Applied Anthropology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Applied Anthropology explores the practical application of anthropological theories, methods, and research to address real-world issues and solve contemporary problems in areas such as health, education, business, development, and community organization. This course examines the use of ethnographic skills, cultural analysis, and interdisciplinary collaboration in non-academic settings, emphasizing ethical considerations, stakeholder engagement, and the impact of anthropological work on policy and practice. Students will analyze case studies, engage in problem-solving activities, and reflect on the skills needed to work effectively as professional anthropologists in various applied contexts.
Recommended Textbook Essentials of Cultural Anthropology 2nd Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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Q1) Material remains help prehistoric archaeologists reconstruct
A) human behavior.
B) written records.
C) garbage dumps.
D) burial sites.
Answer: A
Q2) What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?
A) tool use
B) an opposable thumb
C) bipedal locomotion
D) language
Answer: D
Q3) Human beings have long been migrant, moving themselves, their material goods, and even ideas from one part of the world to another. What makes this process, which is now called globalization, seem so different today than in the past?
A) four-field approach
B) holism
C) intensification
D) ethnocentrism
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Stone tools enabled our ancestors to butcher meat more quickly and efficiently, thereby providing higher quantities of protein for the developing brain and influencing the direction of our physical adaptation. This demonstrates the intimate connection between ________.
A) unilineal cultural evolution and technology
B) norms and values
C) nature and nurture
D) biology and hegemony
Answer: C
Q2) Humans learn culture from the people and cultural institutions that surround them. When does this learning occur?
A) in early childhood
B) throughout their entire lives
C) primarily when in cultural institutions such as schools
D) generally from infancy through early adulthood
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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Q1) Describe the state of anthropology at the end of the nineteenth century. What was it primarily focused on? How did this focus change to include fieldwork and ethnography?
Describe at least two anthropologists who were responsible for the field's shift to an emphasis on fieldwork and the strategies they used. What do you think are some of their most lasting contributions to anthropology?
Answer: Anthropology shifted from "armchair anthropology" and unilineal evolution to an emphasis on in-depth fieldwork and ethnography as a way to professionalize their field. Malinowski and Evans-Pritchard, in particular, innovated much of the fieldwork strategies we use today, including the importance of participant observation, learning the local language, and studying the "imponderabilia" of everyday life.
Q2) You are conducting fieldwork and invite local heads of household to a focus group session. You notice that all the heads of household that arrive are women. For research purposes, what do we refer to as the men in these families?
A) zeroes
B) patriarchs
C) key informants
D) imponderabilia
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language
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Q1) Language can be a form of cultural capital that is used to reinforce power dynamics that are established by a culture's institutions. What is the kind of language used to establish this "norm" against which all speakers are judged called?
A) paralanguage
B) syntax
C) focal vocabulary
D) prestige language
Q2) The Summer Institute of Linguistics, or SIL:
A) is a secular institution with the mission of preserving indigenous religious practices.
B) sends missionaries into the field to create written versions of indigenous languages with the goal of disseminating the Christian Bible in those languages.
C) has attempted to eliminate indigenous languages and replace them with English.
D) is a religious institution with the mission of putting an English Bible into the hands of native speakers.
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Chapter 5: Race and Racism
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Q1) A person may inherit a genetic pattern for above-average height, but may only reach average height due to poor nutrition. What is this an expression of?
A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) cline
D) poverty
Q2) How does the U.S. census, taken every ten years since 1790, provide a window into the changing conception of "race"?
Q3) What do we call laws in the United States that allowed such things as "white only" swimming pools, restaurants, schools, beaches, and the like, similar to apartheid in South Africa?
A) civil rights laws
B) Jim Crow laws
C) intersectionality laws
D) laws of hypodescent
Q4) Explain the concept of racialization and how it applies to Middle Eastern people in the United States. Why is this process reflected in the New York school system as studied by Maria Kromidas?
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Chapter 6: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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Q1) Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the "cradle of civilization" are all terms of historical importance we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq:
A) never existed at all.
B) has only existed since World War I.
C) has only existed for 200 years.
D) has existed for at least 2,000 years.
Q2) In New York, the annual India Day Parade excluded the South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance (SALGA) for 15 years before allowing the group to participate. This exclusion happened despite the existence of the hijra, a third gender that is legally recognized in India. In considering the process of assimilation, the exclusion of SALGA might be understood as:
A) a requirement for citizenship.
B) a form of nationalism.
C) a formation of a nation state.
D) a type of ethnic boundary marker.
Q3) In a brief essay, identify three ways that various immigrants from India have created a new and unique Indian American identity in the United States. Is this assimilation or multiculturalism, and why?
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Gender
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Q1) Who formed the group CO-MADRES during El Salvador's civil war (1977-1992)?
A) political activists protesting the rape of women
B) mothers and relatives demanding information about missing individuals
C) teachers who demanded a peaceful resolution to the war
D) nuns who worked for peace within the Catholic Church
Q2) What did Annette Weiner's restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicate about women?
A) that women participated in elaborate economic exchanges of banana fiber skirts
B) that women participated in elaborate economic exchanges of shell armbands and necklaces
C) that women played a limited role in rituals and ceremonial exchanges
D) that both women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods
Q3) The growing issues around women serving in leadership and combat roles in the U.S. military serve to highlight the deep tensions between what?
A) men and women
B) culture and biology
C) gender and power
D) gender and sexuality
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Chapter 8: Sexuality
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Q1) 'Yan daudu challenge the dominant norms of what aspect of northern Nigerian culture?
A) sexual
B) domestic
C) colonial
D) marital
Q2) The Victorian ideal of sexuality was focused on procreation and discouraged the idea of having sex for pleasure. Having sex "for fun" was considered out of keeping with what aspect of society at that time?
A) government edicts
B) Christian teachings
C) scientific facts
D) medical knowledge
Q3) Discuss the influence of international campaigns for gay and lesbian rights on local practices using the case study of Nigeria as an example. Compare and contrast the sexual beliefs and practices of the masu harka and 'yan daudu with ideas about Western homosexuality. How does globalization affect ideas about sexual norms?
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Chapter 9: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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Q1) In the U.S. it is illegal as well as socially frowned upon to marry certain relatives. This is an example of a society that practices ________,
A) kindred exogamy
B) kindred paternity
C) kindred endogamy
D) kindred maternity
Q2) One of the ways that humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogy. What are these kinds of groups called?
A) ascent
B) related
C) family
D) descent
Q3) When Cesar speaks of his dream to get married and have children, he is talking about his:
A) extended family.
B) family of orientation.
C) family of procreation.
D) lineage.
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Chapter 10: Class and Inequality
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Q1) In Mumbai, how do people without permanent, legally-recognized residences gain access to water?
A) Bottled water is the cleanest, most inexpensive option.
B) They use social relationships to access water and illegally take water from public pipes.
C) They get it from hotels when guests accidentally leave the taps running.
D) City officials make municipal water supply is made available to poor people living in shanty towns.
Q2) Egalitarian societies depend on sharing which of the following in order to ensure group success?
A) children
B) resources
C) weaponry
D) sexual partners
Q3) Pierre Bourdieu argued that in addition to a family's economic circumstances, two additional key factors affect an individual's social mobility. What did he call them? Give two examples that illustrate each factors. How can they limit or improve one's social mobility? How do you think they affect your own social mobility? Are there individuals who are not affected in any way by either factor?
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Page 12
Chapter 11: The Global Economy
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Q1) Where and when did the Triangle Trade network occur? What were the principal commodities traded in this exchange network. Describe how commodities and people were circulated through this trade network and some of the consequences for the societies involved in the trade.
Q2) What do anthropologists call a cultural adaptation to the environment that enables groups to use available resources to satisfy their needs and thrive?
A) an economy
B) capitalism
C) environmental anthropology
D) civilization
Q3) Define the term commodity chain. Describe the links in a global commodity chain that originates in Côte d'Ivoire. Give at least 3 examples of how the recent history of this former colony illustrates the complex dynamics of the global economy.
Q4) In the United States, what form of economic system is taxation?
A) redistribution
B) balanced reciprocity
C) negative reciprocity
D) market exchange
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Chapter 12: Politics and Power
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Q1) A group of people within the domain of a state creates their own organization in an effort to challenge inequities and assert their political rights to resources and recognition within their state. What is this type of formal organization called?
A) a sovereignty group
B) international aid society
C) military
D) civil society organization
Q2) What do the Sundarbans campaign in Bangladesh and the Fossil Free movement at Swarthmore College have in common?
A) Both engaged in teach-ins and student-led demonstrations.
B) Both groups marched over 100 miles to protest fossil fuel-powered plants.
C) Both are examples of people taking action to halt and reverse climate change and global warming.
D) Both groups cause their university to divest in fossil fuels.
Q3) A mufti is:
A) a spacious room in a mosque.
B) an Islamic legal scholar and interpreter of Islamic Law.
C) a court system based on Sharia law.
D) a judge in Egyptian personal status court.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Religion
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Q1) Karl Marx argued that which of the following played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation?
A) religion
B) rites
C) rituals
D) pilgrimages
Q2) Anthropologist Clifford Geertz examines the role of symbols in religion. He argues that each symbol has deep meaning and evokes powerful emotions and motivations in the religion's followers. What are two different examples of religious symbols used in the world today? What meaning do the symbols have for the religious followers? What emotions and motivations do the symbols evoke in followers and why? How do these symbols help followers make sense of their worlds? What purpose do these symbols likely serve regarding community life? Do you think symbols are imperative to religious beliefs and practices? Why or why not? What are some of the problems posed by Geertz's approach to religion?
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Chapter 14: Health, Illness, and the Body
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Q1) Which of the following statements accurately describes Chinese medicine?
A) Researchers have identified a uniform set of Chinese medical practices used by practitioners within and outside China that complement biomedical treatments.
B) It was suppressed as "unscientific" after the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
C) Chinese medicine rejected Western medicine in the early twentieth century as "inauthentic" and "un-Chinese."
D) Chinese medical practices vary widely within China, from patient to patient and also over time.
Q2) From the perspective of a medical anthropologist, all medical systems are based in a particular local cultural reality and therefore constitute a form of what?
A) ethnomedicine
B) ethnopharamacology
C) biomedicine
D) medical pluralism
Q3) What is biomedicine, and how do its practitioners view and treat diseases? Discuss two criticisms that anthropologists have about the European biases in the model.
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Chapter 15: Art and Media
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Q1) What does the anthropological approach to world art attempt to do?
A) advocate the display of art from different cultures without specifying its original context
B) understand the development and meaning of local art forms while preserving their specific cultural contexts
C) emphasize evolutionary framing and evaluation based on historical context
D) deemphasize the focus on the movement of art beyond local or national borders
Q2) What would ethnomusicologists be most likely to study?
A) portraits in National Geographic
B) communication through social media
C) the use of playground rhymes by U.S. rap artists
D) the marketing of oceanic arts
Q3) According to the archaeological record, how old is evidence of human artistic expression?
A) 10,000 years
B) 100,000 years
C) 50,000 years
D) 1 million years
Q4) Consider the global trade of West African "wood" and "mud" artwork. Are these objects "authentic"?
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