Anthropology 101 Question Bank
Course
Introduction
Anthropology 101 introduces students to the study of humanity in all its diversity, examining the biological, cultural, archaeological, and linguistic aspects of human societies past and present. Through readings, lectures, and hands-on activities, students will explore how humans have evolved, how societies are organized, and how cultural practices and beliefs shape our understanding of the world. The course emphasizes critical thinking about human behavior, adaptation, and the connections between global cultures, providing foundational knowledge for further study in the field of anthropology.
Recommended Textbook
How Humans Evolved 7th Edition by Robert Boyd
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16 Chapters
998 Verified Questions
998 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Adaptation by Natural Selection
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58 Verified Questions
58 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Natural selection generally produces adaptations that are
A) harmful to both individuals and groups.
B) helpful to individuals but harmful to groups.
C) harmful to individuals but helpful to groups.
D) not successful unless every member of the group survives and reproduces.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following provides an example of why Jenkin called Darwin's ideas incompatible?
A) Tall and short individuals are not able to breed with one another because they look different.
B) If tall and short individuals breed with one another, all of their offspring will be short, and variation will disappear.
C) If tall and short individuals breed with one another, all of their offspring will be tall, and variation will disappear.
D) If tall and short individuals breed with one another, all offspring will be intermediate in height, and variation will disappear.
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sickle-cell anemia
A) is on the decline.
B) is caused by the change in two amino acids that make up the hemoglobin molecule.
C) results when hemoglobin molecules do not fold correctly, reducing their ability to bind to oxygen.
D) increases an individual's susceptibility to malaria.
Answer: C
Q2) If you have two parents with the genotype Aa, what is the chance that they will have an offspring with the genotype AA?
A) 1/8
B) 1/2
C) 1/4
D) 1/16
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: The Modern Synthesis
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66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behaviors are more likely to be canalized if
A) there is no genetic control of the behavior.
B) the behavior is seen in a variety of environments.
C) the behavior is seen in environments that are the same.
D) phenotypes vary.
Answer: B
Q2) Male soapberry bugs adjust their mate-guarding behavior
A) in places where the environment is stable.
B) in places where the environment is variable.
C) in colder climates.
D) in wetter climates.
Answer: B
Q3) Some male soapberry bugs adjust their mate-guarding behavior in response to the local environment. Males guard females more when
A) females are relatively abundant.
B) females are relatively scarce.
C) the sex ratio is skewed toward females.
D) the sex ratio is balanced.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Speciation and Phylogeny
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast cladistic and evolutionary systematics. Illustrate your answer by discussing the phylogeny of apes and humans.
Q2) Different species of baboons live all over Africa in very diverse habitats. This is an example of ________ speciation.
A) non-Darwinian
B) parapatric
C) sympatric
D) allopatric
Q3) ________ speciation occurs when selection causes a single species to develop different adaptations to a similar environment.
A) Allopatric
B) Sympatric
C) Parapatric
D) Peripatric
Q4) Which of the following does the ecological species concept emphasize?
A) The importance of allopatry between species
B) The importance of gene flow within species
C) The importance of sympatry within species
D) The importance of selection pressures
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Chapter 5: Primate Diversity and Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast how primates differ from other mammals in each of the following categories and give a specific example for each one: (a) limbs and locomotion, (b) teeth and diet, (c) the senses, (d) the brain and intelligence, and (e) behavior.
Q2) Diversity in closely related organisms living under different ecological conditions can help in the understanding of A) convergent evolution.
B) homologies.
C) how natural selection shapes behavior and morphology.
D) how behaviors remain the same through time.
Q3) Charles Darwin
A) advocated placing humans in the primate order.
B) agreed that humans should be placed in their own order based on our distinctive mental abilities and upright posture.
C) did not comment in writing on the relationship of humans to other organisms.
D) did not think that humans should be classified with any other organisms.
Q4) Compare and contrast five differences in morphology and behavior between the strepsirrhine primates and the haplorrhine primates. Make a distinction between ancestral and derived traits in your discussion.
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Chapter 6: Primate Mating Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of primates in general?
A) Pair-bonded groups have the least amount of sexual dimorphism in body size.
B) One-male, multifemale groups have less dimorphism in body size than do pair-bonded species.
C) Multimale, multifemale groups are not dimorphic in body size.
D) Multimale, multifemale groups tend to have greater sexual dimorphism than one-male, multifemale groups.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Dominance rank is not a good predictor of female reproductive success.
B) Young females tend to reproduce more often than older females because they are in better physical condition.
C) Variation in longevity is a major contributor to variation in lifetime fitness among females.
D) Females in multimale groups have more offspring than females in one-male units.
Q3) Explain the relationship between body, canine, and testis size and the following forms of social organization: (a) pair-bonded groups; (b) one-male, multifemale groups; and (c) multimale, multifemale groups.
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Chapter 7: The Evolution of Cooperation
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a study done with vervets, researchers found that
A) genetic relatedness is necessary for contingent reciprocity to occur.
B) they responded to recruitment calls from other monkeys after receiving grooming bouts from them.
C) contingent reciprocity can evolve as confederates react appropriately to the presence and absence of reciprocity.
D) agemates were more likely to be reciprocal.
Q2) Matrilines are an example of A) altruism.
B) kin recognition.
C) grooming relationships.
D) dominance relationships.
Q3) Monkey A lives in a group with full siblings. Monkey B lives in a group with half siblings. Monkey C lives in a group with cousins. And monkey D lives in a group with its grandparents. For which monkey in which group is altruistic behavior most likely to occur?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
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Chapter 8: Primate Life Histories and the Evolution of Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are two chimpanzees in an experimental design: a dominant one and a subordinate one. The subordinate can see two caches of food, but the dominant can see only one. If chimpanzees have a theory of mind, which of the caches of food do you predict the subordinate chimp will attempt to acquire?
A) The one in view of the dominant chimpanzee
B) The one hidden from the dominant chimpanzee
C) Neither
D) Both
Q2) The ecological hypothesis that seeks to explain the evolution of large brains in monkeys and apes considers which of the following to be the driving selection pressure favoring large brains?
A) Folivory
B) Frugivory
C) Extractive foraging
D) Learning
Q3) Give two examples indicating that primates deliberately deceive conspecifics.
Q4) What evidence is there that primates understand third-party relationships? How is this knowledge beneficial?
Q5) Explain why coalitional behavior may require sophisticated cognitive abilities.
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Chapter 9: From Tree Shrew to Ape
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Sample Questions
Q1) Radiometric dating is possible because
A) isotopes decay at a known rate.
B) older layers are deeper than younger layers.
C) when rocks are formed, chemical signatures determine how long they will last.
D) when rocks are formed, their chemical configuration never changes.
Q2) ________ is a derived feature that Proconsul shares with living apes and humans.
A) The absence of a tail
B) The presence of short upper limbs
C) The presence of a narrow chest
D) Thin tooth enamel.
Q3) The first primates that were similar to modern monkeys appeared
A) at Fayum in Egypt.
B) during the Paleocene.
C) about 5 million years ago.
D) at the same time as the dinosaurs.
Q4) Compare and contrast the three families of Fayum haplorrhines (oligopithecids, parapithecids, propliopithecids). What characteristics did they share with living groups of primates?
Q5) What is the difference between relative and absolute dating?
Q6) What kind of environment did the earliest primates evolve in?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: From Hominoid to Hominin
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Q1) The recent discovery of ________ in 2008 sparked controversy regarding its finders' claims that it is the most likely candidate of the ancestors of genus Homo.
A) Australopithecus africanus
B) Australopithecus afarensis
C) Australopithecus sediba
D) Australopithecus ramidus
Q2) Derived traits that distinguish modern humans from apes include
A) facultative bipedalism.
B) a short juvenile period.
C) a large brain-to-body-size ratio.
D) less body hair.
Q3) Among the pre-4-mya fossils that some paleoanthropologists include in the hominin family, ________ is thought to be a biped based on information from a single toe bone.
A) Sahelanthropus tchadensis
B) Ardipithecus kadabba
C) Orrorin tugenensis
D) Ardipithecus ramidus
Q4) Discuss three hypotheses concerning the evolution of bipedalism.
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Chapter 11: Oldowan Toolmakers and the Origin of Human
Life History
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the elements of Mode 1, or Oldowan, stone industries, and what do we know about their use?
Q2) Explain how food sharing reduces the risk associated with hunting in contemporary foragers.
Q3) The Olduvai accumulation sites were probably
A) home bases, because many temporary shelters were found.
B) home bases, because fire hearths were found.
C) not home bases, because evidence of competition with other predators was found.
D) not home bases, because only short-term use fire hearths were found.
Q4) Human foragers primarily include ________ foods in their diet.
A) raw and unprocessed
B) hunted
C) scavenged
D) extracted and hunted
Q5) What is the evidence that early hominins ate meat?
Q6) Why is it difficult to determine which early hominin species may have invented the use of chipped stone tools?
Q7) Did early hominins live in home bases? Explain your answer.
Q8) Were early hominins hunters or scavengers? Explain your answer. Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 12: From Hominin to Homo
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hominins living in Africa during the later Middle Pleistocene
A) had large cranial volumes ranging from 1,370 to 1,510 cc.
B) had specialized features diagnostic of European Neanderthals.
C) were less like modern hominins than earlier African hominins.
D) date prior to 400 kya.
Q2) Homo ergaster shared important adaptive traits with modern humans, including A) complex foraging technology.
B) fast life histories.
C) a very large brain for their body size.
D) occipital torus.
Q3) Derived features of Homo heidelbergensis include A) thin cranial bones.
B) small browridges.
C) a higher forehead.
D) a sagittal keel.
Q4) Neanderthals lived in A) Europe only.
B) Europe and western Asia.
C) Asia only.
D) Africa and eastern Asia.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Homo sapiens and the Evolution of Modern
Human Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Modern human skulls are characterized by
A) an angled occipital.
B) a low, retreating forehead.
C) a small nasal aperture (nose).
D) robust postcranial bones.
Q2) The hallmarks of modern human behavior are partly due to cognitive ability and partly due to what other characteristic?
A) Our large ability to transmit information and learn
B) Our large brain
C) Our large geographic range
D) Our large body size
Q3) Derived features of anatomically modern humans included
A) a more procumbent face than that of Neanderthals.
B) a wide nasal aperture.
C) a larger brain.
D) a protruding chin.
Q4) Why do some researchers feel that there was not a human revolution at all?
Q5) Who is mitochondrial Eve? Did all humans evolve from mitochondrial Eve? Why or why not?
Q6) What are the two main theories about the origin of modern humans? Page 16
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Page 17
Chapter 14: Human Genetic Variation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers think that the negatively selected sequence HAR1
A) is related to the rapid evolution of the large and complex human brain.
B) has a slower rate of change in humans than in other lineages.
C) is found in a coding region and results in new proteins.
D) is involved in speech production along with FOXP2.
Q2) A selection-mutation balance occurs when
A) mutation introduces alleles that selection favors.
B) mutation introduces alleles that selection does not favor.
C) selection is neutral and mutation is not present.
D) both a and b
Q3) Monozygotic twins are
A) twins derived from two zygotes.
B) twins derived from a single zygote.
C) twins whose degree of relatedness is 0.5.
D) also known as "fraternal twins."
Q4) Sickle-cell anemia
A) is caused by a lack of protein.
B) is caused by a lack of iron.
C) causes unusually shaped red blood cells.
D) causes unusually shaped blood vessels.
Page 18
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Chapter 15: Evolution and Human Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bridewealth among the Kipsigis
A) is tendered in cattle.
B) compensates the bride's family for the cost of her move.
C) gives the groom rights to her labor and the children she bears during her marriage.
D) is higher for higher-status families.
Q2) The advantage of outbreeding over inbreeding, and why inbreeding is avoided in humans and other primates, is that
A) it reduces the risk of the expression of deleterious alleles.
B) it reduces the risk of heterozygosity.
C) it increases the likelihood of the expression of deleterious alleles.
D) it increases the likelihood of homozygosity.
Q3) The logic of evolutionary psychology is based on which of the following precepts?
A) Brains are made up of many special-purpose subcomponents designed to solve specific adaptive problems.
B) Brains are general-purpose machines designed to solve many adaptive problems.
C) Brains evolved through drift-like processes.
D) Brains of humans are capable of solving problems faced by all species of animal.
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Page 19
Chapter 16: Culture Cooperation and Human Uniqueness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Members of the Franklin Expedition of 1846
A) perished because they were unable to figure out how to adapt to the arctic habitat.
B) succeeded in surviving the harsh arctic conditions.
C) had access to accumulated local knowledge.
D) brought with them a diverse tool kit.
Q2) In what ways is human cooperation different from that of other mammal species?
Q3) Are culturally transmitted behaviors always adaptive?
A) Yes, otherwise they would quickly disappear.
B) No, some such behaviors are adaptive, some are neutral, and some are maladaptive.
C) No, all such behaviors are neutral.
D) Anthropologists can't really address the question of adaptiveness of cultural behaviors
Q4) How does culture differ between human and nonhuman primates? How is it similar?
Q5) Culture is defined in the text as
A) information acquired through social learning.
B) shared knowledge about the world by every member of society.
C) language.
D) behavior that is determined mainly by genes.
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