.As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client.She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area.Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using
A) tacit knowledge.
B) a proposition.
C) the method of loci.
D) a depictive representation.
Q2) One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it.After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in answering the question.
A) visual search
B) her visual icon
C) visual imagery
D) mental chronometry
Q3) Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.
A) mental scanning
B) categorization
C) priming
D) mental walk
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America.She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words.These results
A) support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
B) contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
C) support the word frequency effect.
D) contradict the word frequency effect.
Q2) Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago.When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD.This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)
A) garden path model.
B) given-new contract.
C) instrument inference.
D) age-appropriate principle.
Q3) Describe the interactionist approach to parsing, and the methods and results of eye movement research that support it.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day.Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year.For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix submits a variety of sketches as possible designs.In each design, it describes the concept as well as the floral materials that will be involved. This design process represents A) creative cognition.
B) a well-defined problem.
C) convergent thinking.
D) design fixation.
Q2) The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s)an important role in solving scientific problems.
A) analogies
B) insight
C) flexibility
D) subgoals
Q3) Describe the three steps involved in analogical problem solving.Which step is the most difficult to achieve, and what is the evidence that this is the most difficult step?
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Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Q1) One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors.In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors.Sarah is in the class.She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday.She lives on campus.Her boyfriend is also in the class.There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major.
A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 100%
Q2) Explain the evidence from neuropsychology and brain imaging studies showing how the prefrontal cortex is involved in problem solving and reasoning.
Q3) Define both deductive and inductive reasoning and explain how they are different.What does it mean to say that the conclusion to a syllogism is "valid"?
Q4) Describe the Wason four-card problem.Explain what the results of experiments that have used abstract and concrete versions of the problem illustrate about how solving this problem is influenced by concreteness, knowledge of regulations, permission schemas, and an evolutionary perspective on cognition.
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