Applied Business Statistics
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Course Introduction
Applied Business Statistics introduces students to statistical concepts and methods crucial for informed decision-making in a business environment. The course covers descriptive statistics, probability distributions, sampling, estimation, hypothesis testing, and regression analysis, with a focus on practical applications using real-world business data. Students learn to interpret statistical results, use software tools for analysis, and apply quantitative reasoning to solve business problems, preparing them to leverage data-driven insights in various management contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Business Research Methods 11th Edition by Donald Cooper
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Chapter 1: Research in Business
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Q1) Good research follows the standards of the ______.
A) American Manufacturers Association
B) scientific method
C) scientific management
D) American Association of Public Opinion Research
E) FTC
Answer: B
Q2) The question,"Should we do business research?" is often stimulated by data from a(n)_____.
A) data warehouse
B) intelligence system
C) decision support system
D) intranet
E) both b and c
Answer: E
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Chapter 2: Ethics in Business Research
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Q1) IRBs exist in order to _____.
A) guarantee complete, informed consent is obtained from participants
B) apply knowledge gained from research
C) evaluate the research design chosen
D) evaluate the allocation of expenses in the project
E) protect the researchers from legal liability
Answer: A
Q2) The principle of the U.S.Safe Harbor Agreement that requires companies to inform consumers about what information is being collected,how that information will be used,and who that information will be shared with is called the principle of _____.
A) choice
B) access
C) notice
D) onward transfer
E) data integrity
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Thinking Like a Researcher
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Q1) Metro University has set a goal to increase the percentage of alumni who donate to the university and to increase the average amount given by those who have donated in the past.Metro U hopes that holding special events at homecoming designed specifically for alums will result in an increase in donations.Consequently,it is planning a special Alumni Bash for homecoming night and invitations have been sent to students who graduated between 1975 and 2000.Identify the dependent and independent variables in the example.State a hypothesis using the information provided. Answer: The dependent variable is alumni donations (percentage change in alumni who donate and dollar change in the amount given).The independent variable is the use of special events for alumni.A possible hypothesis is: Alumni who attend the special events are more likely to donate and donate at a higher level than those who do not attend the events.
Q2) Which of the following is another term for independent variable?
A) Discrete
B) Criterion
C) Moderator
D) Predictor
E) Construct
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: The Research Process: an Overview
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Q1) McGraw-Hill is planning a study of educator preferences to determine the needs of college instructors.Because of the number of college instructors,McGraw-Hill will select a portion of the target population,known as a(n)_____,to participate in the study.
A) element
B) sample
C) sampling frame
D) census
E) extent
Q2) Which of the following questions is considered when discussing the management dilemma?
A) How can management eliminate negative symptoms?
B) What does the manager need to know to choose the best alternative from the available sources of action?
C) What is the recommended course of action?
D) What symptoms cause management concern?
E) What should be asked or observed to obtain the information the manager needs?
Q3) Explain the difference between interim evaluation and ex post facto evaluation.
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Chapter 5: Clarifying the Research Question Through Secondary
Data and Exploration
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Q1) When evaluating an information source,the time period and geographic limitations are considered as part of the _____ factor.
A) purpose
B) scope
C) authority
D) audience
E) format
Q2) Which of the following is a reason researchers use encyclopedias?
A) To verify spelling
B) To find authors and titles of prior works
C) To locate articles from a large set
D) To find historical information
E) All of the above
Q3) All of the following are factors useful in evaluating a source except _____.
A) purpose
B) scope
C) cost
D) authority
E) audience
Q4) Explain the steps involved in the data mining process.
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Chapter 6: Research Design: An Overview
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Q1) Which type of study is loosely structured and designed to expand understanding of a topic and provide insights?
A) Formal
B) Causal
C) Exploratory
D) Experimental
E) Descriptive
Q2) Compare and contrast the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
Q3) The goal of a formal study is to _____.
A) discover future research tasks
B) expand understanding of a topic
C) test hypotheses
D) provide insight
E) develop hypotheses
Q4) Which of the following is not a type of evidence used to test causal hypotheses?
A) Covariation between variables A and B
B) Time order of events
C) Alternative causes
D) Disposition of variable B
E) All of the above can be used to test causal hypotheses
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which term below is used to describe the combining of several qualitative methods or combining qualitative with quantitative methods?
A) Triangulation
B) Dyadic support
C) Inter-rater reliability
D) Projection
E) Component sorts
Q2) Which of the following is true of quantitative research?
A) It uses a nonprobability sampling method
B) Results are generalizable
C) Data analysis is ongoing during the project
D) Sample sizes are generally small
E) It uses multiple data collection methods
Q3) Explain the three types of nonprobability sampling techniques commonly used to select samples for qualitative research studies.
Q4) What are some of the responsibilities of interviewers aside from conducting the actual interviews? Name five of these responsibilities.
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Chapter 8: Observation Studies
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Q1) A lie detector is actually a(n)_____ that measures electrical activity in the participant's skin.
A) galvanometer
B) video camera
C) eye camera
D) pupilometer
E) people meter
Q2) The observation of human verbal behavior during conversation,presentation,or interaction is known as _____ observation.
A) nonverbal
B) linguistic
C) extralinguistic
D) spatial
E) temporal
Q3) Nonverbal observation includes the recording of _____.
A) temporal style
B) linguistics
C) proxemics
D) kinesics
E) motor expressions
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Chapter 9: Experiments
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Q1) Which of the following statements best represents the hypothesis in the bystanders and thieves study?
A) People exposed to a robbery will judge the seriousness of the situation according to the response of the victim.
B) Bystanders will perceive a robbery as less frightening when in the company of another person.
C) Reports of a robbery are more likely among victims of a robbery when a witness is present.
D) Bystanders are more likely to report a theft if they view the theft alone than in another person's company.
E) Bystanders to a theft will be less likely to shop at the store in which the theft occurred.
Q2) Which experimental design provides the best defense against the threats to internal validity?
A) After-only case study
B) Static group comparison
C) One-group pretest-posttest
D) Nonequivalent control group
E) Pretest-posttest control group
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Chapter 10: Surveys
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Q1) Response rates to self-administered surveys can be improved by using all of the following techniques except _____.
A) advance notification
B) reminders
C) promise of anonymity
D) monetary incentives
E) appeal for participation
Q2) The Internet is fastest growing survey data collection mode.Which of the following is not a reason for the growth in this mode?
A) Speed of response
B) Cost savings
C) Elimination of data entry
D) Ease of providing monetary incentives
E) All of the above are reasons
Q3) Off-the-shelf Web survey software offers many advantages over traditional programming for researchers as they build surveys for deployment on the Internet.Identify five of these advantages.
Q4) Compare and contrast computer-assisted telephone interviewing with the use of computer-administered telephone surveys.
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Chapter 11: Measurement
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Q1) LeBron James wears the number 23 on his jersey.Which of the following characteristics is exhibited by this number?
A) Distance
B) Order
C) Classification
D) Origin
E) Exclusivity
Q2) What are the three dimensions of reliability? For each dimension,explain its meaning.What type of test can be used to assess each dimension?
Q3) Explain the three characteristics of a good measurement tool.
Q4) Which characteristic of mapping rules refers to a series of numbers in which each number in the series is an equal distance from the next number?
A) Classification
B) Order
C) Distance
D) Origin
E) Exclusivity
Q5) Name the four sources of error in measurement and provide an example for each.
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Chapter 12: Measurement Scales
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Q1) The data obtained from a Stapel scale can be analyzed in the same way as data obtained with a _____ scale.
A) dichotomous
B) constant sum
C) semantic differential
D) multiple-choice, multiple-response
E) graphic rating scale
Q2) What type of data is produced by summated rating scales?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
E) Nominal and interval
Q3) Which type of rater error occurs when a participant consistently chooses the extreme position at one end of the scale?
A) Error of leniency
B) Error of central tendency
C) Halo effect
D) Demand effect
E) Socially desirable responding
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Chapter 13: Questionnaires and Instruments
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Q1) When a question asks a respondent to recall an experience or decision that happened a long time ago,the data may be affected by _____.
A) the sensitivity of the question
B) memory decay
C) lack of precision
D) an insufficient frame of reference
E) lack of balance
Q2) What are the three types of questions that can be used when multiple responses to a single question are desired from the respondent? Explain each type of question.
Q3) In surveys conducted with telephone interviews or in-person interviews,which form of order bias is likely to occur?
A) Recency effect
B) Primacy effect
C) Halo effect
D) Demand effect
E) Leniency
Q4) Explain the meaning of pretesting and why instrument designers should pretest questionnaires prior to using them in a study.
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Chapter 14: Sampling
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Q1) Which type of sampling technique can result in a skewed sample if periodicity exists in the population?
A) Simple random
B) Systematic
C) Stratified
D) Cluster
E) Double
Q2) What is the difference between a probability sample and a nonprobability sample? Which one is preferred by researchers? Explain.
Q3) The list of elements in a population from which the sample is actually drawn is known as the _____.
A) sampling frame
B) population extent
C) database
D) sampling base
E) population directory
Q4) Explain the rationale for sampling rather than using a census for every study.
Q5) If a researcher must use a nonprobability sample because a list is not available,should convenience sampling or judgment sampling be used? Explain.
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Chapter 15: Data Preparation and Description
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Q1) The difference between the smallest and the largest values in a distribution is the
A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) range
E) deviation
Q2) What are the four rules that guide the coding and categorization of a data set? Explain why each one is important for researchers.
Q3) In a content analysis of the PLAVIX advertisement,the words "adding" or "added" are used four times and the phrase "heart attack" is used five times.These are _____ units in our analysis.
A) syntactical
B) referential
C) propositional
D) thematic
E) semiotic
Q4) Why might a data set suffer from missing data? Explain the techniques researchers may use to handle missing data during data analysis.
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Chapter 16: Exploring, Displaying, and Examining Data
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Q1) A tree-type frequency distribution that specifies each data value without equal interval grouping is called a _____.
A) bar chart
B) histogram
C) stem-and-leaf displays
D) pie chart
E) line graph
Q2) Which type of display represents frequency data as a bar chart,ordered from most to least,overlayed with a line graph denoting the cumulative percentage at each variable level?
A) Stem-and-leaf display
B) Histogram
C) Pareto diagram
D) Pie chart
E) Line graph
Q3) Explain how to develop a stem-and-leaf display.
Q4) What can a researcher determine through the use of cross-tabulations?
Q5) What advantages do stem-and-leaf displays provide over histograms?
Q6) Explain why percentage decreases can never exceed 100%.
18
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Chapter 17: Hypothesis Testing
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Q1) Which of the following illustrates the correct expression of the null hypothesis for the alternate hypothesis that more than 40% of Internet users shop online?
A) H0: .40
B) HA: > .40
C) H0: = .40
D) HA: .40
E) H0: µ = .40
Q2) A two-way ANOVA differs from a one-way ANOVA in that _____.
A) Post hoc comparisons are completed as a part of the initial test
B) It requires an assumption of normality
C) It examines possible interaction effects among two independent factors
D) It examines possible interaction effects among two or more dependent variables
E) It allows an examination of ordinal data
Q3) What is the difference between a Type I error and a Type II error? How are the two errors related?
Q4) List the six-stage sequence for testing statistical significance.
Q5) Define the null and alternative hypotheses.Discuss the relationship between the two hypotheses.
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Chapter 18: Measures of Association
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Q1) What are the assumptions made by the regression model in estimating the parameters and in significance testing?
Q2) What does r<sup>2</sup> measure
A) The proportion of variation in one variable that is explained by the other
B) The proportion of error variation
C) The proportion of variation in Y related to the variation of the categories of X
D) The proportion of variation in Y due to the variation within each of the categories of X
E) The significance of the relationship between X and Y
Q3) Explain how a researcher should interpret a correlation coefficient.
Q4) The assumption that data can be described by a straight line passing through the data array is called _____.
A) resistance
B) normality
C) significance
D) linearity
E) association
Q5) Briefly explain how an analyst should interpret the r2 value in a regression analysis.
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Chapter 19: Multivariate Analysis: An Overview
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Q1) A score in conjoint analysis used to represent each aspect of a product or service in a participant's overall preference ratings is called a _____ score.
A) Z
B) error
C) factor
D) utility
E) mean
Q2) The technique used to provide a more simple and interpretable picture of the relationships between factors and variables is called _____.
A) rotation
B) regression
C) resistance
D) principal components
E) residual analysis
Q3) List and explain the five steps researchers take when using structural equation modeling.
Q4) Explain the difference between forward selection,backward elimination,and stepwise selection for the imputation of variables in a regression equation.
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Chapter 20: Presenting Insights and Findings: Written Reports
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Q1) Long reports written for the client are called _____ reports.
A) formal
B) informal
C) memorandum
D) management
E) technical
Q2) Which of the following types of reports does not require a letter of transmittal?
A) External report
B) Internal report
C) Technical report
D) Management report
E) Informational report
Q3) A list of tables,list of graphs,list of appendices,and list of exhibits are found in which part of the business research report?
A) Table of contents
B) Letter of transmittal
C) Letter of authorization
D) Executive summary
E) Introduction
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Chapter 21: Presenting Insights and Findings: Oral
Presentations
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Q1) Which is the following best describes nonverbal communication? Nonverbal communication ______.
A) Is not conveyed through other than though verbal means.
B) Does not encompass clothing and bodily characteristics, but considers the physical environment (physical space and time).
C) Is a significant component of the speaker's presentation, studies cite as high as 93 percent.
D) Is principally composed of paralanguage (nonverbal cues of the voice).
E) None of the listed answers are correct
Q2) The ultimate success of a presentation depends on the speaker's ability:
A) To know why should my listeners really care about the information presented.
B) To understand the demographic and dispositional audience characteristics.
C) To anticipate audience response.
D) To know the needs of key audience members either through informal or advance conversations.
E) all of the above.
Q3) Describe four of the seven supporting materials for presentations listed in the chapter.
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