Course Introduction
Anthropology of Gender Solved
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Anthropology of Gender explores the cultural constructions and lived experiences of gender across societies, focusing on how gender identities and roles are shaped by social, economic, political, and historical contexts. The course examines key anthropological theories and ethnographic case studies to analyze gender in relation to kinship, sexuality, power, labor, and representation. Students engage critically with issues such as intersectionality, gender diversity, and the impacts of globalization, expanding their understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of gender in human cultures.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 14th Edition by Carol
R. Ember
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) What is the relevance of anthropology? Give at least three examples of anthropological knowledge being applied to real-world problems.
Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Show a clear understanding of basic research versus applied anthropology
2. Provide accurate examples of the application of anthropology in other fields
Q2) Prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans are all members of the order
A) Primates
B) humans
C) Homo sapiens
D) mammals
Answer: A
Q3) Anthropology is sometimes called the "umbrella discipline" because it can encompass so many diverse areas of study. Explain what topics fall under the scope of anthropology, and why.
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. Define anthropology as the study of humans
2. Explain breadth of scope, both geographically and historically
3. Focus on human life in all its expression and variety
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture and Culture Change
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Q1) Anthropologists, as well as other social scientists, feel that culture is __________.
A) learned and shared
B) inherited
C) transmitted only from one group to another
D) only a small part of how people learn their behaviors
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following statements is true regarding ethics across cultures?
A) All cultures have ethical standards, but what they emphasize varies.
B) All cultures have similar ethical standards.
C) All cultures have identical ethical standards.
D) Some cultures have no ethical standards.
Answer: A
Q3) What is one social condition that may give rise to rebellion and revolution?
A) threats to recent economic improvements
B) high esteem given to authority
C) decisiveness of government
D) increasing support of the intellectual class
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Culture and the Individual
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Q1) Why do the Ifaluk maintain that parents should not play with their young children?
A) They believe that infants under the age of 2 have no thoughts or feelings.
B) Their ethnotheories state that "a quiet baby is a healthy baby."
C) It is seen as foolish for an adult to play children's games.
D) They encourage babies to sleep as much as possible and conserve energy.
Answer: A
Q2) In the Applied Anthropology example, how did Chinese and American preschools instill cultural value lessons in the children?
A) The Chinese preschool emphasized group activities, while the American preschool emphasized individualized activities.
B) The Chinese preschool emphasized individualized activities, while the American preschool emphasized memorization of facts.
C) The Chinese preschool emphasized memorization of facts, while the American preschool emphasized group activities.
D) The Chinese preschool emphasized memorization of facts, while the American preschool emphasized individualized activities.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Understanding and Explaining Culture
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Q1) The method of __________ shows that a theory seems to be wrong.
A) falsification
B) proving
C) guessing
D) testing
Q2) Theories are __________.
A) explanations of laws and statistical associations
B) ideas that explain untested hypotheses
C) guesses as to how things are related
D) precise answers to a question that had been unanswerable
Q3) What is the relationship between associations and theories?
A) Theories are more complicated explanations for observed associations.
B) Associations are required before theories can be made.
C) Theories are required before associations can be made.
D) Associations are more complicated explanations for observed theories.
Q4) What is one major impediment to historical research?
A) Collecting and analyzing historical data is very time consuming.
B) There is no historical data for most of the world.
C) Historical data is less respected than ethnographic data.
D) There is no way to statistically analyze historical data.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Communication and Language
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Q1) In addition to geographical separation, how do different dialects become completely different languages?
A) social restrictions preventing regular communication between the two groups
B) intentional distinction by the speakers of the two groups
C) educational differences between speakers of the two dialects
D) religious beliefs restricting the use of one of the dialects
Q2) Compare and contrast human and nonhuman communication.
Q3) Which feature is shared by all creole languages?
A) the use of double negatives
B) a restricted set of color terms
C) an inclusion of gendered nouns
D) the use of a past tense
Q4) Which of the following findings would best support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
A) a language that lacks gendered pronouns is associated with an acceptance of fluid gender roles
B) multilingual individuals have trouble code-switching in some situations
C) men and women have identical internal syntax and grammar, but choose to speak differently
D) all languages represent the same basic ideas, just in different ways
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Chapter 6: Getting Food
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Q1) Why are the majority of intensive agricultural societies located outside of the tropics?
A) It is difficult to control insects and weeds in the tropics, making agriculture less productive.
B) Most societies in the tropics are too small to require intensive agriculture.
C) Tropical forests are so bountiful that people can easily survive on a foraging lifestyle.
D) Tropical environments are particularly well suited to pastoralism.
Q2) What insights can we gain about humanity's past by studying the lives of contemporary foragers? What are the limitations associated with using modern foragers to help understand ancient humans?
Q3) Individual families in pastoral societies are most likely to own __________.
A) animals
B) grazing lands
C) permanent dwelling places
D) land for cultivating crops
Q4) What social characteristics are associated with foragers and complex foragers?
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8
Chapter 7: Economic Systems
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Q1) Taxation is an indirect form of __________.
A) forced labor
B) reciprocity
C) redistribution
D) voluntary labor
Q2) If you were to trade a pair of shoes you no longer want for a friend's discarded jacket, you would be participating in __________.
A) balanced reciprocity
B) generalized reciprocity
C) redistribution
D) market exchange
Q3) For most horticulturalists, people __________.
A) do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it
B) own the land but not the foods obtained from it
C) own neither the land nor the foods obtained from it
D) own both the land and the foods obtained from it
Q4) How does the addition of a cash crop to an economic and subsistence strategy affect the society in question?
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
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Q1) What support does Gerhard Lenski have for his suggestion that the trend toward increasing inequality is reversing?
A) The spread of democracy has broadened the political power of the lower classes.
B) The birth rate in industrialized societies now matches the birth rate in developing nations.
C) Technology has become less complex and more accessible to the general public.
D) Slavery is now abolished in all modern nations of the world.
Q2) The Trobriand Islanders have relatively equal access to economic resources and power, but some social groups do have unequal access to prestige. What type of society do they represent?
A) ranked
B) egalitarian
C) a class society
D) a caste society
Q3) What is unusual about the class system in the United States?
A) Many people deny the existence of classes.
B) There is a very high degree of social mobility.
C) Classes are not directly related to wealth.
D) We have a low degree of inequality between classes.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Sex and Gender
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Q1) Which statement best explains why men generally have higher status than women in most societies?
A) Men's status is higher because they usually contribute more to primary subsistence.
B) The low status of women is linked to their physical weakness compared to men.
C) The low status of women is linked to their emotional weakness compared to men.
D) Men's status is higher because they contribute more to secondary subsistence activities.
Q2) Evaluate the four theories put forth in the text explaining the cross-cultural gender division in labor. Which of these theories do you feel has the strongest position? Explain your answer.
Q3) Because the Navajo recognize four distinct genders, they consider homosexual sex to be __________.
A) between two people of the same gender
B) between two people of the same sex
C) generally acceptable
D) unheard of
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11
Chapter 10: Marriage and the Family
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Q1) The fact that people who are brought up together on the same kibbutz are uninterested in each other as marriage partners, even when the marriages are favored by their parents, supports which theory of the incest taboo?
A) the childhood-familiarity theory
B) the cooperation theory
C) the family-disruption theory
D) Freud's Oedipal theory
Q2) What was the most common motivation for adoption among Samoans during Melvin Ember's fieldwork?
A) A child's natural family needed help to feed and care for him/her.
B) Families who adopted children benefit from social programs.
C) Natural disasters such as hurricanes killed many young children.
D) New family members were needed to perform all of the necessary chores.
Q3) Societies that practice bride exchange tend to __________.
A) depend on a relatively high contribution of women to primary subsistence
B) have a high level of social stratification and a low status for women
C) arrange marriages as lifelong contracts between rival kin groups
D) require a long period of bride service before the marriage takes place
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Marital Residence and Kinship
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Q1) What modern factor is making it less common for people to seek help from their kindred?
A) aid from the state
B) increasing population
C) more frequent divorce
D) smaller family size
Q2) Unilineal descent groups, such as clans and moieties, appear to perform which important social function?
A) regulate who is and who is not a suitable marriage partner
B) provide a system of laws to standardize behavior
C) defend territorial boundaries between other groups
D) determine which individuals will become leaders
Q3) The North American tradition of giving a child the father's last name __________.
A) does not denote membership in a particular lineage
B) indicates membership in the father's clan
C) determines the patrilineal kin group of the child
D) does not suggest that the biological father is also the social father
Q4) Unilineal descent groups are nearly universal. What important social functions do they serve cross-culturally?
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Chapter 12: Associations and Interest Groups
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Q1) What particular characteristic of the Mae Enga of Papua New Guinea has gathered a lot of anthropological attention?
A) the active hostility toward women that runs through their culture
B) their tradition of performing manhood ceremonies for infants
C) the frequency and acceptance of homosexual relationships among men
D) their territorial disputes and history of head-hunting
Q2) How do voluntary girls' clubs affect elementary and junior high school girls' attitudes toward or performance in science?
A) They are more likely to express an interest in scientific careers.
B) They exceed boys' scores in science and mathematics.
C) Their interest in science decreases once in gender-specific classrooms.
D) There is no significant difference between these girls and those in traditional classrooms.
Q3) Some scholars suggest that the development of street gangs in Mexican-American neighborhoods is a response to __________.
A) the absence of male models in the household
B) increasing high school dropout rates
C) language and cultural immersion programs
D) domineering parents and high social stress
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
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Q1) In states with more collective action, rulers __________.
A) finance public works projects
B) are chosen by election
C) live very luxuriously
D) rally their citizens for war
Q2) Oaths and ordeals are associated with __________.
A) complex societies where political leaders lack the power to enforce judicial decisions
B) smaller and simpler societies with little formal legal authority
C) theocratic societies
D) complex societies with strong centralized authority
Q3) Large-scale warfare is usually practiced by societies with __________.
A) intensive agriculture or industrialization
B) foraging or horticulture
C) small-scale or intensive agriculture
D) horticulture or pastoralism
Q4) Pre-colonial American societies had examples of both chiefdoms and states. Explain how you would distinguish between the levels of political organization, and give an example of each from the Americas.
Q5) Compare and contrast the political life of bands and tribal organizations.
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Chapter 14: Religion and Magic
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Q1) Into which two broad categories do anthropologists classify supernatural beings?
A) of human or nonhuman origin
B) temporary or permanent
C) good or evil
D) from the sky or from the ground
Q2) Many anthropologists believe that religions are adaptive because they reduce the anxieties and uncertainties that afflict all peoples. With which scholar does this perspective best align?
A) Bronislaw Malinowski
B) Carl Jung
C) Émile Durkheim
D) Abraham Maslow
Q3) What do the Zuni believe happens to people after they die?
A) They join their ancestors in a village at the bottom of a lake.
B) They are reincarnated as another person or an animal.
C) They go to heaven to be with family and friends.
D) They go to the underworld, which is inhabited by ghosts and spirits.
Q4) What social forces drive a revitalization movement? Give an example of a revitalization movement and explain the social background surrounding the movement.
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Chapter 15: The Arts
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Q1) Which of the following served to represent the most prestigious gods in ancient Sumer?
A) larger eyes
B) wings
C) halos
D) smaller bodies
Q2) What singing style involves individuals singing independently but within the group, with no single person differentiated from the others?
A) interlocked
B) connected
C) call-and-response
D) choral
Q3) Which of the following body ornamentations has been borrowed from other societies but is now commonplace in Western culture?
A) tattoos
B) elongated necks
C) tooth filing
D) body painting
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Chapter 16: Practicing and Applying Anthropology
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Q1) What criticism has been aimed at anthropologists acting as advocates for people who have been relocated?
A) Critics are concerned that the advocates only represent one point of view.
B) Some argue that the anthropologists are romanticizing indigenous lifestyles.
C) Critics believe that the anthropologists have unreasonable expectations.
D) Some feel that the advocates are too politicized to be effective.
Q2) With which subfield of anthropology does the applied field of business anthropology have the most in common?
A) ethnography
B) physical anthropology
C) paleoanthropology
D) archaeology
Q3) What specialized research method could Murray-as an anthropologist-bring to the Haiti reforestation evaluation?
A) participant observation
B) translation
C) interviews
D) focal groups
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Chapter 17: Health and Illness
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Q1) There is increasing evidence that the __________ of treatment may be as important as the __________ of treatment.
A) form; content
B) delivery; form
C) evidence; delivery
D) content; evidence
Q2) The bubonic plague killed between __________ percent of the European population.
A) 25 and 50
B) 5 and 10
C) 15 and 20
D) 70 and 80
Q3) In the example discussed in the chapter, why did the Guatemalan villagers not use the free antimalarial pills provided to them?
A) They did not believe the free pills would work.
B) They were sure that malaria came from spirits.
C) They already had a sufficient treatment for malaria.
D) They were suspicious of government-supplied medicines.
Q4) Outline the various reasons why poor societies, and poor individuals within societies, have higher incidence of illness.
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Chapter 18: Global Problems
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Q1) Which of these people is most likely to commit an act of violence against a child?
A) the birth mother
B) a stepfather
C) a stranger
D) a foster mother
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a natural event, one that is usually beyond human control?
A) drought
B) homelessness
C) crime
D) terrorism
Q3) What does research suggest goes a long way toward lessening incidents of family violence?
A) the sharing of childrearing responsibilities
B) a traditional division of labor
C) an increase in family income
D) presence of an extended family
Q4) What social factors increase the likelihood of family violence?
Q5) How is terrorism distinct from other forms of crime or acts of war?
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