Course Introduction
Anthropology of Gender Solved
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Anthropology of Gender explores the diverse ways in which gender identities and roles are constructed, experienced, and understood across different cultures and societies. The course examines the intersections of gender with other social categories such as race, class, sexuality, and age, drawing on ethnographic case studies and anthropological theories. Students will analyze how concepts of femininity, masculinity, and non-binary identities are shaped by cultural, historical, political, and economic forces. Through critical engagement with global perspectives, the course encourages reflection on the power dynamics, inequalities, and social changes affecting gender relations in both past and contemporary contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 9th Edition by Raymond Scupin
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ethnologists are primarily interested in which of the following?
A) understanding the evolution of the human species over time
B) studying the genetic similarities and differences among contemporary human populations
C) making generalizations based on cultural information from many different societies
D) conducting participant observation in order to describe a specific culture in detail
Answer: C
Q2) The scientific method is a logical system used to evaluate data derived from systematic observation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The study of past cultures and lifestyles is the goal of __________.
A) ethnologists
B) archaeologists
C) forensic anthropologists
D) primatologists
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Human Evolution
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Q1) The conceptual frameworks that present the universe as an orderly system and answer the basic questions about human existence are called __________.
A) analogies
B) cosmologies
C) paradigms
D) apologies
Answer: B
Q2) __________ were responsible for abstract and naturalistic paintings of animals produced during the Upper Paleolithic.
A) Neandertals
B) Homo erectus
C) Modern Homo sapiens
D) Australopithecines
Answer: C
Q3) Upper Paleolithic people gathered plants to supplement their food resources.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) Ways of enforcing social mores in hunter-gatherer societies generally involve the use of __________.
A) gossip and ridicule
B) arrest and imprisonment
C) economic discrimination
D) the death penalty
Answer: A
Q2) It would be fair to say that, in a multicultural society such as that in the United States, __________.
A) there is one common idea about social norms
B) there are conflicting systems of norms and values
C) mores are well-defined and reflected by all
D) the strict enforcement of cultural mores is a government goal
Answer: B
Q3) An example of ethnocentrism would be the belief that __________.
A) women should stay at home and raise children
B) societies that practice polygamy are uncivilized
C) children should not be allowed to work full time
D) alcoholism is a major problem for Native Americans
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Psychological and Cognitive Anthropology
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Q1) Recent research in new types of psychological anthropology show that children are not passive recipients during enculturation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Oedipus complex proposed by Sigmund Freud suggested that __________.
A) dreams reveal unconscious sexual desires
B) children who have grown up in the same household share sexual attractions
C) male children have an unconscious desire to have a sexual relationship with their mother
D) all human personalities are composed of an id, ego, and superego
Q3) Berdache is a European term used to refer to biological males in Native American societies who __________.
A) asserted their personal power through public displays of heterosexual prowess
B) chose to abstain from sex so they could focus on spiritual growth
C) wore female clothing and may have engaged in homosexual relationships
D) participated in homosexual activity only when they were preparing for war
Q4) The majority of human behaviors are driven by closed instincts.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Language
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Q1) The ability to build an infinite number of sentences within sentences is known as __________.
A) proxemics
B) recursion
C) dynamics
D) semantics
Q2) Glottochronology is the study of the interrelationships among the vocal tract, glottis, larynx, and pharynx in the production of sound.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The goal of ethnosemantics is to understand __________.
A) that reality is inherently unorganized and can be perceived in any way; thus color naming, plant classification, and time categories are completely arbitrary
B) the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences and how members of different societies use language to organize things, events, and behaviors
C) that languages and behavior are the same
D) that classification systems in all societies are random
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Chapter 6: Anthropological Explanations
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Q1) According to Karl Marx, society has been divided into classes by the industrial mode of production; those who own the means of production-the capitalists-exploit those who sell their labor to the owners of factories-the proletariat-and this exploitation leads to harsh working conditions and extremely low wages.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Postmodernist anthropologists emphasize which of the following?
A) Anthropologists are the only people who can speak about culture with any expertise. B) Native informants should be treated as objective research participants.
C) Anthropological research is always unbiased.
D) Ethnographers need to recognize how they are influenced by their own societies.
Q3) Which of the following theoretical orientations interprets cultures much like literary texts?
A) symbolic anthropology
B) textual anthropology
C) literary anthropology
D) ideational anthropology
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Chapter 7: Analyzing Sociocultural Systems
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Q1) Changes associated with the Industrial Revolution occurred during the eighteenth century in Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The general categories used by anthropologists to describe different political systems are hunter-gatherers, horticulturalists, agriculturalists, and industrialists.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a potential drawback of using the HRAF?
A) Anthropologists in the past may not have provided the historical context for their observations.
B) It has yet to be computerized.
C) Sociologists and historians have contributed information as well as anthropologists.
D) Extracting data is a slow process.
Q4) A state has clearly defined territories.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the benefits and limitations of conducting cross-cultural research?
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Chapter 8: Environment, Subsistence, and Demography
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Q1) Hunter-gatherer societies have never been in contact with or influenced by other cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The horticulturalist Iroquois depended solely on cultivated food resources.
A)True
B)False
Q3) High infant mortality rates, the view that children are future assets who can care for their parents in old age, and the benefits associated with child labor all encouraged individuals in agricultural states to do which of the following?
A) have large families
B) rely on sorcery, witchcraft, and shamanism to ensure that very few people died
C) have small families so that special care could be accorded each child
D) raid forager and tribal groups in order to steal children who could be used to work the fields
Q4) Describe the environments occupied by foragers today. How do these compare to areas occupied by foragers in the distant past? What accounts for these changes?
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Chapter 9: Technology and Economies
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Q1) A decentralized form of political economy in which autonomous patrons own the land and demand tribute from those who provide agricultural or other labor is called a(n) __________.
A) landed system
B) peasant state
C) feudal system
D) homage state
Q2) What form of reciprocity is the most common among !Kung San, Mbuti, and Inuit groups?
A) balanced reciprocity
B) generalized reciprocity
C) negative reciprocity
D) unbalanced reciprocity
Q3) Anthropologist Alvin Wolfe has proposed that multinational corporations are beginning to evolve into supranational entities that are more powerful and influential than the nation-state.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Social Structure, The Family, Gender, and Age
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Q1) A society that is organized into moieties has a particular social organization that structures it into which of the following?
A) several competing patrilineal clans
B) a single, fictional family
C) a clear, pyramidal hierarchy
D) equal halves with specific functions
Q2) From a cross-cultural study, Jack Goody learned that bridewealth occurs more frequently in horticultural societies, whereas the dowry system is most frequently found in agricultural states. He hypothesized that one function of the dowry system was to
A) consolidate property in the hands of elite groups, thus increasing their wealth and status
B) spread wealth out over a larger area so that everyone in the society had about the same level of affluence
C) counteract the practice of bridewealth, which was non-adaptive in an agricultural state because it allowed certain families to accumulate too much wealth by selling their daughters to the highest bidder
D) create an egalitarian society
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Chapter 11: Politics, Warfare, and Law
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Q1) Anthropologists have varying opinions on whether or not __________ contribute(s) to warfare among the Yanomamö.
A) competition over women
B) religious and moral convictions
C) higher levels of hormones associated with aggression
D) limited protein resources
Q2) Clearly defined norms of a society that are enforced through the application of formal sanctions by a ruling authority are called __________.
A) internalized mores
B) ethos
C) laws
D) taboos
Q3) Using a sociobiological model, anthropologist William Durham has suggested that tribal warfare is an adaptive reproductive strategy that increases inclusive fitness at the tribal level when groups are in competition.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Religion and Aesthetics
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Q1) What was a major function of music, dance, and poetry in chiefdom societies?
A) to provide entertainment and comic relief for the chief and his family
B) to pay homage to the legitimacy of the chiefs and their ancestral deities
C) to enable the lower classes to have an outlet for their hostilities that did not threaten the chiefs
D) to enhance the status of the chiefdom in relation to other chiefdoms in the area
Q2) Most religious beliefs, whether they are derived from inductive or deductive logic, are based on scientific criteria.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What religious trends have anthropologists noticed in industrial and postindustrial societies? What accounts for these trends? What other aspects of culture are reflected in these trends?
Q4) What was the role of supernatural forces in legitimizing the power of the chief? Illustrate your answer with specific concepts from ethnographic case studies.
Q5) Compare and contrast your religious beliefs and those of foragers outlined in the text. Are there any similarities, or are the beliefs too disparate?
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Chapter 13: Globalization, Culture, and Indigenous Societies
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Q1) Ju/'hoansi San men fought against guerrillas who opposed apartheid as members of the South African military.
A)True
B)False
Q2) As the head of state of an underdeveloped nation, what are the public policies that you would implement if you wished to modernize your society?
Q3) The world-systems theory of Immanuel Wallerstein classifies all countries within the categories of __________.
A) dominant, predominant, and submissive
B) dependent, codependent, and independent
C) core, peripheral, and semiperipheral
D) imperialistic, neoimperialistic, and colonial
Q4) The Ju/'hoansi San were protected from exploitation and assimilation by the South African government.
A)True B)False
Q5) Poland and Hungary would be classified as First World countries. A)True B)False
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Chapter 14: Globalization in Latin America,Africa, and the Caribbean
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Q1) The principal effect of the hacienda system in Latin America was the institution of __________ authority
A) military
B) capitalistic
C) feudalistic
D) religious
Q2) As a general rule, the haciendas can be characterized as __________.
A) beneficial to Indian health and well-being
B) an efficient form of social welfare
C) highly productive economic units
D) responsible for widening the gap between rich and poor
Q3) Although both Mexico and Venezuela are oil-producing nations, the standard of living in each of these countries is still well below that of the United States or most European countries for the majority of the population. What are the most important factors responsible for these differences?
Q4) Led by Hernando Cortés, the Spanish were able to establish domination over the Aztec Empire in less than three years.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Globalization in the Middle East and Asia
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Q1) Discuss the effects that independent control of petroleum production has had on the demography and culture of the Middle East. Have all countries in the region been affected equally? How have oil revenues influenced the politics of the region?
Q2) Mao Zedong and his peasant armies gained control of China in 1949, renaming it the People's Republic of China.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The caste system is supported by Hindu doctrines of karma and reincarnation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Norman Chance, the first anthropologist to do fieldwork in China in the 1970s after a long period during which ethnography was prohibited, concentrated on the economic life of __________.
A) a bicycle factory in Shanghai
B) a mining cooperative in southern China
C) nomadic herdsmen near the border with Nepal
D) an agricultural commune near Beijing
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Chapter 16: Ethnicity
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Q1) Which of the following describes the difference between "race" and "racism"?
A) "Race" refers to a typology, while "racism" refers to beliefs that some races are superior.
B) "Race" refers to the belief that some races are inferior, while "racism" refers to the belief that some races are superior.
C) "Race" refers to discriminatory belief systems, while "racism" is a means of classifying people.
D) "Race" refers to physical features, while "racism" refers to both physical and behavioral aspects.
Q2) Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of ethnic homogeneity?
A) China
B) Japan
C) Mexico
D) the United States
Q3) Assimilation does not occur between ethnic groups with similar physical or cultural characteristics.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Contemporary Global Trends
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Q1) A British clergyman and economist named __________ predicted that populations would grow at a very rapid rate (exponential rate) and that the production of food and other vital resources would increase at a much slower rate. As a result, human populations would be subjected to a variety of checks on population growth such as warfare, famine, and disease.
A) Charles Darwin
B) E.O. Wilson
C) Julian Simon
D) Thomas Malthus
Q2) Demographic-transition theory assumes a close connection between which of the following?
A) fertility/mortality rates and socioeconomic development
B) birth control methods and infant mortality
C) sustainable development and foreign investment by multinational corporations
D) advanced, industrial societies and poor, preindustrial societies
Q3) The "sustainability model" is concerned with which of the following?
A) protecting indigenous cultures around the world
B) developing resource management strategies that do not degrade the environment
C) promoting local entrepreneurship in developing nations
D) teaching people how to grow their own food
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Chapter 18: Applied Anthropology
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Q1) Which of the following is at the heart of the Elgin Marbles controversy?
A) Greek authorities believe the marbles should be returned to Greece.
B) Pot hunters are seeking the right to maintain ownership over their discoveries.
C) The remains of the Parthenon are in danger of falling into ruin if not properly restored.
D) World leaders are torn over whether the Parthenon should be protected under the auspices of British, Greek, or Turkish authorities.
Q2) Some applied medical anthropologists study the relationship and interactions between Western medical practices and folk medicine or indigenous medical practices.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The use of anthropology to offer practical solutions to problems faced by a society is known as basic anthropology.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is cultural resource management? Why is it important? Support your answer with specific examples.
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