Applied Behavior Analysis
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Applied Behavior Analysis explores the principles and methodologies used to assess and modify behavior across a variety of settings, including education, therapy, and organizational environments. Students will learn to apply evidence-based strategies for observing, measuring, and shaping human behavior, with a focus on ethical considerations and practical interventions for individuals with developmental, intellectual, or behavioral challenges. The course emphasizes data-driven decision-making, behavior intervention planning, and the evaluation of outcomes to improve quality of life and promote positive behavioral change.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 5th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Q1) With training from a behavior analyst, Mark's parents take steps to help him change his behavior of hitting his little brother.The process of developing and implementing techniques to influence behavior is known as:
A) assessment
B) observation
C) modification
D) analysis
Answer: C
Q2) Behavior modification is the field of psychology concerned with the ____________________________ and _____________________________ of human behavior.
Answer: analysis, modification
Q3) Watson started a movement in psychology known as: A) psychoanalysis
B) experimental psychology
C) behaviorism
D) existentialism
Answer: C
Q4) Another term for behavior modifications is _______________________________.
Answer: applied behavior analysis
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Q1) Dawn's parents record her hair pulling behavior for a specific period of time.The time during which Dawn's parents observe and record her behavior is called the:
A) modification period
B) monitoring period
C) observation period
D) viewing period
Answer: C
Q2) Recording how long it takes for a person to come up with an answer to a question after the question is asked is an example of a duration measure.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Interobserver agreement must be 100% to be acceptable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Calculate interobserver agreement for the interval recording of observer A and B.___________
Answer: 7/7+3=70%; 70%
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Q1) What does it mean to say that treatment is staggered in a multiple baseline design?
Answer: When treatment is implemented at different times in a multiple-baseline design, we say that treatment is "staggered" over time.
Q2) A functional relationship between the treatment and the behavior is demonstrated in a multiple baseline across subjects design when the behavior of each subject changes only after the treatment is implemented for that subject.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of an A-B design?
A) it is used to compare baseline and treatment
B) it is used in applied settings
C) it demonstrates a functional relationship
D) it is the simplest type of design
Answer: C
Q4) On a graph in behavior modification, the _____ axis shows the units of time.
Answer: X
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Q1) In positive reinforcement, what happens immediately following the occurrence of the behavior?
Q2) A(n) _________________ schedule of reinforcement is used when a person is learning a new behavior.
Q3) Negative reinforcement decreases a behavior in the future.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A conditioned reinforcer is a reinforcer that is effective without any prior learning or conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The stimulus presented following the behavior in positive reinforcement is called:
A) a conditioned stimulus
B) a negative reinforcer
C) a positive reinforcer
D) an aversive stimulus
Q6) What is an aversive stimulus?
Q7) In negative reinforcement, what happens immediately following the occurrence of the behavior?
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Q1) Ignoring the behavior amounts to extinction only when the behavior is:
A) occurring excessively
B) negatively reinforced
C) reinforced by attention
D) not severe
Q2) Extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior involves continuation of the _______ following the behavior.
A) aversive stimulus
B) reinforcer
C) conditioned stimulus
D) negative stimulus
Q3) For extinction to work most quickly, it is best to reinforce the behavior once extinction is initiated.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When extinction begins and the behavior temporarily increases in frequency, duration, or intensity, this phenomenon is called a(n)
Q5) In extinction, the __________________ is eliminated following the occurrence of the behavior.
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Q1) Sam skips school so that he can play video games at the arcade.Sam's parents find him there and make him mow the lawn when they get home.As a result of having to mow the lawn, Sam doesn't skip school to go to the arcade anymore.Having to do something he dislikes as punisher for the problem behavior is an example of:
A) extinction
B) negative punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) the Premack Principle
Q2) Describe how the use of punishment can be negatively reinforcing.
Q3) List 4 factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment.
Q4) In order for punishment to be effective, the consequence should follow the behavior closely in time.This factor is referred to as:
A) immediacy
B) contingency
C) characteristics of the consequences
D) time delay
Q5) Punishment is defined as_______________.
Q6) Provide an example of positive punishment and an example of negative punishment.
Q7) A conditioned punisher is______________.
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Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) A behavior is less likely to occur in the presence of the S .
A)True
B)False
Q2) A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the S .
A)True
B)False
Q3) In behavior modification, a three-term contingency involves a(n):
A) antecedent- behavior-consequence
B) all behavioral consequences
C) antecedent- behavior -contingency
D) all of these
Q4) In behavior modification, the stimulus that is present when a behavior occurs is referred to as a(n):
A) antecedent
B) consequence
C) cause
D) reinforcer
Q5) What are the 2 steps involved in stimulus discrimination training?
Page 9
Q6) A(n) ________________ is the stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced.
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Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Q1) Which type of conditioning is it if the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus ends?
A) delay
B) trace
C) backward
D) concurrent
Q2) A neutral stimulus becomes a CS by being paired with a US.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In which temporal relationship between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus is the unconditioned stimulus presented after the neutral stimulus ends?
A) delay conditioning
B) simultaneous conditioning
C) trace conditioning
D) backward conditioning
Q4) An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n).
Q5) If Pavlov occasionally (1 out of 10 times) gave the dogs the meat powder following the sound of the metronome, the dogs would be more or less likely to salivate to the metronome.
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Q1) Jerry is a professional football player who injured his knee while running during a game.Jerry has had surgery and his knee is fully healed, but he is afraid to put pressure on it because he doesn't want to re-injure it.The trainer implements a plan in which he first differentially reinforces standing, then walking, then jogging, and finally running at full speed.This is an example of using shaping to:
A) reinstate a previous behavior
B) change a dimension of an existing behavior
C) generate a novel behavior
D) increase an existing behavior
Q2) Extinction is used in shaping to
A) reduce interfering behavior
B) stop the occurrence of a previous approximation
C) promote the target behavior
D) stop the person from engaging in novel behavior
Q3) Reinforcement and punishment are the two principles involved in shaping.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _________________________, or shaping steps, are behaviors that are closer and closer to the target behavior.
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) Which of the following is a guideline for using prompting and transfer of stimulus control correctly?
A) present the discriminative stimulus and the appropriate prompt
B) transfer stimulus control to the natural discriminative stimulus
C) reinforce the correct behavior
D) all of these
Q2) The two major categories of prompts are ___________ prompts and ___________ prompts.
Q3) Prompt delay is the most commonly used method of transferring stimulus control. A)True B)False
Q4) A teacher used prompting in order to get a student to pronounce written words correctly.When the student begins pronouncing the words correctly just by seeing them, the teacher begins to remove the prompts.The gradual removal of prompts while the behavior is occurring in the presence of the discriminative stimulus is called:
A) prompt withdrawal
B) shaping
C) fading
D) reduction
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each step in the behavioral chain consists of a:
A) discriminative stimulus
B) S-delta
C) response
D) A and C
Q2) A researcher is going to use a behavioral chaining procedure to teach an individual with developmental disabilities to stuff brochures into envelopes.The researcher first goes through the process of identifying all the individual stimulus-response components in the chain.This process is called:
A) component analysis
B) stimulus-response analysis
C) task analysis
D) behavioral analysis
Q3) Graduated guidance is typically used with:
A) backward chaining
B) forward chaining
C) total task presentation
D) all of these
Q4) Provide an example of the use of textual prompts and picture prompts.
Q5) ___________ involve a list of each component behavior in their proper sequence.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) What are 4 components of behavioral skills training procedures?
Q2) The use of modeling is more likely to be effective when the:
A) model's behavior is reinforced
B) the model is dissimilar to the learner
C) model has low status
D) all of these
Q3) In order to increase their effectiveness, instructions should be:
A) understandable to the learner
B) delivered by a credible person
C) repeated by the learner
D) all of these
Q4) A psychologist instructs parents how to deal with their disobedient son, and then the parents practice.Following the rehearsal, the psychologist praises them for what they did correctly and gives them further instruction for things they did incorrectly.Delivering praise and further instruction following rehearsal is referred to as:
A) evaluation
B) feedback
C) explanation
D) analysis
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through Functional Assessment
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Q1) If a problem behavior is reinforced by attention, it is an example of ___________________ positive reinforcement.
Q2) A parent is trying to decrease the frequency of a child's swearing behavior.The parent observes the child and writes down a description of the behavior, antecedents, and consequences each time the child swears.In this example, the parent is using the ____________ method of ABC observation.
A) indirect
B) checklist
C) interval recording
D) descriptive
Q3) The use of experimental methods in conducting a functional assessment involves the manipulation of:
A) behavior
B) consequences
C) antecedents
D) B and C
Q4) Identify and describe three methods for conducting a functional assessment of a problem behavior.
Q5) List and describe the 3 ways to conduct an ABC observation.
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Q1) A problem behavior can be maintained by all of the following except:
A) the presentation or removal of a stimulus event
B) the behavior of another person
C) an antecedent event
D) a change in a physical stimulus
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a consideration in the use of extinction?
A) maintaining consistency
B) ability to tolerate an extinction burst
C) eliminating the reinforcer for the behavior
D) presenting the reinforcer for the behavior
Q3) You conduct a(n) ___________________________ to identify the reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior before using extinction.
Q4) Which of the following is necessary in order to determine the effects of extinction?
A) a rough estimate of the behavior before treatment
B) data collection limited to the treatment setting
C) a baseline assessment
D) a label for the problem behavior
Q5) Define extinction and provide an example.
Q6) What is sensory extinction?When would you use a sensory extinction procedure?
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) In the DRL procedure, you reinforce a(n) ___________ of the problem behavior.
Q2) What happens in a DRA procedure?
Q3) Continuous reinforcement should be used throughout the process of using DRA.
A)True B)False
Q4) Momentary DRO procedures are more effective than whole interval DRO procedures.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In a DRA procedure, starting with a continuous schedule of reinforcement for the alternative behavior works best.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Which of the following is NOT a strategy used in identifying the reinforcer to use in the DRO procedure?
A) experimental manipulation of potential reinforcers
B) observing individuals to determine their preferences
C) selecting a stimulus that is reinforcing for most people
D) choosing the reinforcer that is maintaining the problem behavior
Q7) Three ways to identify an appropriate reinforcer are___________, ___________, and ___________.
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) TFAntecedent control procedures are rarely used in combination with other procedures.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Antecedent control procedures are used when:
A) punishment procedures have proven ineffective
B) practical considerations make it impossible to manipulate antecedent events
C) the change agent has control over relevant antecedent events
D) all of these
Q3) TFIt is not necessary to conduct a functional assessment when considering antecedent strategies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) TFAntecedent manipulation strategies are one of the more time consuming, effortful, and costly procedures to reduce the occurrence of a problem behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Decreasing response effort for a behavior will make the behavior _______________ likely to occur.
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
Cost
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Q1) The "time-in" environment must be more reinforcing than the time-out environment. A)True
B)False
Q2) Positive punishment procedures involve the ____________ following the occurrence of a problem behavior.
A) removal of an aversive stimulus
B) removal of a reinforcing stimulus
C) presentation of a reinforcing stimulus
D) presentation of a aversive
Q3) Sitting down and talking with a child to prevent escape from time-out is acceptable. A)True
B)False
Q4) In ______________________ time out, the child is taken to another room contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior.
Q5) Whenever you use time-out, you should always incorporate a reinforcement procedure. A)True B)False
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics
of Punishment
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Q1) Physical restraint may be a reinforcer for some individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When Kevin starts hitting his brother, his Dad takes Kevin's arms and holds them immobile so that Kevin cannot continue to hit his brother.Which punishment procedure is Kevin's Dad using?
A) overcorrection
B) guided compliance
C) contingent exercise
D) physical restraint
Q3) The person applying physical restraint should always interact with the client while using restraint.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A 10 year old boy puts paint on the tile on the kitchen floor.His mom has him clean the two tiles he painted as well as clean the entire kitchen floor.What positive punishment procedure is she using? ___________
Q5) Two major categories of aversive events used in positive punishment procedures are ___________ and ___________.
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Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) You are training an adolescent with an intellectual disability how to use soft drink machines.What are some relevant stimulus situations you can incorporate into the training sessions?
Q2) It is appropriate to use children as change agents responsible for the implementation of a behavior modification program as long as it is with another child.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To promote a generalized reduction in a problem behavior, it is best to plan for generalization in advance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When should generalization of a behavior change be considered?
A) before training
B) during training
C) after training
D) all of these
Q5) Enhancing the likelihood that a behavior change will occur in all relevant situations in the person's life is called ___________.
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Q1) The immediate consequence of a behavior determines whether the behavior occurs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When behavior modification procedures are used by an individual to change his or her own behavior, the process is called ___________.
Q3) In self-management, the behavior that an individual engages in to influence the future occurrence of the target behavior is referred to as __________ behavior.
A) respondent
B) controlling
C) controlled
D) functional
Q4) In short-circuiting the contingencies you arrange a punisher for the occurrence of an undesirable behavior.However, when you engage in the undesirable behavior, you: A) provide a reinforcer for the behavior
B) deliver the punisher
C) deliver the punisher for the desirable behavior
D) fail to deliver the punisher
Q5) What are the short term and long term contingencies for overeating?
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) Stuttering may involve ________________, ____________________, and ________________ words or syllables.
Q2) Motor tics can develop out of an injury to a particular muscle.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When using habit reversal procedures, the competing response should be:
A) the same for different types of habit behaviors
B) incompatible with the habit behavior
C) easily identifiable by others
D) more effortful than the habit
Q4) A client usually engages in a competing response for 10-15 minutes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The use of a competing response probably serves the same functions for habits, tics and stuttering.
A)True
B)False
Q6) An example of a nervous habit is ________________.
Q7) A behavior that is incompatible with the habit behavior is called a ________________.
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true concerning backup reinforcers?
A) they can interfere with the ability of a token to become a conditioned reinforcer
B) they may include activity reinforcers and privileges
C) they cannot involve things that an individual has a basic right to access
D) they should only be available to individuals through token exchange
Q2) A wide variety of back-up reinforcers is best to use in a token economy because:
A) satiation is more likely to occur
B) satiation is less likely to occur
C) it is more likely that there will be something that is reinforcing for everybody in the program
D) B and C
Q3) Nutritious meals and training activities are good examples of back-up reinforcers.
A)True B)False
Q4) A token must be tangible, practical, and convenient to carry and dispense. A)True B)False
Q5) Tokens are _______________ reinforcers.
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Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT stated in a behavioral contract?
A) hypotheses concerning the target behavior
B) the specific level of the target behavior
C) consequences that will occur
D) the time frame of the agreement
Q2) A family member is usually best suited to serve as contract manager.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When one individual writes a contract with a contract manager, it is called a(n)________________ party contract.
Q4) In order to increase the amount of exercise that she gets, Andrea writes a behavioral contract with a fitness trainer.The trainer is always around when Andrea exercises, and measures whether Andrea meets her exercise level each week.Which method of measuring the target behavior is being used?
A) direct observation
B) direct verification
C) primary assessment
D) permanent product
Q5) How is a behavioral contract a form of public commitment?
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) Flooding is the preferred method for treating fears in most cases.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Matt is working with a psychologist to overcome his fear of heights.They develop a fear hierarchy and Matt is exposed to progressively greater fear-producing situations while maintaining relaxation.Which procedure is being used to help Matt overcome his fear of heights?
A) systematic desensitization
B) in vivo desensitization
C) environmental desensitization
D) experimental desensitization
Q3) Ellen is afraid of snakes.Whenever she sees a picture of a snake or sees one on TV her heart races and she immediately turns her head.The operant behavior involved in Ellen's fear of snakes is ________________.
Q4) List 3 procedures used to help people overcome problems of fear or anxiety.
Q5) In diaphragmatic breathing, if the shoulders move on an inhale, the procedure is being done properly.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modification
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Q1) What 3 types of questions are typically asked when challenging a person's distorted thinking?
Q2) An undesirable cognitive behavior that an individual wants to decrease is referred to as a(an) __________ behavior, and a desirable cognitive behavior that an individual wants to increase is referred to as a(n) __________ behavior.
A) operant; respondent
B) excess; deficit
C) overt; covert
D) dysfunctional; functional
Q3) Paul shares his toys with other children and covertly tells himself, "Good job!You're a good person."These statements make it more likely that he will share his toys.In this example, Paul's cognitive behavior is functioning as a(n):
A) discriminative stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) reinforcing consequence
D) unconditioned response
Q4) Cognitive behavior may be distressing when it functions as a(n) ________________ that elicits an unpleasant________________.
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