Anthropology of Religion
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Anthropology of Religion explores the diverse ways in which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions shape and are shaped by cultural contexts around the world. The course examines the origins, functions, and meanings of religious systems, drawing on ethnographic case studies to analyze rituals, myths, symbols, and the roles of religious specialists. Students will investigate how religion intersects with social structures, identity, power, and change, gaining insight into both the universality and variability of religious experience across cultures. Emphasis is placed on critical approaches to understanding religion through anthropological theories and methodologies.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology The Human Challenge 13th Edition by William A. Haviland
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16 Chapters
1469 Verified Questions
1469 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Essence of Anthropology
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In human evolutionary studies,physical anthropologists known as _______________ look at fossilized skeletons of our ancestors to reconstruct the complex path of human evolution.
A)molecular anthropologists
B)archaeologists
C)forensic anthropologists
D)ethnohistorians
E)paleoanthropologists
Answer: E
Q2) The authors of your textbook have identified two countries that have made moves toward allowing same sex unions.Identify the two countries.
A)Mexico and Sweden
B)Belgium and the Netherlands
C)Afghanistan and Pakistan
D)Italy and Greece
E)The United States and Canada
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Characteristics of Culture
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When groups within a society function with their own distinctive standards of behavior,we refer to it as _______________.
A)subcultural variation
B)social structure
C)gender differences
D)cultural materialism
E)ethnocentrism
Answer: A
Q2) The process in which culture is transmitted from one generation to the next is called _______________.
A)enculturation
B)acculturation
C)diffusion
D)transmission
E)adaptation
Answer: A
Q3) Cultures are changing more rapidly today than they did in the past.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Ethnographic Research: Its History, methods, and
Theories
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most anthropologists face _______________.
A)mental challenges in the field
B)physical challenges in the field
C)physical harm in the field
D)all of the above
E)a and b
Answer: E
Q2) Asymmetrical culture contact is called _______________.
A)syncretism
B)acculturation
C)diffusion
D)enculturation
E)synthesis
Answer: B
Q3) Anthropologists use only qualitative data gathering techniques.Quantitative data is used only by sociologists.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Becoming Human: the Origin and Diversity of Our Species
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Sample Questions
Q1) The classification of hominoid includes _______________.
A)humans and apes,living and extinct
B)living humans and apes
C)living humans,apes,and monkeys
D)humans,apes,and monkeys,living and extinct
E)all primate species
Q2) Biological evolution refers to _______________.
A)gradual improvement and progression in a species
B)progressive elaboration and increase in complexity
C)changes in the genetic makeup of a population over generations
D)biological and cultural changes that lead to increase in efficiency
E)descent from monkey ancestors
Q3) The concept of race is has powerful symbolic significance in many countries as a ________________ category.
A)cultural and social
B)community and social
C)social and political
D)political and educational
E)social and medical
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Chapter 5: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chantek eventually learned to produce _______________ signs.
A)50
B)250
C)500
D)100
E)several hundred
Q2) _______________ is a series of symbols representing sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order.
A)Linguistics
B)Grammar
C)Glottochronology
D)Alphabet
E)Speech
Q3) Which of the following statements about the English language is correct?
A)English belongs to the Indo-European language family.
B)English belongs to the Germanic language subgroup.
C)English is one of the many languages which diverged from an ancient unified language called Proto-Indo-European.
D)English is a "daughter" language.
E)All of the above are correct.
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Chapter 6: Social Identity, personality, and Gender
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92 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Native Americans believe everything that exists has a purpose.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What does R.K.Williamson mean by the difference between the "blessed gift" and "the curse"?
A)These are two different approaches to the formation of childhood personality.
B)This is the Native American view of menstruation and childbirth.
C)This is the responsibility to be a shaman upon reaching adulthood.
D)These are two different cultural perspectives of intersexuality.
E)They are two different perspectives of homosexual behavior.
Q3) Individual personalities in traditional societies are far from being uniform.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Culture Bound syndrome is another name for an ethnic psychosis.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The extent to which Native Americans see spirituality is reflected in their belief that all things have spirit.
A)True
B)False
8
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Chapter 7: Patterns of Subsistence
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Sample Questions
Q1) People started shifting to food producing ways of life about 10,000 years ago.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes is a type of farming called ________________.
A)agriculture
B)slash-and-burn
C)horticulture
D)low-tech farming
E)pastoralism
Q3) Frequent nursing of children over as many as 4 or 5 years acts to stimulate ovulation among food foragers such as Bushman.As a consequence,women give birth to many offspring at shorter intervals.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Urbanization encourages equality.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Economic Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among food foragers such as the Ju/'hoansi,_______________.
A)land is defined as a territory with usable resources and flexible boundaries that belongs to a band that has occupied it for a long time
B)land is thought of as belonging to those who have bought it
C)land is considered private property,and access to the land can be denied
D)land is owned by the ancestors and the living only use it
E)land is controlled by a corporation of strangers
Q2) When a man works hard in his garden in the Trobriand Islands to produce yams,he does this to satisfy which of the following demands?
A)to have food for his household to eat
B)to gain prestige by giving yams away to his sister's husbands
C)to prove to his wife that he can work as hard as she can
D)to give the yams to his wife so that she can trade them for goods that they don't produce themselves
E)to trade for fish
Q3) The Inca Empire featured a highly efficient redistributive system.
A)True
B)False
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Sex, marriage, and Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of group marriage would be _______________.
A)a pastoral nomad's wife who shares her husband and her work with another woman
B) the Moonies having a large wedding ceremony at which 500 couples are married at the same time
C)a prosperous member of the Kapauku who is able to afford a bride price for four wives
D)a hippie commune where adult members of the commune have sexual access to each other
E)a Nayar household in which a woman takes several lovers
Q2) __________________________ is a universal phenomenon,spanning time and cultures.
A)Single-parent households
B)Divorce
C)Nuclear family
D)Child exchange
E)Wife exchange
Q3) The most common form of residence in the United States is neolocal residence.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Kinship and Descent
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Sample Questions
Q1) Patrilineal descent is sometimes known as agnatic descent.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Dutch people allow honor killings in order to respect minority cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the Biocultural Connection,what was the focus of the research on the Maori people?
A)studying migration patterns of the first peoples to inhabit North America
B)creating lineage divisions based on DNA samples
C)connecting mitochondrial DNA with the Australian aborigines
D)connecting DNA types with the people's origin myths
E)sequencing DNA in order to type for potential diseases in this ethnic group
Q4) A clan is similar to a lineage except that _______________.
A)a clan has fewer people
B)clan members are unable to trace exact genealogical links to their common ancestor
C)clans are more likely to hold tangible property corporately
D)clans are exogamous whereas lineages are endogamous
E)clans are patrilocal whereas lineages are matrilocal
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Chapter 11: Grouping by Gender, age, common Interest, and Class
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Sample Questions
Q1) A social _______________ is a set of families that enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to a system of evaluation.
A)phratry
B)kindred
C)class
D)set
E)group
Q2) Among the _______________,the tasks of men and women were rigidly segregated but both were considered equal.The women lived in the villages as horticulturalists,whereas the men were nomadic hunters,fishers,traders,warriors,and diplomats.The men held positions of leadership,but the women decided which men would apply for these positions and could veto their decisions.
A)Ju/'hoansi
B)Iroquois
C)Mundurucu
D)Hopi
E)19th-century Europeans
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Chapter 12: Politics, power, and Violence
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of tribal leadership is the concept of the "Big Man."
A)True
B)False
Q2) A cross-cultural comparison of systems of political organization reveals that _______________.
A)many women who hold high office do so by virtue of their relationship to men
B)many women in positions of leadership adopt characteristics of temperament that are usually considered masculine
C)in many societies, women have as much political power as men
D)women may play an important role in political decisions even when they are not visible public leaders
E)all of the above
Q3) Bands do not have a hierarchy of settlement.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There is some small-scale slavery found in chiefdom societies.
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Spirituality, religion, and the Supernatural
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the functions of religion is control of those aspects of the universe which otherwise lie beyond the believer's control.A corollary of this statement is: the less control you have over your universe,the greater the role religion will play in your life.If we accept this assumption,we would expect to find more religious activity among which of the following?
A)the economically wealthy
B)those who live below poverty level
C)males in a patriarchal society
D)females in a patriarchal society
E)b and d
Q2) The Ibibio make a distinction between which two practitioners?
A)sorcerers and magicians
B)witches and sorcerers
C)magicians and witches
D)shamans and magicians
E)witches and shamans
Q3) Among the Ju/'hoansi only men can possess the powerful healing force called n/um.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Arts
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Sample Questions
Q1) When an anthropologist uses the term _______________,s/he is referring to a category of verbal narratives that are secular,non-historical,and seen primarily as a source of entertainment.
A)folklore
B)myth
C)tale
D)legend
E)drama
Q2) Long legends called epics are usually found in preliterate societies with a form of _______________ political organization.
A)band
B)tribe
C)chiefdom
D)state
E)kinship
Q3) The word "myth," as used by anthropologists,means something that is widely believed to be true but probably is not.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Processes of Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are a Central Asian nomad.You and your family are migrating westwards,and have just wiped out a farming village.You are wondering how you can carry some of the booty from the raid,since the horses already have too much to carry.You watch your daughter playing with a small toy that has two little wheels made from dried,twisted grass.Suddenly you jump up and shout the Central Asian equivalent of "Eureka!" and within several days have rigged up a crude two-wheeled cart that can be pulled by a horse.You have just produced a(n)_______________.
A)primary innovation
B)secondary innovation
C)example of acculturation
D)example of applied anthropology
E)syncretism
Q2) _________________________ is the deliberate application or modification of an existing idea,method or device.
A)Acculturation
B)Assimilation
C)Adaptation
D)Primary innovation
E)Secondary innovation
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Chapter 16: Global Challenges local Responses and the
Role of Anthropology
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Q1) One of the consequences of the development of global culture has been _______________.
A)the disappearance of differences between people
B)reduction in the possibility of war
C)a resurgence of separatist movements
D)the replacement of traditional cultures by more adaptive,modern cultures
E)reduction in the number of anthropologists
Q2) Russia,the largest geographical country in the world,consists of 21 autonomous republics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The demand by "developed" countries for such items as coffee,tea,chocolate,bananas,and beef has led to _______________.
A)pushing subsistence farmers off their land to make way for huge farms and ranches that specialize in cash crops
B)an increase in food supplies in "underdeveloped" nations
C)a return of urban workers to the land where work is now available for them
D)a decrease in the use of pesticides,herbicides,and artificial fertilizers
E)a narrowing of the economic gap between rich and poor in world society today
Page 18
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