Anthropology of Human Biology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Anthropology of Human Biology explores the biological aspects of humans within an evolutionary, ecological, and cultural framework. The course examines human variation, adaptation, growth, development, and genetic diversity, analyzing how these traits are shaped by both environment and culture. Students will investigate topics such as human origins, population genetics, disease, nutrition, and the ways in which cultural practices intersect with biological processes. Through interdisciplinary approaches, the course fosters a deeper understanding of the complex factors that contribute to the physical and biological diversity of humankind.
Recommended Textbook
Physical Anthropology 11th Edition by Philip L Stein
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18 Chapters
1816 Verified Questions
1816 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Investigating the Nature of Humankind
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112 Verified Questions
112 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) empirical
A)an informed supposition about the relationship between variables
B)a situation that differs from the situation being tested
C)received through the senses
D)framework that explains facts
E)any property that may be displayed in different values
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is not a part of the concept of natural selection?
A)There are limited resources for which individuals compete.
B)Modifications acquired by an organism during its lifetime are passed on to its offspring.
C)Individuals in a population vary in physical characteristics.
D)Variations possessed by individuals are,in part,inherited.
Answer: B
Q3) The field that studies the fossil record is:
A)primatology
B)paleontology
C)genetics
D)archaeology
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Study of Heredity
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122 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from:
A)the father only
B)the mother only
C)both the mother and the father
D)neither the mother nor the father;it develops after conception
Answer: B
Q2) The basic sugar-phosphate-base unit is called a(n):
A)polypeptide
B)protein
C)nucleotide
D)amino acid
Answer: C
Q3) A nucleotide is composed of:
A)five-carbon sugar
B)a phosphate
C)a nitrogenous base
D)all of the above
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: The Modern Study of Human Genetics
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94 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sex-limited gene is:
A)one that is carried on the Y chromosome
B)one that is carried on the X chromosome
C)one that is carried on either the X or Y chromosome
D)expressed only in the male
Answer: D
Q2) Hemophilia:
A)is X-linked
B)is a defect in the clotting mechanisms of the blood
C)may have played a role in the Russian Revolution
D)all of the above
Answer: D
Q3) A mother of known blood type B has a child whose blood turns out to be B.From this it follows that the father could:
A)not have been blood type A
B)not have been blood type B
C)not have been blood type AB
D)not have been blood type O
E)have been of any blood type
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Population Genetics
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86 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a population is in genetic equilibrium,then p² +2pq + q² =:
A)0
B)½
C)1
D)10
Q2) What are the five main forces of evolutionary change? How do they affect the gene frequencies of a population?
Q3) In the Hardy-Weinberg formula,2pq refers to the frequency of:
A)AA
B)Aa
C)aa
D)AA + aa
Q4) Natural selection refers to:
A)mutations
B)genetic equilibrium
C)nonrandom mating
D)none of the above
Q5) In genetic terms,what is a population? How can the phenotype and genotype of a population be described?
Page 6
Q6) What are the purposes of the Hardy-Weinberg formula?
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Chapter 5: Natural Selection and the Origin of Species
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does natural selection act upon a population to change gene frequencies?
Q2) Any factor which brings about differential fertility is called a:
A)selective agent
B)selective pressure
C)mutation agent
D)mutation rate
Q3) Reproductive isolating mechanisms:
A)are initiated by geographic isolation
B)occur within a deme
C)occur before geographic isolation
D)a and b
Q4) Relatively high frequencies of hemoglobin S are found in:
A)Central Africa
B)Southern Europe
C)Middle East
D)all of the above
Q5) What is meant by the term preadaptation? How does the concept relate to the statement "Necessity is not the mother of (biological)invention"?
Q6) Give some examples of how natural selection has operated on human populations.
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Chapter 6: Peoples Place in Nature
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121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The taxa between class and family is:
A)species
B)genus
C)order
D)phylum
Q2) The regional differentiation of teeth is termed:
A)heterodonty
B)homodonty
C)diphyodonty
D)polyphyodonty
Q3) The binomen includes the:
A)family and order
B)genus and species
C)genus and family
D)order and class
Q4) Metatherian mammals are found primarily in:
A)Australia
B)Africa
C)North America
D)all of the above
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Chapter 7: The Living Primates
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Sample Questions
Q1) humans
A)Prosimii
B)Anthropoidea
Q2) Which of the following traits is found in the Old World monkeys?
A)three premolars per quadrant
B)catarrhine nose
C)prehensile tails
D)all of the above
Q3) ischial callosities
A)Cercopithecidae
B)Lemuridae
C)Ponginae
D)Cebidae
E)Gorillinae
Q4) In general,the Lemuriformes are characterized by:
A)nocturnal habits
B)a dental comb
C)well-developed sense of smell
D)all of the above
Q5) Why are so many species of nonhuman primates on the verge of extinction?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Comparative Studies: Anatomy and Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) With respect to the evolution of the sense organs,the primate skull is characterized by:
A)reduction of the snout
B)an enlarged cranium
C)positioning of the eyes on the front of the skull
D)all of the above
Q2) Why are anthropologists interested in the study of teeth?
Q3) The lower molars of chimpanzees and humans can be described as:
A)X-4
B)Y-5
C)T-3
D)bilophodont
Q4) Humans maintain a(n)____________ posture while walking and standing.
A)orthograde
B)pronograde
C)monograde
D)bipograde
Q5) What are some of the trends in the evolution of the hominin face and brain from the time of the early hominin ancestors to modern humans?
Page 10
Q6) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of erect bipedalism to humans.
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Chapter 9: Onhuman Primate Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about baboon sexual behavior?
A)the baboon female is always receptive to the advances of the male
B)mating is always initiated by the male
C)particular males and females will form consort pairs for short periods of time
D)none of the above
Q2) play behavior
A)behavior involving fights,threats,and fleeing
B)intense,repetitive physical activity
C)pseudo-sexual behavior between males
Q3) tamarins
A)monogamous family group
B)one-male group
C)multimale troop
D)fusion-fission society
E)polyandrous
Q4) The chimpanzee diet consists of:
A)fruits,leaves and seeds
B)meat
C)insects
D)all of the above
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Chapter 10: Human Behavior in Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kanzi
A)gorilla that uses sign language
B)chimpanzee that uses sign language
C)bonobo that uses a keyboard to communicate
Q2) Are there any human universals? Explain.
Q3) Donald E.Brown's list of what he considers to be human universals includes:
A)rules about sexual behavior
B)some form of play and games
C)languages that conform to a universal set of grammatical rules
D)all of the above
Q4) discreteness
A)can add new meaningful units
B)a vocabulary
C)individualistic
D)ability to communicate about things not directly in front of communicator
E)has no direct relationship to thing that is being labeled
Q5) In what ways are the alarm calls of the vervet monkey similar to human language? In what ways are they different?
Q6) In what ways does human behavior differ from the behavior of the chimpanzee?
Q7) Can apes be taught to communicate linguistically?
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Chapter 11: The Record of the Past
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fission-track dating:
A)is a relative dating method based on the tracks of animals left in different strata
B)is a chronometric method of dating based on the tracks created by radioactive decay and left in minerals
C)is an advanced method of radiocarbon dating
D)is based on the process of racemization
Q2) The first radiometric method of dating,developed by Willard H.Libby in the late 1940s,was:
A)amino acid racemization
B)fission-track dating
C)radiocarbon dating
D)electron spin resonance (ESR)dating
Q3) Soft tissue of prehistoric organisms has been preserved under special conditions including:
A)mummification in hot dry climates
B)freezing in glaciers or tundra
C)preserved in waterlogged areas such as bogs
D)all of the above
Q4) Why is the concept of time so important to geologists and paleoanthropologists?
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Chapter 12: The Early Primate Fossil Record and the Origins of the
Hominins
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the major differences between the Adapidae and Omomyidae?
Q2) The cercopithecoids only assume a dominant role in the mammalian fauna after:
A)the extinction of the dinosaurs
B)the number of hominoids diminished
C)they spread into the New World
D)all of the above
Q3) The Plesiadapiformes:
A)may represent the earliest primates
B)were small arboreal quadrupeds
C)lacked many characteristics of later primates,such as a grasping big toes
D)all of the above
Q4) A fossil hominoid that was a contemporary with a member of the genus Homo is:
A)Sivapithecus
B)Gigantopithecus
C)Oreopithecus
D)Pliopithecus
E)none of the above
Q5) When did the earliest primates evolve? What were these earliest primates like? What are the earliest known primate fossils?
Q6) Describe the habitats present at the Fayum during the Early Oligocene. Page 14
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Page 15
Chapter 13: The Early Hominins
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Sample Questions
Q1) Taung
A)Paranthropus boisei
B)Australopithecus footprints
C)Australopithecus skeleton
D)first Australopithecus to be discovered
E)oldest known Australopithecus
Q2) Richard Leakey
A)Hadar
B)Lake Turkana
C)Olduvai Gorge
D)Taung
Q3) One of the oldest australopithecine sites,Laetoli,has yielded many hominin fossils as well as tracks of hominin footprints.This site dates from:
A)4.3 million B.P.
B)3.6 million B.P.
C)3.3 million B.P.
D)2.8 million B.P.
Q4) What anatomical characteristics of Australopithecus place them in the tribe Hominini as opposed to the Panini?
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Chapter 14: Early Species of the Genus Homo
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Sample Questions
Q1) point of maximum width of braincase near bottom
A)Australopithecus
B)Homo
Q2) The first unquestioned,unambiguous ritualistic burials are associated with:
A)Homo erectus
B)Homo heidelbergensis
C)Homo neandertalensis
D)Homo sapiens
Q3) The evidence for fire use dating back to about 1 million B.P.comes from the site of:
A)Terra Amata,France
B)Oluduvai Gorge,Africa
C)Wonerwerk Cave,South Africa
D)Zhoukoudian,China
Q4) The average cranial capacity (as indicated from the specimens listed in Table 14-2)for Homo habilis probably lies somewhere between:
A)500-700 cubic centimeters
B)700-900 cubic centimeters
C)900-1000 cubic centimeters
D)above 1000 cubic centimeters
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Chapter 15: The Evolution of Homo Sapiens
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared with earlier hominids,the modern human skull:
A)is less robust
B)has a strong chin
C)lacks any bone crests
D)all of the above
Q2) What is meant by the term "civilization"? What were the earliest civilizations and when did they occur?
Q3) The earliest Upper Paleolithic paintings date to:
A)50,000 B.P.
B)42,000 B.P.
C)32,000 B.P.
D)25,000 B.P.
Q4) occipital bun
A)Neandertals
B)modern humans
Q5) more bent basicrania
A)Neandertals
B)modern humans
Q6) What major cultural innovations occurred after the evolution of Homo sapiens?
Q7) What significant cultural developments are associated with the Mesolithic?
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Chapter 16: The Biology of Modern Homo Sapiens
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Sample Questions
Q1) A nude body at rest loses the most heat by:
A)evaporation
B)conduction
C)radiation
D)convection
Q2) development adjustments
A)physiological adjustments
B)cultural responses to environment
C)genetic changes
D)environmentally influenced patterns of growth and development
Q3) Within the same species of mammals,populations with less bulk are found nearer the equator while those with greater bulk are found farther from the equator.This is known as:
A)Allen's rule
B)Gloger's rule
C)Bergmann's rule
D)Stein's rule
Q4) What is the secular trend? What factors may be responsible for the secular trend?
Q5) What is the adolescent growth spurt? What factors influence this spurt?
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Chapter 17: The Analysis of Human Variation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Genetic diseases,such as Tay-Sachs disease and sickle-cell anemia,are:
A)found with equal frequency in all populations
B)found with equal frequency among peoples of the same skin color
C)often more frequent in some populations than in others
D)found only in populations of small size
Q2) Body modifications based on cultural traditions include:
A)deformation of the head
B)body piercings
C)scarification
D)all of the above
Q3) The conclusion of genomic research is:
A)the number of dominant alleles is always greater than the number of recessive alleles in a population
B)the differences between populations emerge at the genomic level
C)there are genomic differences between some continental groups but not between others
D)fixed groupings of people do not emerge from these studies
Q4) What is the nature of human variation? Include in your discussion the concepts of clinal distribution and discontinuous variation.
Q5) What is the difference between a race and an ethnic group?
Page 20
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Chapter 18: The Modern World
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Sample Questions
Q1) The study of disease and injury in human populations is referred to as:
A)paleopathology
B)anthropathology
C)epidemiology
D)zoonosology
Q2) As of 2013 it is estimated that the total number of nuclear warheads in the world is about ______:
A)300
B)3,000
C)19,000
D)90,000
Q3) The decrease in atmospheric ozone may have the consequence of:
A)increasing the percent of cases of skin cancer
B)decreasing the yield of certain food crops
C)affecting climate
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q4) In what ways can anthropological knowledge be applied to understanding modern day problems?
Q5) How has the shift to a more urban way of life affected human populations?
Page 21
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