Applied Behavior Analysis
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Applied Behavior Analysis is a scientific discipline focused on understanding and improving human behavior through the systematic application of interventions based on learning theory. The course covers fundamental principles of behavior, methods for assessing and analyzing behavioral issues, and strategies for designing, implementing, and evaluating effective behavior modification programs. Emphasizing evidence-based practices, students learn to apply behavioral principles in a variety of settings, such as education, mental health, developmental disabilities, and organizational management, with the goal of promoting positive behavior change and improving quality of life.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 5th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Q1) An event in the immediate environment that controls a behavior is referred to as:
A) a dependent variable
B) a reactive variable
C) a controlling variable
D) an extraneous variable
Answer: C
Q2) Behavior modification is also referred to as applied behavior analysis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The subject matter behavior modification concerns itself with is/are:
A) past events
B) human characteristics
C) internal motivation
D) human behavior
Answer: D
Q4) A(n) _______________________ behavior can be observed and recorded by another individual.
Answer: overt
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Q1) An observer divides an observation period into a number of consecutive time periods, and then records whether the target behavior occurred during each period.This is called:
A) product recording
B) interval recording
C) continuous recording
D) time sample recording
Answer: B
Q2) Interobserver agreement involves an observer recording the person's behavior in another observation period to see if the behavior is the same.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Recording how long it takes for a person to come up with an answer to a question after the question is asked is an example of a duration measure.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Q1) On a graph ___________ is indicated on the Y axis and ________________ is indicated on the X axis.
A) time, behavior
B) behavior, time
C) frequency, duration
D) time, treatment
Answer: B
Q2) The horizontal axis in a graph is used to record:
A) behavior
B) time
C) change
D) duration
Answer: B
Q3) The level of the target behavior is recorded on the:
A) horizontal axis
B) vertical axis
C) x-axis
D) abscissa
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Q1) In a ____________ reinforcement schedule, the reinforcer is delivered for the first response following an average of X amount of time.
A) fixed interval
B) variable interval
C) fixed ratio
D) variable ratio
Q2) A behavior occurs and is immediately followed by a consequence that results in the increased likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future.This process is called:
A) reinforcement
B) conditioning
C) a reinforcer
D) operant behavior
Q3) Which of the following are factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement?
A) different reinforcers work for different people
B) larger reinforcers are generally more effective
C) A and B
D) none of the above
Q4) Identify the five factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement.
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Q1) When a behavior is no longer reinforced, the behavior _______________________ in the future.
Q2) When a behavior occurs again after it had not occurred for some time due to extinction, the process is called
A) operant behavior
B) extinction burst
C) resurgence
D) spontaneous recovery
Q3) Which of the following factors does NOT influence the extinction process?
A) the schedule of reinforcement before extinction
B) reinforcement after extinction
C) the frequency of the behavior
D) B and C
Q4) During an extinction burst, the unreinforced behavior may temporarily increase in ____________, ____________, or _____________.
Q5) When extinction is used following continuous reinforcement, the behavior will decrease more quickly.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Q1) The difference between punishment and reinforcement is that in punishment:
A) a stimulus is removed following behavior
B) a stimulus is presented following behavior
C) the behavior decreases in the future
D) the behavior increases in the future
Q2) Nikki interrupts her parents when they are talking and her parents scold her and explain why interrupting is rude.As a result, Nikki continues to interrupt her parents when they are talking.This is an example of:
A) positive punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) none of these
Q3) Individual differences in the effectiveness of punishment refers to the fact that: A) punishers vary from person to person
B) a more intense stimulus will be more effective
C) A and B
D) none of these
Q4) Provide an example of positive punishment and an example of negative punishment.
Q5) A conditioned punisher is______________.
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Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) Stimulus discrimination training may also occur with punishment.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A behavior is less likely to occur in the presence of the S-delta.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Provide an example of stimulus discrimination training.Identify the S and the S-delta.
Q4) A(n) ________________ is the stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced.
Q5) Behaviors usually occur at random and are rarely under stimulus control.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The effects of reinforcement, extinction and punishment are relatively situation specific.
A)True
B)False
Q7) A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the S-delta.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Q1) When Pavlov presented the sound of the metronome repeatedly without putting the meat powder in the dog's mouth, the dog quit salivating to the metronome.What is this process? ___________________
Q2) As a result of being paired with a loud noise, a flashing light has come to elicit a startle reflex.When the flashing light is repeatedly presented without the loud noise, the startle reflex eventually stops occurring.This process in which a conditioned stimulus is no longer able to elicit a conditioned response is referred to as:
A) respondent extinction
B) operant extinction
C) secondary conditioning
D) reverse conditioning
Q3) If a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response similar to the unconditioned response as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, ____________ conditioning has occurred.
A) respondent
B) operant
C) instrumental
D) all of these
Q4) _______________ is an example of a conditioned emotional response.
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Q1) An extinction burst is valuable in shaping because it may lead to the next approximation to the target behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In which of the following situations would it be appropriate to use shaping?
A) the target behavior is already occurring
B) instruction or demonstration would be effective
C) acquisition of a novel behavior is the goal
D) A and B
Q3) Reinforcement and punishment are the two principles involved in shaping.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following behavioral principles is(are) involved in shaping?
A) extinction
B) punishment
C) reinforcement
D) A and C
Q5) When using shaping, timing is not very important.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) Motioning how to swing a bat.
A)verbal prompt
B)gestural prompt
C)modeling prompt
D)physical prompt
Q2) When the correct behavior occurs at the right time without any assistance, ___________ has occurred.
Q3) Response prompts are intrusive.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Tony's basketball coach just put him into the game, but Tony does not know which player on the opposing team he is supposed to guard on defense.The coach points to the player that Tony is to guard.This is an example of a ____________ prompt.
A) modeling
B) physical
C) gestural
D) stimulus
Q5) Identify four types of response prompts.
Q6) What is least-to-most prompting and fading?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Q1) What is a behavioral chain?Provide an example.
Q2) A researcher is going to use a behavioral chaining procedure to teach an individual with developmental disabilities to stuff brochures into envelopes.The researcher first goes through the process of identifying all the individual stimulus-response components in the chain.This process is called:
A) component analysis
B) stimulus-response analysis
C) task analysis
D) behavioral analysis
Q3) TFTotal task presentation teaches one component of the chain at a time.
A)True
B)False
Q4) You need to train an individual with intellectual disability to fold towels for his new job at the hotel.He will stand at a table with a pile of unfolded towels on his left, pick up a towel, fold it in half twice and place the folded towel on another table to his right.
What is the 1st step you would train in a backward chaining procedure? What is the 1st step you would train in a forward chaining procedure?
Q5) List 3 different ways to conduct a task analysis.
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) To be most effective, the model should have high status or similarity to the learner.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which behavioral skills training component functions as the behavioral aspect of a three-term contingency?
A) modeling
B) instructions
C) rehearsal
D) feedback
Q3) The learner should have an opportunity to ___________ the behavior as soon as possible after observing the model.
Q4) Which procedure is NOT used to enhance generalization following BST?
A) using a variety of role plays in training
B) using real-life situations in training
C) using assignments for the learner to practice the skills outside of the training sessions
D) using continuous reinforcement for correct responses in the training session
Q5) What are 4 components of behavioral skills training procedures?
Q6) Why is it important for the learner to repeat instructions?
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through Functional Assessment
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Q1) Respondent behavior is controlled by ___________ stimuli and operant behavior is controlled by ___________ and ___________.
Q2) Which of the following is true concerning the use of experimental methods in conducting a functional assessment?
A) a functional relationship can be demonstrated
B) antecedents and consequences are not manipulated
C) an A-B design is typically used to demonstrate a functional relationship
D) all of these
Q3) Provide 3 questions that can generate information about the antecedents and consequences of a problem behavior.
Q4) Experimental methods, also known as ___________ analysis, or ___________ analysis.
Q5) When a problem behavior is reinforced by a teacher terminating a task, this is an example of:
A) social negative reinforcement
B) automatic positive reinforcement
C) social positive reinforcement
D) automatic negative reinforcement
Q6) What are descriptive assessments?
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Q1) Jesse is constantly going into mom's purse to get gum.Mom finds this behavior annoying and inappropriate and decides if she ignores Jesse the behavior will stop.What is most likely to happen to Jesse's purse rummaging behavior? What would you tell Jesse's mother to do to eliminate this behavior?
Q2) When extinction is implemented, the target behavior may temporarily increase in frequency, duration, or intensity.This is known as a(n)
Q3) Jeremy hits his little sister in order to get mom's attention.When this happens, mom sets Jeremy aside and gives him a long explanation of why he shouldn't hit his sister.Jeremy continues to hit his sister.Is extinction a good procedure to use in this case?Why or why not?
Q4) Two year old Roscoe pushes the off button on the remote control while the family is watching TV and the family gets upset and scolds him.He continues to push the off button on the remote when they are watching TV.How would the family use extinction in this case?
A) grab the remote from him before he can hit the off button
B) refrain from getting upset and scolding him when he pushes the off button
C) take away a favorite toy when he pushes the off button
D) A and B
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) Which of the following will increase the effectiveness of DRO?
A) delivering the reinforcer when the behavior is absent only at the end of the interval
B) delivering the reinforcer when the behavior is absent for the entire interval
C) selecting an initial interval length longer than the baseline rate of the behavior
D) B and C
Q2) DRO intervals should be gradually shortened over time.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the result if the problem behavior occurs during the DRO interval?
A) the reinforcer is delivered
B) the interval length is increased
C) the interval for the reinforcer is reset
D) B and C
Q4) What happens in a DRA procedure?
Q5) Reinforcement delivered when fewer than a specified number of responses occurs in a period of time is referred to as ___________ DRL.
Q6) In a DRO procedure, the reinforcer is contingent on ___________.
Q7) The two principles involved in DRA are ___________ and ___________.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Andrea wants to start eating a healthier diet, but she is having problems because she likes to eat junk food while studying.Andrea starts eating regular meals so that she is never hungry and less likely to want junk food.Eating regular meals in order to make junk food less desirable is an example of ____________ for competing behaviors.
A) arranging an establishing operation
B) presenting an abolishing operation
C) increasing response effort
D) removing the discriminative stimulus
Q2) Bill wants to increase the amount of water that he drinks each day, so he keeps a filled water bottle on his desk at work.Bill also sets his watch to beep every hour to remind him to take a drink of water.Which antecedent control strategy is Bill using to increase his desired behavior of drinking water?
A) removing the discriminative stimulus and cues
B) presenting the discriminative stimulus and cues
C) arranging establishing operations
D) increasing response effort
Q3) Antecedent control procedures are often used in conjunction with ___________.
Q4) Increasing response effort will make a behavior ____________ likely to occur.
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
Cost
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Q1) In response cost, the reinforcer that is lost is sometimes returned to the child after a period of time.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Time-out should be brief.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Punishment procedures are typically used ____________ functional nonaversive procedures.
A) before
B) after C) instead of
D) A and C
Q4) Nonexclusionary time-out is used when:
A) the individual's continued presence in the room is disruptive to others
B) access to positive reinforcers can be removed while the individual is in the room
C) it is important to maintain interactions with the individual during the time-out
D) A and C
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics
of Punishment
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Q1) What is the difference in terms of the aversive activity between contingent exercise and overcorrection?
Q2) For most people, physical guidance in a noncompliance situation is an aversive event.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Requiring an individual to engage in a low probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a high probability behavior is a form of punishment that is based on:
A) differential reinforcement
B) the Premack Principle
C) response cost
D) antecedent manipulation
Q4) SIBIS is a type of positive punishment procedure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Three types of punishment by the application of aversive activities are _________________________,
Q6) How is compliance negatively reinforced in a guided compliance procedure?
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Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) When should generalization of a behavior change be considered?
A) before training
B) during training
C) after training
D) all of these
Q2) One cannot determine in advance how many stimulus exemplars are sufficient for generalization to occur.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is likely to happen to the problem behavior if functionally equivalent alternative behaviors aren't used to replace the problem?
Q4) Which strategy for promoting generalization involves teaching skills that will lead to reinforcement in relevant situations in the natural environment?
A) incorporating a variety of relevant stimulus situations in training
B) training skills that contact natural contingencies
C) reinforcing occurrences of generalization
D) incorporating common stimuli
Q5) What does it mean to incorporate common stimuli?
Q6) Different responses that achieve the same outcome are called ___________.
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Q1) A target behavior that is occurring too little that you would like to increase is called a ____________________.
Q2) Larry wants to increase the amount of exercise that he gets.Larry arranges for significant others in his life to help influence his target behavior by having them exercise with him and give him encouragement and praise.This self-management strategy is referred to as:
A) social support
B) behavioral assistance
C) peer assistance
D) environmental support
Q3) One reason for the existence of self-management problems is that the occurrence of excess and deficit behavior is influenced by:
A) immediate contingencies
B) long-term outcomes
C) delayed contingencies
D) B and C
Q4) Goal setting involves writing down the ___________ of the target behavior and the ___________ for the occurrence of the behavior.
Q5) When does social support become a self-management strategy?
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) Which type of habit behavior is NOT related to heightened muscle tension?
A) stuttering
B) motor tics
C) nervous habits
D) none of these
Q2) Habit disorders are ________________ behaviors.
Q3) Awareness training and the use of a competing response are most responsible for the habit reversal procedure's effectiveness.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When using habit reversal procedures, the competing response should be:
A) the same for different types of habit behaviors
B) incompatible with the habit behavior
C) easily identifiable by others
D) more effortful than the habit
Q5) Tourette's disorder is diagnosed when ________________ and ________________ tics occur.
Q6) Provide an example of a competing behavior for hair-pulling.
Q7) An example of a nervous habit is ________________.
Q8) An example of a motor tic is ________________.
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Q1) A __________________ is a behavior modification procedure in which conditioned reinforcers called tokens are used to strengthen desirable behaviors in individuals.
Q2) Tokens are _______________ reinforcers.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT true concerning the use of response cost in a token economy?
A) it should be implemented at the beginning of the program
B) clients should be aware of the number of tokens lost for undesirable behavior
C) it involves the loss of tokens for engaging in undesirable behavior
D) the number of tokens lost should depend on the severity of the problem
Q4) Why wouldn't the use of pencils in a school setting be an acceptable item for a token?
Q5) At the beginning of a token economy a(an) ____________ reinforcement schedule is often used, and when the desirable behavior begins to occur more frequently a(an) ____________ schedule of reinforcement is used to maintain the behavior.
A) intermittent; continuous
B) continuous; intermittent
C) fixed ratio; continuous
D) variable interval; fixed interval
Page 24
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Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) Tommy writes a behavioral contract with his parents which states he can go to a movie on weekends if he completes his school assignments.During the week Tommy tells himself, "Do your assignments so you can go to a movie on the weekend."When Tommy makes this statement, it cues him to do his assignments.This is an example of ____________ behavior.
A) self-directed
B) rule-governed
C) guided
D) functional
Q2) List the 5 components of a behavioral contract.
Q3) Melissa is trying to increase the number of classes that she attends each week, so she writes a behavioral contract with the school counselor.An agreement between one person who is attempting to change a target behavior and a contract manager who implements the contingencies is referred to as a ____________ contract.
A) two-party
B) one-way
C) bilateral
D) one-party
Q4) Define a one party contract.
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) Most treatment programs for anxiety and fear disorders only involve components to address the operant behaviors.
A)True
B)False
Q2) List one advantage and one disadvantage of systematic desensitization. List one advantage and one disadvantage of in vivo desensitization.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT true concerning in vivo desensitization?
A) the individual makes actual contact with the feared stimulus
B) there is not a problem with generalization
C) it does not require a lot of time to implement
D) relaxation training is not always used
Q4) Which relaxation procedure involves teaching an individual to systematically tense and relax each major muscle group in the body until a relaxed state has been achieved?
A) diaphragmatic breathing
B) in vivo desensitization
C) attention-focusing exercises
D) progressive muscle relaxation
Q5) In the case of Ellen's fear, identify the reinforcement for turning her head.________________
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modification
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Q1) What is involved in cognitive coping skills training?
Q2) The cognitive restructuring procedure involves helping an individual to do all of the following except:
A) identify distressing thoughts and situations
B) avoid situations in which distressing thoughts occur
C) identify the response that follows the thoughts
D) decrease the distressing thoughts
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a step in self-instructional training?
A) identifying the problem situation
B) using shaping to teach self-instructions
C) defining the behaviors involved
D) identifying the instructions that will be used
Q4) A cognitive behavior may function as an EO for another behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In cognitive therapy, the therapist asks the client questions in an attempt to get the client to change her distorted thinking.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Provide 2 examples of cognitive behavior.________________
Page 27
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